Editing Baikonur Cosmodrome

{{short description|Spaceport in Kazakhstan leased to Russia}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox airport
| name                = Baikonur Cosmodrome
| ensign              = 
| ensign_size         = 
| ensign_alt          = 
| nativename          = {{nativename|kk|italic=no|Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy}}<br>{{nativename|ru|Космодром Байконур}}
| image               = Baikonur Cosmodrome Soyuz launch pad.jpg
| caption             = The Cosmodrome's "[[Gagarin's Start]]" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of [[Soyuz TMA-13]]
| LID                 = GC0015
| type                = [[Spaceport]]
| owner-oper          = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Roscosmos]]<br/>{{space force|Russia}}
| location            = {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Baikonur]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| opened              = <!-- {{start date|dd|mm|yyyy}} -->
| built               = {{Start date and age|1955}}
| timezone            = [[Time in Kazakhstan|AQTT]]
| utc                 = [[UTC+05:00]]
| elevation-m         = 90
| metric-elev         = y
| coordinates         = {{coord|45.965|N|63.305|E|display=inline,title}}
| website             = {{URL|baikonurtour.com}}
| image_map           = 
| image_mapsize       = 
| image_map_alt       = 
| image_map_caption   = 
| pushpin_map         = Kazakhstan#Russia#Soviet Union
| pushpin_mapsize     = 220
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan##Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050)##Location in the former [[Soviet Union]]
| pushpin_relief      = 
| pushpin_image       = 
| pushpin_label       = Baikonur Cosmodrome
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mark        = Rocktet icon201001.svg
| stat-year           = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
{{GeoGroup}}
The '''Baikonur Cosmodrome'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|kk|Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы|Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy}} {{IPA|kk|bɑjqoˈŋɤr ʁɑˈrəʃ ɑjɫɑˈʁə|}}; {{langx|ru|Космодром Байконур|Kosmodrom Baykonur}} {{IPA|ru|kəsmɐˈdrom bəjkɐˈnur|}}}}}} is a [[spaceport]] operated by [[Russia]] within [[Kazakhstan]]. Located in the Kazakh city of [[Baikonur]], it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E|url=https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/facility/baikonur.htm|website=FAS.org|publisher=Federation of American Scientists (FAS)|access-date=19 July 2014|archive-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814001504/https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/facility/baikonur.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> All Russian [[Human spaceflight|crewed spaceflights]] are launched from Baikonur.<ref name="NASA" />

Situated in the [[Kazakh Steppe]], some {{convert|90|m}} above sea level, it is {{convert|200|km|mi}} to the east of the [[Aral Sea]] and north of the [[Syr Darya]]. It is close to [[Töretam]], a station on the [[Trans-Aral Railway]]. Russia, as the official successor state to the [[Soviet Union]], has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by [[Roscosmos]] and the [[Russian Aerospace Forces]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

In 1955, the [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Defense]] issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dnd.com.pk/baikonur-cosmodrome-celebrated-63rd-anniversary/142903|title=Baikonur cosmodrome celebrated 63rd anniversary|date=2018-06-03|work=Dispatch News Desk|access-date=2018-10-19|language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020011804/https://dnd.com.pk/baikonur-cosmodrome-celebrated-63rd-anniversary/142903|url-status=live}}</ref> It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the [[Soviet space program]]. The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for [[Sputnik 1]] and [[Vostok 1]]. The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "[[Gagarin's Start]]" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut [[Yuri Gagarin]], who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.space.com/16159-first-man-in-space.html|title=Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space|date=2018-10-13|work=Space.com|access-date=2021-12-21|language=en|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220024001/https://www.space.com/16159-first-man-in-space.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under the current Russian management, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=The Diplomat|title=World's Most Important Spaceport Turns 60|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/worlds-most-important-spaceport-turns-60/ |access-date=14 April 2023|date=2 June 2015|last=Putz|first=Catherine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[International Launch Services]]|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome|url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/baikonur-cosmodrome|access-date=6 April 2011|archive-date=31 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131084446/http://www.ilslaunch.com/launch-services/baikonur-cosmodrome|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=popmech>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]]|title=Safe Launch For Critical Space Station Module|date=5 August 2000|last=Wilson|first=Jim}}</ref>

==History==
===Soviet era===
[[File:Baikonur CIA U-2.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|A [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957]]
The Soviet government issued '''Scientific Research Test Range No. 5''' ('''NIIP-5'''; {{langx|ru| 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon}}) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first [[intercontinental ballistic missile|intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r7.htm|title=R-7 |first=Mark|last=Wade|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|access-date=4 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629074344/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r7.htm|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[R-7 Semyorka]]. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General [[Vasily Voznyuk]], influenced by [[Sergey Korolyov]], the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.<ref name="vs"/> Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the [[Kazakh Steppe]]. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the [[Soviet Union]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named [[Baikonur|Leninsk]] ({{langx|ru| Ленинск}}).

The American [[Lockheed U-2|U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane]] found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gruntman |first1=Mike |title=From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome |journal=Acta Astronautica |date=1 February 2019 |volume=155 |pages=350–366 |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009457651831751X |location=Fig.7 |bibcode=2019AcAau.155..350G |s2cid=116406451 |language=en |issn=0094-5765 |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018220959/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S009457651831751X |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In April 1975, in preparation for the [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]], the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut [[Thomas P. Stafford|Thomas Stafford]], "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small."

====Name====
According to most sources, the name ''Baikonur'' was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect<ref name="vs">{{cite book|title=The first manned spaceflight: Russia's quest for space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1Bcc67kf2QC&pg=PA17|last=Suvorov|first=Vladimir|pages=16–17|year=1997|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-56072-402-5|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217023840/https://books.google.com/books?id=G1Bcc67kf2QC&pg=PA17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="apollo">{{cite web|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch9-12.htm|title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=16 March 2007|archive-date=1 December 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981201075705/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch9-12.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Launcher |url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Meteorological_missions/MetOp/Launcher |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref> the [[Western Bloc]] to a place about {{convert|320|km}} northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of [[Baikonur (Karagandy Region)|Baikonur]] near [[Jezkazgan]]. Leninsk, the [[closed city]] built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed [[Baikonur]] on 20 December 1995 by [[Boris Yeltsin]].

According to NASA's history of the [[Apollo–Soyuz|Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]], the name ''Baikonur'' was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the [[Tyuratam]] region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.<ref name="apollo"/>
[[File:BaikonurFrontGate.jpg|thumb|One of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan]]

====Environmental impact====
Russian scientist [[Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov]] researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the [[Sakha Republic]] were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near [[Nyurbinsky District]], Russia.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.<ref name="ijbch.kaznu.kz">{{cite journal|url=http://ijbch.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/172|title=The impact of the cosmodrome 'Baikonur' on the environment and human health|first1=P. Kh|last1=Abdrazak|first2=K. Sh|last2=Musa|journal=International Journal of Biology and Chemistry |date=21 June 2015|volume=8|issue=1|pages=26–29|doi=10.26577/2218-7979-2015-8-1-26-29 |access-date=2 August 2016|via=ijbch.kaznu.kz|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808090550/http://ijbch.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/172|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[UDMH]], a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes:
"Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenwomen.kz/xxi_baikonur_eng.htm|title=Green Women |access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=12 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012014834/http://www.greenwomen.kz/xxi_baikonur_eng.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooper|first1=Paul|title=In Russia's Space Graveyard, Locals Scavenge Fallen Spacecraft for Profit|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/06/07/in-russia-spacecraft-land-in-your-backyard/#.WykvtiAnZPY|access-date=19 June 2018|work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|date=7 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612225357/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2018/06/07/in-russia-spacecraft-land-in-your-backyard/#.WykvtiAnZPY|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Importance====
Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational [[ICBM]]; the first man-made satellite, [[Sputnik 1]], on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, [[Luna 1]], on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by [[Yuri Gagarin]] on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, [[Valentina Tereshkova]], in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], [[India]] and [[France]] have launched from Baikonur under the [[Interkosmos]] program as well. In 1960, a prototype [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] ICBM [[Nedelin catastrophe|exploded before launch]], killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which [[Venera 9]] and [[Mars 3]] were launched.

===Post-Soviet era===
[[File:Soyuz expedition 19 launch pad.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's [[Gagarin's Start|Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)]] on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of [[Expedition 19]] and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Expedition 19|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition19/index.html |publisher=NASA|access-date=9 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524223158/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition19/index.html|archive-date=24 May 2011|url-status= live}}</ref>]]

Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]]. Russia wanted to sign a [[99-year lease]] for Baikonur, but agreed to a US$115&nbsp;million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14967922.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924140846/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-14967922.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Russia, Kazakhs reach Biakonur lease deal |work=Defense Daily|date=30 March 1994|access-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> On 8 June 2005, the [[Federation Council of Russia|Russian Federation Council]] ratified an agreement between [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]] extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price{{snd}}which remained fixed at {{US$|115000000}} per year{{snd}}is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakhstan_Finally_Ratifies_Baikonur_Rental_Deal_With_Russia_999.html|title=Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia|publisher=spacedaily.com|date=12 April 2010|access-date=5 January 2011|archive-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514063653/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakhstan_Finally_Ratifies_Baikonur_Rental_Deal_With_Russia_999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]] in [[Amur Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28|title=Kazcosmos chief Talgat Musabaev: Baikonur is Still the Core of Kazakh-Russian Cooperation in Space|date=February 2008|publisher=interfax.kz|access-date=5 January 2011|archive-date=19 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719003721/http://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28|url-status=live}}</ref>

Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the [[46th parallel north]]) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/mcc/sts-112/09_04_12_54_17.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204002513/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/feedback/expert/answer/MCC/sts-112/09_04_12_54_17.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2002|title=Mission Control Answers Your Questions: Why is the space station in a 51.6° inclined orbit instead of something less or something more?|last=Curry|first=John|date=8 October 2002|website=spaceflight.nasa.gov|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref> With the conclusion of [[NASA|NASA's]] [[Space Shuttle program]] in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS<ref name=NASA>{{cite web|title=Baikonur Cosmodrome|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/baikonur.html|publisher=NASA|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301011937/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/baikonur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russian Craft Docks at International Space Station|newspaper=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/russian_craft_docks_at_iss/24431746.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe|access-date=24 December 2011|archive-date=28 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328162550/http://www.rferl.org/content/russian_craft_docks_at_iss/24431746.html|url-status=live}}</ref> until the launch of [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]] in 2020.

In 2019, [[Gagarin's Start]] hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new [[Soyuz-2]] rocket with a planned first launch in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned/|title=Russia may soon decommission the world's most historic launch pad|last=Berger|first=Eric|date=2019-04-23|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-23|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423223521/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned/|url-status=live}}</ref> The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. 
Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).<ref name="gagarinsstartintoamuseum">{{Cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=2023-10-16 |title=After six decades, 'Gagarin's Start' will meet its end as a launch pad |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/10/lacking-funds-russia-will-turn-gagarins-start-launch-pad-into-a-museum/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a $29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan Seizes Russian Assets At Baikonur Spaceport |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/kazakhstan-seizes-russian-assets-baikonur-spaceport |website=Aviation Week Network |date=March 10, 2023 |url-access=subscription |access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="rfek">{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan Impounds Property of Russian Cosmodrome Operator in Baikonur |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-impounds-russian-baikonur-cosmodrom-operator/32317248.html |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=14 March 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108173635/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-impounds-russian-baikonur-cosmodrom-operator/32317248.html |archive-date= Jan 8, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="utk">{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan Seizes Russia's Launch Facility at Baikonur |url=https://www.universetoday.com/160720/kazakhstan-seizes-russias-launch-facility-at-baikonur/ |date= March 27, 2023 |first1=Matt |last1=Williams |access-date=8 May 2023 |publisher=Universe Today}}</ref>

== Features ==
Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both [[human spaceflight|crewed]] and uncrewed [[spacecraft]]. It has supported several generations of [[Russia]]n spacecraft: [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]], [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]], [[Tsyklon]], [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]], [[Zenit (rocket family)|Zenit]] and [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]].

Downrange from the launchpad, [[expendable launch vehicle|spent launch equipment]] is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.<ref>[http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html Baikonur Downrange] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113233627/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html |date=13 January 2018 }}, Russianspaceweb.com</ref>

===List of launchpads===
{{Location map many
| Kazakhstan Baikonur Cosmodrome
| caption = Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome|alt=Map of launchpads at Baikonur
| places  =
| label1  = [[Gagarin's Start|1/5]]                |coordinates1={{coord|45.920|63.342}}| position1=bottom
| label2  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|31/6]]   |coordinates2={{coord|45.996|63.564}}| position2=top
| label3  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|41]]   |coordinates3={{coord|45.975|63.660}}| position3=top
| label4  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|45]]   |coordinates4={{coord|45.943|63.653}}| position4=bottom
| label5  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|110]]|coordinates5={{coord|45.965|63.305}}| position5=left
| label6  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|81]]  |coordinates6={{coord|46.074|62.978}}
| label7  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|109]]|coordinates7={{coord|45.951|63.497}}| position7=bottom
| label8  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|200]]|coordinates8={{coord|46.040|63.032}}| position8=bottom
| label9  = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|90]]  |coordinates9={{coord|46.080|62.935}}| position9=bottom
| label10 = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|250]]   |coordinates10={{coord|46.008|63.305}}
}}
* [[Gagarin's Start|Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)]] (1957–2019):  [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]], [[Vostok (rocket family)|Vostok]], [[Voskhod (rocket)|Voskhod]], [[Molniya (rocket)|Molniya]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz]] – {{coord|45.920|N|63.342|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31|Pad 31/6]]: [[R-7A Semyorka|R-7A]], Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, [[Soyuz-2]] – {{coord|45.996|N|63.564|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/3]]: [[R-16 (missile)|R-16]] (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – {{coord|45.975|N|63.660|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/4]] : R-16 (1961–67) – {{coord|45.976|N|63.665|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41|Pad 41/15]]: R-16, [[Kosmos-3M|Kosmos 3]] (1963–68) – {{coord|45.976|N|63.669|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Pad 45/1]]: [[Zenit-2]], [[Zenit-2M]], [[Zenit-3SLB|Zenit-3M]] – {{coord|45.943|N|63.653|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45|Pad 45/2]] (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – {{coord|45.940|N|63.655|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 51: [[R-9 Desna|R-9]] (1961–62) – {{coord|45.924|N|63.341|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66)  – {{coord|46.019|N|64.016|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67)  – {{coord|46.018|N|64.018|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66)  – {{coord|46.017|N|64.018|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 67/21: [[Tsyklon]], [[R-36 (missile)|R-36M]], R-36O, [[MR-UR-100 Sotka]] (1963–72) – {{coord|45.989|N|63.705|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66)  – {{coord|45.990|N|63.707|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 69: [[Tsyklon-2]]
* Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – {{coord|46.033|N|63.096|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 75: R-9 – {{coord|45.963|N|63.202|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965)  – {{coord|46.007|N|64.020|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Pad 81/23 (81L)]] (inactive >2004): [[Proton-K]] – {{coord|46.074|N|62.978|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81|Pad 81/24 (81P)]]: Proton-K, [[Proton-M]] – {{coord|46.071|N|62.985|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|Pad 90/19 (90L)]] (inactive >1997): [[UR-200]], [[Tsyklon-2]] – {{coord|46.081|N|62.932|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90|Pad 90/20 (90R)]] (inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – {{coord|46.080|N|62.935|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76)  – {{coord|45.951|N|63.427|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 102: R-36M (1978)  – {{coord|45.933|N|63.435|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77)  – {{coord|45.952|N|63.445|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74)  – {{coord|45.988|N|63.420|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77)  – {{coord|45.950|N|63.496|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83)  – {{coord|45.951|N|63.497|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 107: R-36  – {{coord|46.237|N|63.892|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 108: R-36  – {{coord|46.239|N|63.895|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109|Pad 109/95]]: [[R-36 (missile)|R-36M]], [[Dnepr (rocket)|Dnepr]] – {{coord|45.951|N|63.497|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Pad 110/37 (110L)]] (inactive >1988): [[N1 (rocket)|N-1]], [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]]-[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] – {{coord|45.965|N|63.305|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Pad 110/38 (110R)]] (inactive >1969): N-1 – {{coord|45.962|N|63.310|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 130: [[UR-100]] (1965) – {{coord|46.086|N|62.916|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90)  – {{coord|46.072|N|62.956|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02)  – {{coord|46.037|N|63.048|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78)  – {{coord|45.997|N|63.553|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 141: R-36  – {{coord|45.910|N|63.349|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex)  – {{coord|45.941|N|63.462|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 160: R-36O  – {{coord|46.078|N|62.942|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73)  – {{coord|46.034|N|63.063|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75)  – {{coord|46.032|N|63.067|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 163: R-36O  – {{coord|46.014|N| 63.169|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 164: R-36O  – {{coord|45.944|N| 63.064|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 165: R-36O  – {{coord|45.991|N| 62.919|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79)  – {{coord|45.948|N|63.026|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N  – {{coord|46.104|N|63.008|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81)  – {{coord|46.065|N|63.092|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78)  – {{coord|46.029|N|63.131|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K  – {{coord|46.082|N|62.918|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, [[Rokot]], [[Strela (rocket)|Strela]] – {{coord|46.051|N|62.987|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela  – {{coord|46.052|N|62.986|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 176: UR-100  – {{coord|46.023|N| 63.046|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78)  – {{coord|45.980|N|63.100|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 178: UR-100  – {{coord|46.025|N|62.891|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 179: UR-100  – {{coord|45.989|N|62.964|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79)  – {{coord|46.057|N|63.032|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71)  – {{coord|45.970|N|63.197|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 192: R-36O  – {{coord|46.024|N|63.300|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 193: R-36O  – {{coord|45.953|N| 63.389|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 194: R-36O  – {{coord|45.865|N| 63.286|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 195: R-36O  – {{coord|45.793|N| 63.275|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 196: R-36O  – {{coord|45.828|N| 63.147|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Pad 200/39]] (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – {{coord|46.040|N|63.032|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200|Pad 200/40]] (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) – {{coord|46.036|N|63.038|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 241: R-36O  – {{coord|45.858|N| 63.456|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 242: R-36O  – {{coord|45.945|N| 63.481|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 243: R-36O  – {{coord|45.855|N| 63.737|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 244: R-36O  – {{coord|45.840|N| 63.634|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 245: R-36O  – {{coord|45.818|N| 63.527|E|type:landmark}}
* Pad 246: R-36O  – {{coord|45.766|N| 63.423|E|type:landmark}}
* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|Pad 250]] (inactive >1987): [[Energia (corporation)|Energia]] – {{coord|46.008|N|63.305|E|type:landmark}}

===Buran facilities===
{{main|Buran programme}}
As part of the [[Buran programme]], several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:

* [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110|Site 110]] – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [[Soviet crewed lunar programs|Soviet lunar landing program]] and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.
* Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [[Energia (rocket)|Energia]] launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building|VAB]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [[N1 (rocket)|N1 Moon rocket]]. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [[1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)|orbiter 1K]] was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html|title=Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112853/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html|archive-date=6 July 2015|df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php|title=Buran The end|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191348/http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is {{convert|4500|m}} long and {{convert|84|m}} wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special [[Mate-Demate Device|mate–demate devices]]; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the [[Antonov An-225 Mriya]] carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the [[Myasishchev VM-T|Myasishchev VM-T Atlant]] and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hendrickx |first1=Bart |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/153582339 |title=Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle |last2=Vis |first2=Bert |date=2007 |publisher=Springer; Published in association with Praxis Pub |isbn=978-0-387-69848-9 |series=Springer-Praxis books in space exploration |location=Berlin; New York; Chichester, UK |oclc=153582339}}</ref> A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html|title=Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010245/http://russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html|archive-date=25 February 2015|df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html|title=UAON pilot info @ OurAirports|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318230945/http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [[Orbiter Processing Facility|OPF]] at [[Kennedy Space Center|KSC]]). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] and [[Progress (spacecraft)|Progress]] spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html|title=Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur |access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809030907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html|archive-date=9 August 2015|df=dmy}}</ref>

===Intra-site railway===
[[File:Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to pad.jpg|thumb|A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.]]

All Baikonur's [[logistics]] are based on its own intra-site {{track gauge|1520mm|lk=on}} [[track gauge|gauge]] [[railway]] network, which is the largest [[industrial railway]] on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [[Schnabel car]]s. Once part of the [[Russian Railway Troops|Soviet Railroad Troops]], the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [[Kazakhstan Temir Joly|the public railway of Kazakhstan]] and the rest of the world.

===On-site airports===
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [[airport]]s, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [[Moscow]] to the smaller [[Krayniy Airport]] {{airport codes|BXY|UAOL}}, which however are not accessible to the public. The larger [[Yubileyniy Airport]] (Юбилейный аэропорт) {{airport codes|UAON}} was where the [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran orbiter]] was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [[Antonov An-225 Mriya|Antonov An-225 ''Mriya'']] cargo aircraft.

==ICBM testing==
Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled [[ballistic missile]]s. The official (and secret) name of the center was '''State Test Range No. 5''' or '''5 GIK'''. It remained under the control of the Soviet and [[Ministry of Defense (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Defense]] until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}<!-- but the military space forces ran the space programme, there wasn't a civilian space agency. Was it actually primarily for the strategic rocket forces?-->

In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, [[Anatoly Perminov]], said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an [[UR-100N|SS-19 Stiletto]] missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022|title=Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan|work=Reuters|date=22 October 2008|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019133013/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- rocket?-->

==Future projects==
[[File:Изделие 1.02 фото 4.jpg|thumb|OK-MT (foreground) and [[Ptichka|OK-1.02]] (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020.]]
On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250|Bayterek]] ("[[Populus|poplar]] tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian [[Angara (rocket)|Angara]] rocket launcher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499|title='Baiterek' Space Launch Complex|publisher=[[Khrunichev]] State Research and Production Space Center|access-date=10 May 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060630022023/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499<!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=30 June 2006}}</ref> This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to [[low Earth orbit]], compared to 20 tons using the [[Proton (rocket)|Proton]] system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US$223&nbsp;million over 19 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center|url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html|website=www.spacedaily.com|access-date=5 August 2015|date=24 October 2005|archive-date=13 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913042620/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of  [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]].<ref name="observer">{{cite journal|last=Vorontsov|first=Dmitri|author2=Igor Afanasyev|date=10 November 2009|journal=Russia CIS Observer|title=Angara getting ready for launch|volume=3|issue=26|url=http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch|access-date=3 January 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101014026/http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch|archive-date=1 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2017, the first launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex was expected to occur in 2025.<ref name="BRSC25">{{cite news|title=Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/|publisher=The Astana Times|access-date=26 March 2017|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080824/http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2024}}

==Baikonur Museum==
[[File:Buran baikonur.jpg|thumb|[[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum]]

The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer [[Sergei Korolev]] and the first [[cosmonaut]], [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet [[Buran programme]] sits next to the museum entrance. The only [[Buran (spacecraft)|completed orbiter]], which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Russia's space dreams abandoned|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm|work=[[bbc.co.uk]]|access-date=14 November 2007|date=13 May 2002|last=Whitehouse|first=David|archive-date=20 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320062353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg|title=Buran.ru: ''Photo of collapsed hangar''|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725051823/http://buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg|title=Buran.ru: ''Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris''|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-date=20 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061220094227/http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg|url-status=live}}</ref> For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see [[Buran programme#List of vehicles|Buran programme § List of vehicles]].

The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.[[File:SputnikTestModel.jpg|thumb|The [[Sputnik 1]] satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan.]]

Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.

In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=June 2021|first=Adelya Dauletkyzy in Tourism on 16|date=2021-06-16|title=Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/06/kazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations/|access-date=2021-09-27|website=The Astana Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, a plan was announced to add the [[Gagarin's Start]] launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.<ref name="gagarinsstartintoamuseum"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight|Soviet Union|Russia|Rocketry}}
* [[Vostochny Cosmodrome]]
* [[Plesetsk Cosmodrome]]
* [[Svobodny Cosmodrome]]
* [[Kapustin Yar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

== Further reading ==
* J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]], 1994, {{ISBN|5-02-000822-2}}
* [http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html "Rockets and people"] – [[Boris Chertok|B. E. Chertok]], M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. {{ISBN|5-217-02942-0}} {{in lang|ru}}
* "A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – {{ISBN|5-87955-001-X}}
* "At risk," – A. A. Toul, [[Kaluga]], "the Golden path", 2001, – {{Listed Invalid ISBN|5-7111-0333-1}}
* "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – [[Arkady Ostashev|A.I. Ostashev]], Korolev, 2001.[http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html Bibliography 1996–2004]
* "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, [[Voronezh]]: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, {{ISBN|5-89981-117-X}}
* "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" {{ISBN|5-91017-018-X}}.
* "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. {{ISBN|5-7030-0969-3}}
* "Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. {{ISBN|5-8155-0051-8}}
* "Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., [[Kyiv]], 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", {{ISBN|978-966-136-169-9}}
* {{Citation |author=Mike Gruntman |year=2019 |title=From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome |journal=Acta Astronautica |volume=155 |pages=350–366 |publisher=Elsevier Ltd |doi=10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021 |author-link=Mike Gruntman |bibcode=2019AcAau.155..350G |s2cid=116406451}}
* "I look back and have no regrets. "{{snd}}Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. {{ISBN|978-5-00202-034-8}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Baikonur Cosmodrome}}
* Baikonur Cosmodrome [http://www.buran.ru/htm/baykonur.htm historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)] on [http://www.buran.ru buran.ru] – [[NPO Molniya]], maker of Russian space shuttle [[buran program|Buran]]
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur.html RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur]
* [http://www.360pano.eu/baikonur/ 360° interactive panoramas] of Baikonur Cosmodrome
* [http://stefane.carlier.free.fr/Baikonur/wiki_EN/ Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign]
* [http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/05/26/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome/ "World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome."] ''Sometimes Interesting''. 26 May 2014
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html Nedelin Disaster] // RussianSpaceWeb.com {{in lang|en}}
* [http://www.baikonuradm.ru/index.php?mod=all/news&ID=4004 The official website of the city administration Baikonur] // Baikonur commemorated a test rocket and space technology {{in lang|ru}}
* [https://soyuzveteranov.ru/content/delegaciya-rossiyskogo-soyuza-veteranov-pochtila-pamyat-ispytateley-pogibshih-pri-ispolnenii The Russian Union of Veterans] // Day of memory and grief {{in lang|ru}}
{{Memory Alpha}}

{{Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites}}
{{Russian space program}}
{{Spaceport}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome| ]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1955]]
[[Category:Spaceports in Asia]]
[[Category:Transport buildings and structures in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Space program of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Rocket launch sites in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Soviet and Russian space program locations]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures built in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Baikonur]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in the Soviet Union]]