Editing Baltimore accent

{{Short description|Regional dialect of American English}}
A '''Baltimore accent''', also known as '''Baltimorese''' and sometimes humorously spelled '''Bawlmerese'''<ref name=":1">[http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/bs-lt-baltimore-slang-20170209-story.html "Hold up, 'Hon': Baltimore's black vernacular youthful, dynamic if less recognized than 'Bawlmerese'"].</ref> or '''Ballimorese''',<ref>Leggett, Debbie A. (2016) "[https://tipsylinguist.com/2016/06/12/drinking-natty-boh-and-speaking-ballimorese-hon/ Drinking Natty Boh and speaking Ballimorese ‘Hon.]" ''Tipsy Linguist''. Tipsy Linguist.</ref> is an [[Accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]] or sub-variety of [[Philadelphia English|Delaware Valley English]] (a dialect whose largest hub is [[Philadelphia]]) that originates among [[blue-collar]] residents of [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], United States. It extends into the [[Baltimore metropolitan area]] and northeastern Maryland.<ref>Labov, William (2007) "Transmission and Diffusion", Language June 2007 p. 64</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_good_word/2014/04/pennsylvania_dialects_from_pittsburghese_to_philadelphia_speak_the_keystone.html|title=Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country.|publisher=[[The Slate Group]]|author=Malady, Matthew J.X.|date=2014-04-29|access-date=2015-06-12}}</ref><ref name=":2">[https://mdhumanities.podbean.com/e/the-revelatory-power-of-language/ "The Relevatory Power of Language"]. ''Maryland Humanities Council''. April 14, 2017.</ref>

At the same time, there is considerable linguistic diversity within Baltimore, which complicates the notion of a singular "Baltimore accent".<ref name=":1"/> According to linguists, the accent of white blue-collar Baltimoreans is different from the [[African-American Vernacular English]] accent of black Baltimoreans.<ref>Jones, Taylor (2020). Variation in African American English: The great migration and regional differentiation (Doctoral dissertation), University of Pennsylvania, pp. 158, 239.</ref> White working-class families who migrated out of Baltimore to the northwestern suburbs brought local pronunciations with them.

==Pronunciation==
{{IPA notice|section}}
The Baltimore accent that originated among [[White people|white]] [[blue-collar]] residents closely resembles blue-collar [[Philadelphia accent|Philadelphia-area English]] pronunciation in many ways. These two cities are the only major ports on the [[East Coast of the United States|Eastern Seaboard]] never to have developed [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]] speech among European American speakers; they were greatly influenced in their early development by [[Hiberno-English]], [[Scottish English]], and [[West Country dialects|West Country English]]. Due to the significant similarity between the speeches of Baltimore, Philadelphia, Delaware and southern New Jersey, [[sociolinguist]]s refer to them collectively as the Mid-Atlantic regional dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html|title=Phonological Atlas of North America|website=www.ling.upenn.edu|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> In Baltimore accents, sounds around {{IPA|/r/}} are often "smoothed" or [[elision|elided]]. For example, a word like ''bureau'' is commonly pronounced {{IPA|/ˈbiroʊ/}} (e.g., [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|Federal ''Beer-o'' of Investigation]]) and ''mirror'' is commonly pronounced {{IPA|/mir/}} ("mere"); the related [[mare–mayor merger]] also exists.

===Vowels===
*Several vowels undergo [[front vowel|fronting]]. {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} fronts to {{IPA|[ɛɔ]}} or {{IPA|[æɔ]}}. {{IPAc-en|uː}} fronts to {{IPA|[ʉu]}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://africanamericanenglish.com/2012/08/15/dew-as-you-dew-baltimore-accent-and-the-wire/|title=Dew as you dew: Baltimore Accent and The Wire|date=2012-08-15|work=Word. The Online Journal on African American English|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708100803/https://africanamericanenglish.com/2012/08/15/dew-as-you-dew-baltimore-accent-and-the-wire|archive-date=2013-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly, {{IPAc-en|oʊ}} shifts to {{IPA|[əʊ]}} or even {{IPA|[eʊ]}}. When word-final and spelled as ''-ow'', it is pronounced like {{IPA|/ə/}}, resulting in colloquial or humorous spellings like ''pilla'' for ''pillow'' and ''winda'' for ''window''.
*No [[cot–caught merger]]: The words ''cot'' {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ɔ/}} do not rhyme, with the latter vowel maintaining a raised position. Likewise, the word ''on'' rhymes with ''dawn'' and not ''don''.
*As in Philadelphia, the word ''water'' is often pronounced as ''wooder'' {{IPA|[ˈwʊɾɚ]}} or, more uniquely, ''warter'' {{IPA|[ˈwɔɻɾɚ]}}.
*As in most Mid-Atlantic cities, [[/æ/ raising|short ''a'' is pronounced with a phonemic split]]: for example, the word ''sad'' {{IPA|/sæd/}} does not rhyme with the word ''mad'' {{IPA|/meəd/}}. Pronunciation is dependent upon a complex system of rules that differ from city to city.<ref>[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch17_2nd.rev.pdf New York City and the Mid-Atlantic States]</ref> Baltimore follows the Philadelphia pattern.<ref>Ash, Sharon. 2002. “The Distribution of a Phonemic Split in the Mid-Atlantic Region: Yet More on Short a.” In “Selected Papers from NWAV 30,” edited by Sudha Arunachalam, Elsi Kaiser, Daniel Ezra Johnson, Tara Sanchez, and Alexander Williams. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 8.3: 1–15. http:// repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol8/iss3/2.</ref> For more details on the Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore systems see ''[[:/æ/ raising]]''.

{{/æ/ raising in North American English}}

*The {{IPA|/ɑr/}} vowel in words like ''start'' is often raised and backed, resulting in a vowel close to {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. Likewise, {{IPA|/ɔr/}} as in ''bore''{{Dubious|date=March 2023}}<!-- shorthand for ɔ sound is "awe". That's not how the vowel in bore in pronounced by any Americans, including philly-baltimore speakers --> can shift as high as {{IPA|/ʊr/}} as in ''boor''. This pattern has also been noted to occur in Philadelphia and New York.<ref name=labov />
*[[Canadian raising]] occurs for {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} before voiceless consonants, as in Philadelphia; for instance, the word ''like'' [ɫʌɪk] begins with a higher nucleus than ''live'' [ɫaɪv].<ref name=labov>{{cite book|last1=Labov|first1=William|author-link=William Labov|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=2005|title=The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-020683-8}}</ref>
*On the other hand, {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} may undergo [[Monophthongization#Smoothing|smoothing]] before liquids, becoming {{IPA|[ɑ]}} before {{IPA|/r/}} and {{IPA|/l/}}; e.g., ''fire'' is pronounced as {{IPA|[fɑɻ]}}, in which a popular Baltimore Christmas joke: "Why were the Three Wise Men covered with soot?" "Because they came from afar."
*{{IPA|[ə]}} is often eliminated entirely from a word when before a consonant; e.g. Annapolis = Naplis, cigarette = cigrette, company = compny, Italy = Itly.

===Consonants===
*[[Th-stopping|''Th''–stopping]] occurs, where the dental fricatives {{IPA|/θ, ð/}} may be realized as stops ({{IPA|/t, d/}} respectively); for instance, ''this'' may sound more like ''diss''.
*[[L-vocalization|''L''–vocalization]] is common at the end of a word. The sound {{IPA|/l/}} is often replaced by the semivowel or glide {{IPA|[w]}} and/or {{IPA|[o]}} or {{IPA|[ʊ]}}. Pronunciation of words like ''middle'' and ''college'' become {{IPA|[ˈmɪdo]}} and {{IPA|[ˈkɑwɪdʒ]}} respectively.
*[[epenthesis|Epenthetic]] {{IPA|/r/}} often occurs; notably, ''wash'' is pronounced as {{IPA|[wɑɻʃ]}}, popularly written as ''warsh'', and ''Washington'' is pronounced as ''Warshington''.
*As is common in many US dialects, {{IPA|/t/}} is frequently elided after {{IPA|/n/}}, thus ''hunter'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈhʌnɚ]}}.

==Lexicon==

The following is a list of words and phrases used in the Baltimore area that are used much less or differently in other American English dialects.
*''down the ocean'' – (eye-dialect spellings include ''dayown the ocean'' or ''downy ocean'') "down to/on/at the ocean", often [[Ocean City, Maryland]].
*''hon'' – a popular term of endearment, short for ''honey'', often used at the end of a sentence. This word has been a popular marker of Baltimore culture, as represented in the annual [http://honfest.net/ Honfest summer festival] and in landmarks such as the Hontown store and the [[Cafe Hon|Café Hon restaurant]].<ref>Rizzo, M. (2010). Hon-ouring the past: play-publics and gender at Baltimore's HonFest. International Journal Of Heritage Studies, 16(4-5), 337-351.</ref>
*''natty boh'' – local slang for the beer originally brewed in Baltimore, [[National Bohemian]].
*''pavement'' (commonly pronounced "payment") – means "sidewalk." 
*''went up'' (shortened from "went up to heaven") – commonly used when an appliance dies; e.g., our refrigerator went up
*''yo'' – as a gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun<ref name=":1" /><ref>Stotko, E. M., & Troyer, M. (2007). A new gender-neutral pronoun in Baltimore, Maryland: A preliminary study. American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage, 82(3), 262.</ref>

African-American Baltimore English includes the words ''ard'' for "alright", ''lor'' for "little",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-dictionary/|title=How Baltimore talks|website=The Baltimore Sun|language=en|access-date=2017-12-02|archive-date=2022-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200217/http://data.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-dictionary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''rey'' for ''ready'' (associated with Baltimore users of [[Black Twitter]]),<ref name=":0">Jones, T. (2015) Toward a description of African American Vernacular English dialect regions using “Black Twitter.” American Speech, 90(4): 403-440. doi:10.1215/00031283-3442117</ref> and ''woe'' for a close friend.

== African-American variations ==
According to linguists, the "hon" dialect that is popularized in the media and that derives historically from the speech of [[white people|white]] [[blue-collar worker|blue-collar]] residents of South and Southeast [[Baltimore]] is not the only accent spoken in the region. There is also a particular Baltimore accent found among Black Baltimoreans: a sub-type of [[African-American Vernacular English]].<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://baltimorelanguage.com/baldamor-curry-and-dug-podcast/|title=Baldamor, Curry, and Dug': Language Variation, Culture, and Identity among African American Baltimoreans|last=DeShields|first=Inte'a|work=Podcast|date=17 May 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

For example, among Black speakers, Baltimore is pronounced more like "Baldamore" {{IPA|/ˌbɔldəˈmɔr/}}, as compared to "Bawlmer" {{IPA|/ˈbɔlmər/}}. Other notable phonological characteristics include vowel centralization before {{IPA|/r/}} (such that words such as "carry" and "parents" are often pronounced as "curry" or "purrents", and "Aaron earned an iron urn" might sound like "Urrun urned an urn urn") and the mid-centralization of {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, particularly in the word "dog," often pronounced like "dug," and "frog" as "frug."<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />
The African-American Baltimore accent, or a variation thereof, is also shared by many African Americans throughout Maryland and the [[Washington metropolitan area]].

==Notable native speakers==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2025}}

===Lifelong speakers===
*[[Judy Agnew]] &ndash; U.S. Second Lady<ref>{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=June 27, 2012|title=Judy Agnew, Wife of Vice President, Dies at 91|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/us/judy-agnew-wife-of-vice-president-dies-at-91.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 21, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Spiro Agnew]] &ndash; U.S. Vice President<ref>{{cite magazine|author=<!-- not stated -->|date=September 20, 1968|title=Nation: THE COUNTERPUNCHER|url=https://time.com/archive/6632823/nation-the-counterpuncher/|magazine=Time|access-date=May 21, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Ben Cardin]] &ndash; Maryland U.S. Senator (2007–present)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mutnick|first1=Ally|last2=Everett|first2=Burgess|last3=Ferris|first3=Sarah|date=February 3, 2023|title=Old Bay melee: Maryland Dems circle as Cardin weighs reelection|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2023/02/03/maryland-dems-cardin-reelection-00081005|work=Politico|access-date=March 17, 2025|quote=to succeed Cardin, who speaks with a notable Baltimore accent}}</ref>
*[[Mary Pat Clarke]] &ndash; Baltimore City Councilwoman (1975–2020)
*[[Divine (performer)|Divine]] &ndash; actor
*[[Charley Eckman]] &ndash; NBA coach and referee, sportscaster
*[[Stavros Halkias]] &ndash; stand-up comedian
*[[Mel Kiper Jr.]] &ndash; [[American football|football]] [[sports commentator|analyst]] for [[ESPN]]<ref>{{cite news|author=<!-- not stated -->|date=April 20, 2008|title=Big Hair, Big Knowledge|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2008/04/20/big-hair-big-knowledge/|work=Orlando Sentinel|publisher=Tribune Publishing|access-date=April 17, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Barbara Mikulski]] &ndash; Maryland U.S. Senator (1987&ndash; 2017)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cox|first1=Erin|last2=Broadwater|first2=Luke|author-link2=Luke Broadwater|last3=Wenger|first3=Yvonne|others=Contributed to by Paul McCardell|date=March 2, 2015|title=Mikulski remembered as plain-speaking trailblazer for woman in politics|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2015/03/02/mikulski-remembered-as-plain-speaking-trailblazer-for-woman-in-politics/|work=Chicago Tribune|publisher=Tribune Publishing|access-date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Felicia Pearson]] &ndash; actress on ''[[The Wire]]''
*[[Nancy Pelosi]] &ndash; former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Marion|first=Jane|date=August 2024|title=Little Nancy Comes Home: Our Lunch in Little Italy with Nancy Pelosi|url=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/historypolitics/nancy-pelosi-profile-hometown-baltimore-little-italy/|magazine=[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]]|publisher=Rosebud Entertainment|access-date=March 24, 2025}}</ref>
*[[Babe Ruth]] &ndash; Baseball Hall of Famer
*[[John Waters]] &ndash; filmmaker<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Souza|first=Gabriella|date=March 9, 2016|title=John Waters Talks Politics, Gender, and Equality At MICA|url=https://www.baltimoremagazine.com/section/artsentertainment/john-waters-talks-politics-gender-and-equality-at-mica/|magazine=[[Baltimore (magazine)|Baltimore]]|publisher=Rosebud Entertainment|access-date=March 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Freeman|first=Nate|date=November 18, 2022|title=Why John Waters Is Giving It All Away to the Baltimore Museum of Art|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/11/john-waters-exhibit-baltimore-museum-art?srsltid=AfmBOorRD070wPyYWB0bxa_EX38LAAIWUuZuDKE3NY4NQB5D_FV3NN5f|magazine=Vanity Fair|publisher=Condé Nast|access-date=March 24, 2025}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

===Films===
The films of [[John Waters (filmmaker)|John Waters]], many of which have been filmed in and around Baltimore, often attempt to capture the Baltimore accent, particularly the early films. For example, John Waters uses his own Baltimore accent in the commentary during his film ''[[Pink Flamingos]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grindhousedatabase.com/index.php/Pink_Flamingos/Fun_Facts|title=Pink Flamingos/Fun Facts - The Grindhouse Cinema Database|website=www.grindhousedatabase.com|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> [[John Travolta]]'s character in the 2007 version of John Waters's ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]'' spoke with an exaggerated Baltimore accent. Likewise, several of the films of [[Barry Levinson]] are set in and around Baltimore during the 1940s-1960s, and employ the Baltimore accent. [[Michael Tucker (actor)|Michael Tucker]], who ''was'' born and raised in Baltimore, speaks with a West Baltimore accent.

===Television===
Television drama series ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'' and ''[[The Wire]]'' are both set in Baltimore and in some cases include actors who are native white and black Baltimoreans.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/tv/bal-18-actors-who-appeared-on-both-homicide-and-the-wire-20160105-photogallery.html|title=21 actors who appeared on both 'Homicide' and 'The Wire'|last=Kaltenbach|first=Chris|work=Baltimore Sun|access-date=2017-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref> In the early ''Homicide: Life on the Street'' episode "Three Men and Adena", a suspect, Risley Tucker, describes how he can tell whereabouts in or around the city a person comes from simply by whether they pronounce the city's name as "Balti-maw", "Balti-moh", or "Bawl-mer".<ref>{{Citation|last=Manas Burna|title=Homicide S01E05 Three Men and Adena|date=2016-02-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gan5ZcHctlI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Gan5ZcHctlI |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|access-date=2017-12-02}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In Season 4, Episode 7 of ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'', Baltimore actor [[Michael Tucker (actor)|Michael Tucker]] portrays the father of Ullman's character JoJo. The skit is set in a Baltimore row house. Tucker advises [[Tracey Ullman|Ullman]] to "take a Liverpool accent and Americanize it." The episode called "The Stoops" begins with Tracey washing her marble stoops, which are the most common small porches attached to most Baltimore town homes (called row houses in Baltimore).<ref>{{cite news|title=The Stoops|work=The Tracey Ullman Show|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHOOYntGgxA&t=28s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/NHOOYntGgxA |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In the ''[[30 Rock]]'' episode, "[[I Do Do]]", [[Elizabeth Banks]] parodies the accent by portraying Avery Jessup, the spokesperson for the fictional Overshoppe.com in a [[flashback (narrative)|flashback]] scene.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKaHuLMg9tY  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/HKaHuLMg9tY |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|work=30 Rock|title=I Do Do}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[Kathy Bates]]' character on the "Freak Show" season of ''[[American Horror Story]]'' was inspired by a Baltimore accent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bartel|first=Jordan|work=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|title='American Horror Story': The curious case of Kathy Bates' Baltimore-ish accent|date=October 15, 2014|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/tv-lust/bal-american-horror-story-the-curious-case-of-kathy-bates-baltimoreish-accent-20141015-story.html|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Schremph|first=Kelly|work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|title=Kathy Bates' Accent on 'AHS: Freak Show' Is an Enigma That Needs to Be Unraveled|date=October 8, 2014|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/43372-kathy-bates-accent-on-ahs-freak-show-is-an-enigma-that-needs-to-be-unraveled|access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=MsKathyBates|author=Bates, Kathy |number=520085081298186241|date=9 October 2014|title=@gliattoT People online. Just to clear up the mystery, my accent is Baltimore not "broad Canadian." :-)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/10/22/7031005/kathy-bates-american-horror-story-accent-baltimore|title=Kathy Bates's accent is the strangest on TV. So we asked a linguist to place it.|work=Vox|access-date=2017-12-02}}</ref>

Whether it was on [[Russillo and Kanell|his ESPN Radio show]] or ''[[SportsCenter|SportsCenter at Night]]'', [[Scott Van Pelt]] always ended his segments with [[Tim Kurkjian]] by mentioning names in a Baltimore accent featuring at least one fronted '[[o]]'.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/09/scott-van-pelt-tim-kurkjian-baltimore-accent-giggling-video|title=Scott Van Pelt uses his Baltimore accent to turn Tim Kurkjian into a giggling child|date=2015-09-15|work=For The Win|access-date=2017-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Music===
Singer-songwriter [[Mary Prankster]] uses several examples of Baltimore slang in her song, "Blue Skies Over Dundalk," from the album of the same name, including, "There'll be O's fans going downy ocean, hon."

===Podcasts===
[[Jason La Canfora]], host of the ''B-More Opinionated''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-03|title=B-More Opinionated! – B-More Opinionated Podcast|url=http://bmoshow.com/|access-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203073153/http://bmoshow.com/|archive-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> podcast with Jerry Coleman and resident of [[Dundalk, Maryland|Dundalk]], regularly discussed events of the [[NFL|National Football League]] for ''[[The Tony Kornheiser Show]]'' podcast and will end the segment plugging his own podcast in a heavy Baltimore accent. The accent is so distinct that his dog, Copper, will react to it, barking constantly because he knows it is time for a walk.

Comedian [[Stavros Halkias]] (a native of [[Greektown, Baltimore|Greektown]]) was also known for performing an exaggerated version of a Baltimore accent on the podcast ''[[Cum Town]]'', when impersonating a typical citizen of [[Dundalk, Maryland|Dundalk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/stavros-halkias-lets-start-a-cult-performance-close-read.html|title=Stavros Halkias Has Star Power|first=Hershal|last=Pandya|date=October 28, 2024|website=Vulture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoreravens.com/news/taylor-swift-stavros-stavvy-ronnie-chiefs-ravens-celebrities-counter-afc-championship|title=They’ve Got Her. We’ve Got Stavvy|website=www.baltimoreravens.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Baltimore}}
*[[Culture of Baltimore]]
*[[List of people from Baltimore]]
*[[Regional vocabularies of American English#The Mid-Atlantic|Regional vocabularies of American English]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.baltimorehon.com/ Baltimore Hon] (A through dictionary of Baltimorese)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090516232255/http://www.seiglefamily.com/baltimorese/ Baltimorese (with some audio)]
* "[http://www.evolpub.com/Americandialects/MidAtldialects.html The Mid-Atlantic Dialects]", Evolution Publishing
*In March 2011, the [[Special English|VOA Special English]] service of the [[Voice of America]] broadcast a 15-minute feature on Bawlmerese, written and voiced by longtime VOA Special English announcer, photographer, voice-over artist, and Baltimore native [https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140303/http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/about-us/broadcasters/82432777.html Steve Ember]. A transcript and MP3 of the program – intended for those want to learn American English – can be found at [https://web.archive.org/web/20110622064352/http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/usa/A-Lesson-in-Bawlmerese-117490218.html An Extended Lesson in Bawlmerese]

{{Baltimore}}
{{English dialects by continent}}
{{Languages of the United States}}
{{Languages of Maryland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baltimore Dialect}}
[[Category:American English]]
[[Category:American slang]]
[[Category:City colloquials]]
[[Category:European-American culture in Baltimore]]
[[Category:White American culture in Baltimore]]
[[Category:Languages of Maryland]]
[[Category:Working-class culture in Maryland]]
[[Category:African-American English]]