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Bacilli
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{{short description|Class of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes}} {{about|the bacterial class|the genus|Bacillus|rod-shaped bacteria in general|bacillus (shape)}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Bacillus subtilis Gram.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'', Gram stain | taxon = Bacilli | authority = Ludwig et al. 2010 | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = * [[Alicyclobacillales]] * [[Aneurinibacillales]] * [[Bacillales]] * [[Brevibacillales]] * "[[Brockiales]]" * [[Caldalkalibacillales]] * [[Calditerricolales]] * [[Culicoidibacterales]] * [[Desulfuribacillales]] * [[Exiguobacteriales]] * [[Haloplasmatales]] * "[[Harrysmithimonadales]]" * [[Kyrpidiales]] * [[Lactobacillales]] * [[Paenibacillales]] * "[[Pasteuriales]]" * "[[Rubeoparvulales]]" * [[Staphylococcales]] * [[Tepidibacillales]] * [[Thermicanales]] * [[Thermoactinomycetales]] * [[Tumebacillales]] | synonyms = * Alicyclobacillia <small>Chuvochina et al. 2024</small> * "Bacillia" <small>Oren, Parte & Garrity 2016</small> * Culicoidibacteria <small>Neupane et al. 2020</small> * Desulfuribacillia <small>Sorokin et al. 2021</small> * Firmibacteria <small>Murray 1988</small> * Teichobacteria <small>Cavalier-Smith 2002</small> }} '''Bacilli''' is a [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[Class (biology)|class]] of [[bacteria]] that includes two orders, [[Bacillales]] and [[Lactobacillales]], which contain several well-known pathogens such as ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' (the cause of [[anthrax]]). ''Bacilli'' are almost exclusively [[gram-positive bacteria]].<ref>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/9781118960608.cbm00033|chapter=Bacilli class. Nov|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria|pages=1|year=2015|last1=Ludwig|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Schleifer|first2=Karl-Heinz|last3=Whitman|first3=William B.|isbn=9781118960608}}</ref> The name ''[[Bacillus]]'', capitalized and [[Italics|italicized]], refers to a specific genus of bacteria. The name Bacilli, capitalized but not italicized, can also refer to a less specific taxonomic group of bacteria that includes two orders, one of which contains the genus ''Bacillus''. When the word is formatted with lowercase and not italicized, 'bacillus', it will most likely be referring to shape and not to the genus at all. ==Ambiguity== Several related concepts make use of similar words, and the ambiguity can create considerable confusion. The term "''[[Bacillus]]''" (capitalized and italicized) is also the name of a [[genus]] (''Bacillus anthracis'') that, among many other genera, falls within the class Bacilli. The word "[[Bacillus (shape)|bacillus]]" (or its plural "bacilli", with a small b) is also a generic term to describe the [[Bacterial cellular morphologies|morphology]] of any rod-shaped bacterium. This general term does not mean that the subject is a member of class Bacilli or genus ''Bacillus''. Thus, it does not necessarily imply a similar group of characteristics. Not all members of class Bacilli are rod-shaped (''[[Staphylococcus]]'' is spherical), and many other rod-shaped bacteria that do not fall within that class exist (e.g., ''[[Clostridium]] '' is rod-shaped but very different taxonomically). Moreover, the general term "bacillus" does not necessarily indicate the [[Gram-positive]] staining common to class Bacilli. For example, ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' is a rod-shaped bacterium that can be described as "a bacillus", but it stains [[Gram-negative]] and does not belong to the genus ''Bacillus'' or the class Bacilli. Some [[microbiologist]]s have forsaken the general "bacillus" term because of the confusion it can create. ==Phylogeny== The currently accepted taxonomy based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)<ref>{{cite web|author=J.P. Euzéby |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/class/bacilli |title=Bacilli |access-date=2018-07-20 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)}}</ref> and the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI).<ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=91061&lvl=3&lin |title=Bacilli |access-date=2018-07-20 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database|display-authors=etal}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=1 | 16S rRNA based [[The All-Species Living Tree Project|LTP]]_10_2024<ref>{{cite web |title=The LTP |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/#LTP| access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_all tree in newick format |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_all_10_2024.ntree |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LTP_10_2024 Release Notes |url=https://imedea.uib-csic.es/mmg/ltp/wp-content/uploads/ltp/LTP_10_2024_release_notes.pdf |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref> ! colspan=1 | 120 marker proteins based [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 09-RS220<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 09-RS220 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r220.sp_labels |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release220/220.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r220.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]] |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> |- | style="vertical-align:top| {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1="Bacillia" |sublabel1={Bacillota} |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Hydrogenibacillus]]'' |2=[[Thermicanales]] }} |2={{clade |1=[[Alicyclobacillales]] (incl. Kyrpidiales, Tumebacillales) |2=[[Paenibacillales]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Thermoactinomycetales]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Novibacillaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Caldalkalibacillales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Caldibacillaceae]] |2=[[Calditerricolales]] }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Microaerobacter]]'' |2={{clade |1=[[Desulfuribacillales]] |2=[[Tepidibacillales]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Oxalophagaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Aneurinibacillales]] |2=[[Brevibacillales]] }} }} }} |2={{clade |1="''[[Bacillus thermozeamaize]]''" |2={{clade |1=[[Bacillales]] (incl. Planococcaceae) |2={{clade |1=[[Listeriaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Exiguobacteriales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Staphylococcales]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Gemellaceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Culicoidibacterales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Turicibacteraceae]] |2={{clade |1=[[Haloplasmatales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Acholeplasmatales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Erysipelotrichales]] |2=[[Mycoplasmatales]] }} }} }} }} }} }} |2=[[Lactobacillales]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} | {{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90% |label1=[[Mycoplasmatota]] |1={{Clade |label1=[[Mollicutes]] |1={{Clade |1="[[Aphodocolales]]" |2={{Clade |1={{clade |1="[[Bathyoplasmales]]" |2={{Clade |1="[[Izemoplasmatales]]" |2=[[Acholeplasmatales]] [incl.[[Anaeroplasmatales]]] }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1="[[Caccosomales]]" |2=[[Erysipelotrichales]] }} |2=[[Mycoplasmatales]] [incl. [[Entomoplasmatales]]; Mycoplasmoidales] }} }} }} }} }} {{Clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:80% |label1="Bacillia" |sublabel1={Bacillota} |1={{Clade |1="[[Pasteuriales]]" |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Kyrpidiales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Tumebacillales]] |2=[[Alicyclobacillales]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Desulfuribacillales]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Calditerricolales]] |2={{clade |1="''[[Bacillus thermozeamaize]]''" {Bacillales_F} |2={{clade |1=[[Thermicanales]] |2="[[Brockiales]]" }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Thermoactinomycetales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Paenibacillales]] |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Microaerobacter]]'' {DSM-22679} |2={{clade |1=[[Aneurinibacillales]] |2=[[Brevibacillales]] }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Tepidibacillales]] |2={{clade |1="[[Rubeoparvulales]]" |2={{clade |1=[[Caldalkalibacillales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Exiguobacteriales]] |2={{clade |1="[[Harrysmithimonadales]]" |2={{clade |1={{clade |label1="Bacillidae" |1={{clade |1=Bacillales_B |2={{clade |1=[[Bacillales]] |2={{clade |1=Bacillales_C |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Bacillales_E |2={{clade |1=[[Sporolactobacillaceae]] {Bacillales_K} |2=Bacillales_G }} }} |2=Bacillales_H }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Bacillus marinisedimentorum]]'' {Bacillales_I} |2=[[Aureibacillaceae]] {DSM-28697} }} |2=Bacillales_D }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=[[Caryophanaceae]] {[[Caryophanales]]} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=[[Staphylococcales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Culicoidibacterales]] |2={{clade |1=[[Turicibacteraceae]] {MOL361} |2=[[Haloplasmatales]] }} }} }} |2=[[Lactobacillales]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |} ==See also== * [[List of bacterial orders]] * [[List of bacteria genera]] ==References== <references /> {{Bacteria classification}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q149128}} [[Category:Bacilli| ]] [[Category:Bacteria classes]]
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