Editing Baiuvarii

{{Short description|Predecessors of the Bavarians and Austrians}}
[[File:Kipfenberg Burg 2009 (07).JPG|thumb|upright=1|Reconstruction of the grave of the [[Kemathen warrior]], who is believed to have been a Bavarian]]
[[File:Bairisches Mundartgebiet.PNG|thumb|Map of the extent of the [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]], also known as Austro-Bavarian, dialects of the German language]]
The '''Baiuvarii''' or '''Bavarii''', sometimes simply called '''Bavarians''' ({{Langx|Bar|Baiuwaren}}; {{langx|de|Bajuwaren}}) were a [[Germanic people]] who lived in and near present-day southern [[Bavaria]], which is named after them.

They began to appear in records by the 6th century AD, and their culture, language and political institutions are the predecessors of those of the medieval [[Duchy of Bavaria]] and [[Margraviate of Austria]].

Among the Baiuvarii the [[Bavarian language]] developed, which is [[West Germanic]] language related to [[Standard German]], still spoken not only by modern-day [[Bavarians]], but also by [[Austrians]] and [[South Tyroleans]].

==Name==
The name of the Baiuvarii is also spelled ''Baiuvari''.{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}} It probably means "men from [[Bohemia]]".{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}} The placename Bohemia is believed to be connected to that of the [[Boii]], a [[Celts|Celtic]] people who partly left the region before the [[Roman era]] and then were dominated by [[Germanic peoples]]. The Baiuvarii gave their name to the region of [[Bavaria]].{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=3}}

==Language==
The language of the Baiuvarii is classified as [[Germanic languages|Germanic]].{{sfn|Haubrichs|2014|p=23}}{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|pp=1, 3}} It is uncertain whether they originally spoke an [[East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] or [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] language.{{sfn|Green|2014|p=11}} Early evidence regarding the language of the Baiuvarii is limited to personal names and a few [[Runic]] inscriptions. By the 8th century AD, the Baiuvarii were speakers of an early form of the [[Austro-Bavarian language]] within the [[West Germanic]] family.{{sfn|Haubrichs|2014|p=23}}{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=3}}

==History==
The name is first attested in [[Latin]] sources in the 6th century AD. 
*The early 6th century biography of [[Severinus of Noricum]] describes the region without mentioning them.{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=219}} 
*One of the earliest references to the Baiuvarii is the [[Frankish Table of Nations]] from about 520, which describes them as a people with kinship to the [[Burgundians]], [[Thuringians]] and [[Lombards]].{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=219}} 
*In his ''[[Getica]]'' (551), [[Jordanes]] described how the [[Suebi]]an people under the rule of the 5th century king or warlord named [[Hunimund]] moved to the southern side of the [[Danube]] to live in an Alpine area near the [[Alemanni]], with the Franks on their west, Thuringians to their north, Burgundians to their south, and the ''Baibaros'' to their east, who are generally understood to have been the Bavarians.<ref>''Getica'' in Latin: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes1.html; in English: http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html</ref>
*In a poem about a pilgrimage to [[Augsburg]] in 565, [[Venantius Fortunatus]] mentions the land Baioaria on the river [[Lech (river)|Lech]], which flows north from the Austrian alps to the German Danube.{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}} They were between the Allemanni on the Danube and the [[Breuni]] who were based near the [[Inn (river)|river Inn]].

Evidence from the [[etymology]] of their name implies that the Baiuvarii, being named after Bohemia, can not have existed under that name before the 1st century AD. During this period [[Maroboduus]], king of the Germanic [[Marcomanni]], lead his people into their area which had previously been inhabited by the Celtic Boii.{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=3}} Whether the Baiuvarii settled Bavaria in a specific later migration, after Maroboduus, either from the north (Bohemia) or from [[Pannonia]], is uncertain.{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=3}}

A possible earlier record of the Baiuvarii, is the 2nd century mention of the [[Banochaemae]], whose name appears to have a similar etymology. [[Claudius Ptolemy]] described them in his ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' as living near the [[Elbe]], east of the [[Melibokus]] mountains, and north of the [[Asciburgius]] mountains.<ref>Ptolemy [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/10.html 2.10]</ref>

According to [[Karl Bosl]], Bavarian migration to present-day Bavaria is a legend.{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=219}} The early Baiuvarii are often associated with the {{ill|Friedenhain-Přešťovice|de}} archaeological group, but this is controversial.{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}} During the time of [[Attila]] in the 5th century, the entire [[Middle Danube]] region saw the entry of many new peoples from north and east of the Carpathians, and the formation and destruction of many new and old political entities.

It is thus more probable that the Baiuvarii emerged in the provinces of [[Noricum ripense]] and [[Raetia secunda]] following [[Odoacer]]'s withdrawal of population to [[Roman Italy|Italy]] in 488, and the subsequent expansion of Italian [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogothic]], and [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian Frankish]] influence into the area.{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}}{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=219}} They are believed to have incorporated elements from several [[Germanic peoples]], including the [[Sciri]], [[Heruli]], [[Suebi]], [[Alemanni]], [[Naristi]], [[Thuringi]] and [[Lombards]]. They might also have included non-Germanic [[Proto-Romance|Romance people]] ([[Romanization|romanized]] [[Celtic people]]).{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}}

The region was under the influence of the [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] of [[Theodoric the Great]]. During this period, the Frankish king [[Theudebert I]] (died 548) claimed control from the North Sea to [[Pannonia]]. After his death, his uncle [[Chlothar I]] appointed [[Garibald I of Bavaria|Garibald I]] as [[Duke of Bavaria|''dux'' of Bavaria]].{{sfn|Goffart|2010|p=219}} He established the [[Agilolfings]] dynasty with his power base at Augsburg or [[Regensburg]].{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}} By the 8th century, many Baiuvarii had converted to Christianity.{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=8}}

Through their ruling [[Agilolfings]] dynasty, they were closely connected with the [[Franks]].

==Culture==
A collection of Bavarian tribal laws was compiled in the 8th century. This document is known as ''[[Lex Baiuvariorum]]''. Elements of it possibly date back to the 6th century.{{sfn|Diesenberger|2018|p=195}} It is very similar to ''[[Lex Thuringorum]]'', which was the legal code of the [[Thuringi]], with whom the Baiuvarii had close relations.{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=2}}

The funerary traditions of the Baiuvarii are similar to those of the Alemanni, but quite different from those of the Thuringi.{{sfn|Fries-Knoblach|Steuer|2014|p=2}} 
 
The Baiuvarii are distinguished by the presence of individuals with [[artificial cranial deformation|artificially deformed craniums]] in their cemeteries. These individuals were predominantly female; there is no undisputed evidence of males with artificially deformed skulls in [[Bavaria]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Velte |first1=Maren |last2=Czermak |first2=Andrea |last3=Grigat |first3=Andrea |last4=Haas-Gebhard |first4=Brigitte |last5=Gairhos |first5=Anja |last6=Toncala |first6=Anita |last7=Trautmann |first7=Bernd |last8=Haberstroh |first8=Jochen |last9=Päffgen |first9=Bernd |last10=Heyking |first10=Kristin von |last11=Lösch |first11=Sandra |last12=Burger |first12=Joachim |last13=Harbeck |first13=Michaela |title=Between Raetia Secunda and the dutchy of Bavaria: Exploring patterns of human movement and diet |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 April 2023 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=e0283243 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0283243 |pmid=37018190 |pmc=10075417 |language=en |issn=1932-6203 |doi-access=free }} "In Bavaria, ACD is mainly observed in women, and there is only disputed evidence for ACD in men or children"</ref> Genetic and archeological evidence shows that these women were migrants from eastern cultures, who married Bavarii males, suggesting the importance of exogamy within the Bavarii culture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Depaermentier |first1=Margaux L. C. |title=Isotope data in Migration Period archaeology: critical review and future directions |journal=Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences |date=16 March 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=42 |doi=10.1007/s12520-023-01739-y |s2cid=257537106 |language=en |issn=1866-9565|doi-access=free }} "Further studies based on other archaeobiological proxies supported the hypothesis that female exogamy played an important role at the time (Knipper et al. 2017; Stewart 2022; Veeramah et al. 2018)."</ref> The migrant women were fully integrated in to Bavarii culture.<ref>Hakenbeck, Susanne. (2011). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261517504_Roman_or_barbarian_Shifting_identities_in_early_medieval_cemeteries_in_Bavaria Roman or barbarian? Shifting identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria.] Postclassical Archaeologies. 1. p. 49. "Both the manner of their burial and the positions of their graves indicate that the different life-histories suggested by their modified skulls and possibly foreign childhood was subsumed into the local group identity by the time of their death. Regardless of whether these women may have had a foreign identity during their lifetime, in death they were treated as local women with no evidence of their possible migration other than that which was inscribed on their bodies during childhood."</ref>

In 2018, genomic research showed that these foreign women had southeastern European and [[East Asia]]n ancestry. The presence of these women among the Bavarii people indicates that men from the Bavarii culture practiced [[exogamy]], preferentially marrying women from eastern populations.<ref name="Veeramah">{{cite journal |last1=Veeramah |first1=Krishna R. |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in Early Medieval Bavaria |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=115 |issue=13 |pages=3494–3499 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1719880115 |pmc=5879695 |pmid=29531040 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{efn|Veeramah et al: "A much more diverse ancestry was observed among the females with elongated skulls, as demonstrated by a significantly greater group-based FIS (SI Appendix, Fig. S35). All these females had varying amounts of genetic ancestry found today predominantly in southern European countries [as seen by the varying amounts of ancestry inferred by [[model-based clustering]] that is representative of a sample from modern Tuscany, Italy (TSI), Fig. 3], and while the majority of samples were found to be closest to modern southeastern Europeans (Bulgaria and Romania, Fig. 4C), at least one individual, AED_1108, appeared to possess ~20% East Asian ancestry (Fig. 3)<ref name="Veeramah" />}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frieman |first1=Catherine J. |last2=Hofmann |first2=Daniela |title=Present pasts in the archaeology of genetics, identity, and migration in Europe: a critical essay |journal=World Archaeology |date=8 August 2019 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=530–531 |doi=10.1080/00438243.2019.1627907 |url= |language=en |issn=0043-8243|hdl=1956/22151 |s2cid=204480648 |hdl-access=free }} "Medieval blue-eyed and blond ‘Bavarians’, meanwhile, seem to have fancied brown-eyed women from south-east Europe (Veeramah et al. 2018)"</ref>

==Genetics==
{{Further|Lombards#Genetics|Goths#Genetics|Visigoths#Genetics|Alemanni#Genetics}}

A genetic study published in the ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]'' in 2018 examined the remains of 41 individuals buried at a Bavarian cemetery ca. 500 AD. Of these, 11 whole genomes were generated. The males were found to be genetically homogeneous and of [[Northern Europe|north]]-[[central Europe]]an origin. The females were less homogeneous, carried less Northern European ancestry, and were found to combine [[Southeast Europe]]an and [[East Asia]]n ancestry.<ref name="Veeramah" />

There were significant gender differences in skin, hair and eye pigmentation in the sample. While 80% of the Bavarii males had [[blond]] hair and [[blue eyes]], the women had much higher rates of brown eyes and darker hair colors. The local women with [[East Asia]]n and Southern European-related ancestry, generally had brown eyes, and 60% were dark haired.{{efn|Veeramah et al: "Based on the HIrisPlex system (13), the majority (~80%) of individuals with normal or intermediate skulls (and thus northern/central European ancestry) showed high probabilities for blue eyes and blonde hair (SI Appendix, Fig. S7 A and B); in contrast, the majority of women with deformed skulls had a high likelihood for brown eyes (80% of individuals), and both brown and blonde hair (~60% and 40% of individuals, respectively) were represented in the sample."<ref name= "Veeramah" />}}{{efn|Veeramah et al: "While the immigrant females would have been clearly distinguishable physically among the local population based on the combination of their enlarged crania as well as their different eye, hair, and perhaps even skin pigmentation patterns, it is noteworthy that their assemblies of grave goods appear to reflect both local customs and more distant material cultures (10)."<ref name="Veeramah" />}}

No significant admixture with Roman populations from territories further south of the area was detected.{{efn|Veeramah et al: " It is perhaps surprising that no local individual was found to share recent common genetic ancestry with a Roman soldier living in the same area ~200 y earlier. The analysis of his genome identifies him to be of southwest European origin. Thus, our results, though only based on one sample, argue against significant admixture between any Roman populations from more southern parts of the former Roman Empire and our individuals buried in Bavaria around 500 AD."<ref name="Veeramah" />}} Among modern populations, the surveyed male individuals did not have modified skulls and were found to be most closely related to modern-day [[Germans]].{{efn|Veeramah et al: "A population assignment analysis (PAA) at the level of individual modern nation states suggested greatest genetic similarity of these normal-skulled individuals with modern Germans, consistent with their sampling location (Fig. 4 A and B and SI Appendix, Table S35)."<ref name= "Veeramah" />}}

==See also==
* [[Austrians]]
* [[Bavarians]]
* [[Elbe Germanic peoples]]
* [[Irminones]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Diesenberger |first1=Maximilian |author-link1=:de:Maximilian Diesenberger |date=2018 |chapter=Baiuvari |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-609 |editor1-last=Nicholson |editor1-first=Oliver |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |page=195 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001 |isbn=9780191744457 |access-date=March 14, 2020 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Fries-Knoblach |first1=Janine |last2=Steuer |first2=Heiko |author-link2=Heiko Steuer |year=2014 |chapter=Introduction |editor1-last=Fries-Knoblach |editor1-first=Janine |editor2-last=Steuer |editor2-first=Heiko |editor2-link=Heiko Steuer |editor3-last=Hines |editor3-first=John |title=The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTA3BAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer Ltd]] |pages=1–10 |isbn=9781843839156 }}
* {{cite book |last=Goffart |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Goffart |year=2010 |title=Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dM3kdRzztiIC |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0812200287 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=D. H. |author-link1=Dennis Howard Green |year=2014 |chapter=The Boii, Bohemia, Bavaria |editor1-last=Fries-Knoblach |editor1-first=Janine |editor2-last=Steuer |editor2-first=Heiko |editor2-link=Heiko Steuer |editor3-last=Hines |editor3-first=John |title=The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTA3BAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer Ltd]] |pages=11–22 |isbn=9781843839156 }}
* {{cite book |first=Carl I. |last=Hammer |title=From Ducatus to Regnum: Ruling Bavaria under the Merovingians and Early Carolingians |publisher=Brepols |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |last1=Haubrichs |first1=Wolfgang |author-link1=:de:Wolfgang Haubrichs |year=2014 |chapter=Baiovarii, Romania, And Others |editor1-last=Fries-Knoblach |editor1-first=Janine |editor2-last=Steuer |editor2-first=Heiko |editor2-link=Heiko Steuer |editor3-last=Hines |editor3-first=John |title=The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTA3BAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer Ltd]] |pages=23–82 |isbn=9781843839156 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Veeramah |first1=Krishna R. |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Population genomic analysis of elongated skulls reveals extensive female-biased immigration in Early Medieval Bavaria |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=115 |issue=13 |pages=3494–3499 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1719880115 |pmc=5879695 |pmid=29531040 |doi-access=free }}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |year=2014 |editor1-last=Fries-Knoblach |editor1-first=Janine |editor2-last=Steuer |editor2-first=Heiko |editor2-link=Heiko Steuer |editor3-last=Hines |editor3-first=John |title=The Baiuvarii and Thuringi: An Ethnographic Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTA3BAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Boydell & Brewer Ltd]] |isbn=9781843839156 }}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Bavarian}}
* {{commons-inline}}

{{Germanic peoples}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Baiuvarii| ]]
[[Category:Early Germanic peoples]]
[[Category:German tribes]]
[[Category:History of Altbayern]]