Editing Barnaul

{{Short description|City in Altai Krai, Russia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name = Barnaul
|ru_name = Барнаул
|image_skyline = Barnaul Skyline 2007.jpg
|image_caption = Barnaul as seen from the Nagorny Park
|coordinates = {{coord|53|20|55|N|83|46|35|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position = right
|image_coa =Ceremonial Coat of Arms of Barnaul.svg 
|image_flag = Flag of Barnaul (2021).jpg
|anthem =
|anthem_ref =
|holiday = One of the weekend days in August or September
|holiday_ref = <ref name="CharterHist" />
|federal_subject = [[Altai Krai]]
|federal_subject_ref = <ref name="AltaiK_adm" />
|adm_city_jur = [[City of federal subject significance|City of krai significance of Barnaul]]
|adm_city_jur_ref = <ref name="AltaiK_adm" />
|adm_ctr_of1 = [[Altai Krai]]
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="AdmCtr" />
|adm_ctr_of2 = City of krai significance of Barnaul
|adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="AltaiK_adm" />
|inhabloc_cat = City
|inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="AltaiK_adm" />
|inhabloc_type =
|inhabloc_type_ref =
|urban_okrug_jur=Barnaul Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref = <ref name="AltaiKBarnaul_mun" />
|mun_admctr_of = Barnaul Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref = <ref name="AltaiKBarnaul_mun" />
|leader_title = Head
|leader_title_ref = <ref name="Head">Charter of Barnaul, Article&nbsp;46</ref>
|leader_name = Vyacheslav Frank
|leader_name_ref = 
|representative_body = City Duma
|representative_body_ref = <ref name="Legis">Charter of Barnaul, Article&nbsp;37</ref>
|area_of_what = 
|area_as_of = 
|area_km2 = 940
|area_km2_ref = <ref name="Geo">Official website of Barnaul. [http://barnaul.org/gorod/vchera_i_segodnya/geografiya Geography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602042143/http://barnaul.org/gorod/vchera_i_segodnya/geografiya/ |date=2 June 2017 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|pop_2010census = 612401
|pop_2010census_rank = 21st
|pop_2010census_ref = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density =
|pop_density_as_of =
|pop_density_ref =
|pop_latest = 700326
|pop_latest_date = January 2016
|pop_latest_ref = <ref name="Geo" />
|established_date = 1730
|established_title = Established
|established_date_ref = <ref name="CharterHist" />
|current_cat_date = 1771
|current_cat_date_ref = <ref name="gr" />
|prev_name1 =
|prev_name1_date =
|prev_name1_ref =
|postal_codes=656000, 656002–656004, 656006, 656008, 656010–656012, 656015, 656016, 656018, 656019, 656021, 656023–656025, 656031, 656033, 656035–656039, 656043–656045, 656048–656050, 656052–656060, 656062–656068, 656700, 656880, 656890, 656899, 656905, 656960, 656961, 656963–656966, 656998, 656999, 901024, 901213
|dialing_codes = 3852
|dialing_codes_ref =
|website=barnaul.org
}}
{{Infobox}}

'''Barnaul''' ({{langx|ru|Барнау́л}}, {{IPA|ru|bərnɐˈul|IPA}}) is the largest [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and [[administrative centre]] of [[Altai Krai]], [[Russia]], located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Barnaulka]] and [[Ob (river)|Ob]] rivers in the [[West Siberian Plain]]. As of the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 census]], its population was&nbsp;630,877,<ref name=2021Census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref> making it the [[List of cities and towns in Russia by population|20th-largest city in Russia]] and the fourth-largest in the [[Siberian Federal District]].{{fact|date=November 2024}}

Located in the south of [[western Siberia]] on the left bank of the Ob River, Barnaul is a major transport, industrial, cultural, medical and educational hub of Siberia. Barnaul was founded by the wealthy [[Demidov]] family, who intended to develop the production of [[copper]] and [[silver]], which continued after the factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became a major centre of silver production in Russia. Barnaul was granted city status in 1771.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

== Administrative and municipal status ==
Barnaul is the [[administrative centre]] of the krai.<ref name="AdmCtr">Charter of Altai Krai, Article&nbsp;6</ref> Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is, together with the [[urban-type settlement|work settlement]] of [[Yuzhny, Barnaul, Altai Krai|Yuzhny]] and twenty-four [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural localities]], incorporated as the '''[[city of federal subject significance|city of krai significance]] of Barnaul''' – an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Altai Krai|districts]].<ref name="AltaiK_adm">Law #28-ZS</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the city of krai significance of Barnaul is incorporated as '''Barnaul Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="AltaiKBarnaul_mun">Law #144-ZS</ref>

== Geography ==
Barnaul is located in the [[forest steppe]] zone of the [[West Siberian Plain]], on the left bank of the [[Ob River]], at its confluence with the [[Barnaulka]].

The [[Kazakhstan–Russia border|border with Kazakhstan]] is {{convert|345|km|-1|abbr=on}} to the south, which makes Barnaul the closest major city to the [[Altai Mountains]]. The city is also situated relatively close to the Russian [[Mongolia–Russia border|border with Mongolia]] and the [[China–Russia border|border with China]].

== History ==
{{For timeline}}

=== Ancient history ===
The area around the city has been inhabited by [[Homo sapiens sapiens|modern humans]], [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovans]], for hundreds of thousands of years. They settled here to take advantage of the confluence of the rivers, used for transportation and fishing. In the late BC millennia, the locality was a centre of activity for [[Scythian]] and various [[Turkic peoples]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijJ4o2iorhkC&pg=PA250|title=Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus|first=Ellis Hovell|last=Minns|date=13 January 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-02487-7|access-date=1 January 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref>

=== Russian Empire ===
While 1730 is considered Barnaul's official establishment date, its first mention dates back to 1724.<ref name="CharterHist">Charter of Barnaul, Article&nbsp;4</ref> It was granted city status in 1771.<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=36–38}}</ref> Chosen for its proximity to the mineral-rich Altai Mountains and its location on a major river, it was founded by the wealthy [[Demidov]] family.<ref name="gr" /> The Demidovs wanted to develop the [[copper]] in the mountains, and soon found substantial deposits of silver as well. In 1747, the Demidovs' factories were taken over by the Crown. Barnaul became the centre of silver production of the Russian Empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/borod5/got/15.html|title=Пятые Бородавкинские чтения|website=new.hist.asu.ru|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725201341/http://new.hist.asu.ru/biblio/borod5/got/15.html|archive-date=25 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1914, Barnaul was the site of the largest [[conscription]] riot in Russia during [[World War I]]. There were more than 100 casualties from the fighting.<ref>Sanborn, Josh. "The Mobilization of 1917 and the Question of the Russian Nation." ''Slavic Review,'' Vol. 59, No. 2: pp. 267-89.</ref>

Mary 'Marie' 'Maria' Stepanovna Zudilova Tatuloff Zacharenko Gurdin (1908–1998) was reputedly born in this city.<ref>Tatuloff, Alexander (17 September 1934). [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33S7-8BVN-8YJ Declaration of Intention, no. 89199]. ''U.S. District Court Naturalization Index, 1852–1989''.</ref> She later became the mother of American actresses [[Natalie Wood|Natalie]] and [[Lana Wood]]. Her father Stepan was reputedly killed in the 1918 street fighting between the Whites and Reds following the Revolution. Afterward her mother took Mary and her siblings as refugees to [[Harbin, China]]. Mary married Alexander Tatuloff there in 1925, and they had a daughter Olga together. Mary eventually immigrated to the United States, where she divorced Alexander in 1936 and later married Nicholas Zacharenko, from Ussuriysk, and had two daughters with him.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

=== World War II ===
Over half of the light ammunition used by the Soviet Union in [[World War II]] is estimated to have been manufactured in Barnaul.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ada.ru/Guns/bsz/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000115231932/http://www.ada.ru/Guns/bsz/index.htm|archive-date=15 January 2000|title=Барнаульские патроны}}</ref>

=== Recent history ===
In 2012, when residents of Barnaul were denied a permit for a street protest, they ingeniously circumvented the restriction by staging a demonstration with toys such as teddy bears, Lego figures, and toy soldiers holding signs denouncing electoral corruption. The photos of these rebellious figurines quickly spread across Russia, prompting others to replicate the protest. Faced with an awkward dilemma, Putin's government decided to ban the toy protests, asserting that toys, not being Russian citizens, were ineligible to participate in public gatherings, as explained by a government official.<ref>{{Cite web |last=VanHise |first=James L. |date=2021-09-21 |title=Dilemma Actions: The Power of Putting your Opponent in a Bind |url=https://commonslibrary.org/new-research-shows-the-power-of-putting-your-opponent-in-a-bind/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Barnaul was:<ref name="ВПН-2020">{{cite web |title=Национальный состав населения |url=https://22.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%205.%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%201.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%20%D0%90%D0%9A.xlsx |access-date=19 August 2023 |publisher=Rosstat}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
!Ethnicity
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|[[Russians]]
|492,285
|95.9%
|-
|[[Tajiks]]
|2,701
|0.5%
|-
|[[Volga Germans|Germans]]
|2,644
|0.5%
|-
|[[Ukrainians]]
|1,759
|0.3%
|-
|[[Armenians]]
|1,668
|0.3%
|-
|Other Ethnicities
|12,398
|2.4%
|}
{{Historical populations|1897|21073|1926|73206|1939|148162|1959|305046|1970|439134|1979|533263|1989|601811|2002|600749|2010|612401|2021|630877|footnote=Source: Russian Census}}

== Economy ==
Barnaul is an important industrial centre of Western [[Siberia]]. There are more than 100 industrial enterprises in the city, employing approximately 120,000 people. Leading industries include [[Diesel fuel|diesel]] and carbon processing; as well as production of heavy machinery, tyres, furniture and footwear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnaul.org/vlast/itogi-08/ |title=Власть |access-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027093541/http://www.barnaul.org/vlast/itogi-08/ |archive-date=27 October 2012 }}</ref> The [[Barnaul Cartridge Plant]], a major manufacturer of small-arms ammunition, is located in the city.

== Transportation ==
Barnaul is located on the South Siberian, [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway|Turk–Sib]] and Omsk–Barnaul railway lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barnaul |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Barnaul |website=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

Barnaul has public transport of Buses, Minibuses, Trolleybuses, Trams and Taxies. 
Intercity bus routes are operate to Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, Biysk, Rubtsovsk and other cities. Also there are bus routes to Kazakhstan cities Oskemen, Pavlodar.

[[Barnaul International Airport]] is located 16 kilometres West of the city center. It is served by airlines such as Aeroflot, S7, Nordwind, Iraero and Ural Airlines. It has regular flights to Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Surgut etc.

== Climate ==
The [[humid continental climate]] of Barnaul ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') is defined by its geographical position at the southern end of the Siberian [[forest steppe]]: it is subject to long winters, with an average of {{convert|-15.5|C}} in January, but also enjoys a short warm season in the summer with an average temperature of {{convert|19.9|C}} in July. Temperatures can vary in the extreme, from below {{convert|-45|C}} in the winter to above {{convert|35|C}} in the summer.

The climate is relatively dry. The average [[precipitation]] in the area is {{convert|433|mm|abbr=on}} per year, 75% of which occurs during the region's warmer season. This means snow packs can be quite moderate in spite of the cold temperatures.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Barnaul (1991–2020, extremes 1838–present)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 5.3
|Feb record high C = 7.4
|Mar record high C = 16.4
|Apr record high C = 32.3
|May record high C = 37.4
|Jun record high C = 38.5
|Jul record high C = 37.9
|Aug record high C = 38.3
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 27.4
|Nov record high C = 16.6
|Dec record high C = 7.2
|year record high C = 38.5
|Jan high C = -11.4
|Feb high C = -7.8
|Mar high C = 0.2
|Apr high C = 11.5
|May high C = 20.2
|Jun high C = 24.8
|Jul high C = 26.3
|Aug high C = 24.5
|Sep high C = 17.6
|Oct high C = 9.6
|Nov high C = -2.2
|Dec high C = -8.8
|year high C = 8.7
|Jan mean C = -16.2
|Feb mean C = -13.6
|Mar mean C = -5.7
|Apr mean C = 5.0
|May mean C = 12.9
|Jun mean C = 18.2
|Jul mean C = 19.9
|Aug mean C = 17.6
|Sep mean C = 11.0
|Oct mean C = 4.0
|Nov mean C = -6.2
|Dec mean C = -13.1
|year mean C = 2.8
|Jan low C = -20.7
|Feb low C = -18.7
|Mar low C = -10.9
|Apr low C = -0.3
|May low C = 6.4
|Jun low C = 12.0
|Jul low C = 14.2
|Aug low C = 11.8
|Sep low C = 5.6
|Oct low C = -0.2
|Nov low C = -9.9
|Dec low C = -17.6
|year low C = -2.4
|Jan record low C = -48.2
|Feb record low C = -46.1
|Mar record low C = -38.9
|Apr record low C = -27.6
|May record low C = -8.8
|Jun record low C = -1.2
|Jul record low C = 2.9
|Aug record low C = 0.0
|Sep record low C = -7.8
|Oct record low C = -27.0
|Nov record low C = -42.8
|Dec record low C = -43.9
|year record low C = -48.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 23
|Feb precipitation mm = 18
|Mar precipitation mm = 19
|Apr precipitation mm = 28
|May precipitation mm = 41
|Jun precipitation mm = 54
|Jul precipitation mm = 72
|Aug precipitation mm = 45
|Sep precipitation mm = 36
|Oct precipitation mm = 35
|Nov precipitation mm = 40
|Dec precipitation mm = 32
|year precipitation mm = 443
|Jan snow depth cm = 38
|Feb snow depth cm = 47
|Mar snow depth cm = 45
|Apr snow depth cm = 6
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 1
|Nov snow depth cm = 8
|Dec snow depth cm = 23
|year snow depth cm = 47
|Jan rain days = 0.4
|Feb rain days = 1
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 12
|May rain days = 17
|Jun rain days = 16
|Jul rain days = 17
|Aug rain days = 15
|Sep rain days = 16
|Oct rain days = 14
|Nov rain days = 6
|Dec rain days = 1
|year rain days = 118
|Jan snow days = 22
|Feb snow days = 20
|Mar snow days = 16
|Apr snow days = 9
|May snow days = 2
|Jun snow days = 0.1
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 1
|Oct snow days = 10
|Nov snow days = 18
|Dec snow days = 24
|year snow days = 122
|Jan humidity = 78
|Feb humidity = 76
|Mar humidity = 74
|Apr humidity = 63
|May humidity = 55
|Jun humidity = 64
|Jul humidity = 70
|Aug humidity = 70
|Sep humidity = 69
|Oct humidity = 73
|Nov humidity = 79
|Dec humidity = 79
|year humidity = 71
|Jan sun = 77
|Feb sun = 112
|Mar sun = 178
|Apr sun = 218
|May sun = 272
|Jun sun = 315
|Jul sun = 320
|Aug sun = 265
|Sep sun = 199
|Oct sun = 109
|Nov sun = 75
|Dec sun = 64
|year sun = 2204
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web|title=Weather And Climate – Climate Barnaul|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/29838.htm|access-date=8 November 2021|language=ru}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun only, 1961–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|title=Climate Normals for Barnaul|url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/29838.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
|date=January 2013
}}

[[File:Barnaul41.jpg|thumb|A historical wooden house in Barnaul on the Socialisticheskiy Prospect]]
[[File:Barnaul Imperator Restaurant.jpg|right|thumb|A historical wooden house used to be as the Imperator Restaurant (former Russian Tea Restaurant), now under reconstruction]]
[[File:Barnaul Skyline 2007.jpg|thumb|View of central Barnaul in the summer of 2007]]
[[File:Барнаул, Змеиногорский тракт, жилой дом - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Modern apartment building, built in 2010]]
[[File:Aist-skulptura.jpg|thumb|Park in Barnaul]]
[[File:Barnaul River Port.jpg|thumb|The [[Ob River]] in Barnaul]]

== Notable people ==
* [[Alexander von Bunge]], botanist, worked in Barnaul
* [[Maria Butina]], alleged agent of Russia, and member of the [[State Duma]]
* [[Aleksey Chuklin]], racing driver
* [[Pyotr Kozmitch Frolov]], scientist and inventor
* [[Valery Kopytov]], serial killer
* [[Tatyana Kotova]], Olympic champion in [[long jump]]
* [[Kirill Marchenko]], NHL professional ice hockey player
* [[Julia Neigel]], singer, songwriter
* [[Ivan Nifontov]], World champion and Olympic medalist in [[Judo]]
* [[Alexey Novikov-Priboy]], writer
* [[Ivan Polzunov]], inventor, creator of the first two-cylinder engine in the world
* [[Anastasiia Salos]], European and world medalist rhythmic gymnast
* [[Konstantin Scherbakov]], pianist
* [[Sergey Shubenkov]], track and field athlete, 2015 world champion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barnaul.fm/2015/08/28/sergej-shubenkov-vyigral-zoloto-na-chempionate-mira-po-lyogkoj-atletike-v-pekine/|title=Сергей Шубенков выиграл "золото" на Чемпионате мира по лёгкой атлетике в Пекине|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144002/http://barnaul.fm/2015/08/28/sergej-shubenkov-vyigral-zoloto-na-chempionate-mira-po-lyogkoj-atletike-v-pekine/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Nadezhda Shuvayeva-Olkhova]], Olympic champion in [[basketball]]
* [[Alexey Smertin]], former captain of the [[Russia national football team]]
* [[Rita Streich]], coloratura soprano
* [[Andrei Svechnikov]], professional NHL ice hockey player
* [[Evgeny Svechnikov]], professional NHL and KHL ice hockey player
* [[Nikolai Yadrintsev]], explorer and archeologist, discoveries include the [[Orkhon script]], [[Genghis Khan]]'s capital, [[Karakorum]]
* [[Mikhail Yakubov]], NHL and KHL professional ice hockey player
* [[Mikhail Yevdokimov]], comedian and former governor of Altai Krai
* [[Maxim Zimin]], racing driver
* Maria Zudilova, mother of [[Natalie Wood]]

== Twin towns – sister cities ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}
Barnaul is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?|url=https://tolknews.ru/news/1272-kakie-goroda-pobratimy-est-u-barnaula|website=tolknews.ru|publisher=Tolk|language=ru|date=31 October 2020|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Град Шумен – Как да ни намерите|url=https://tourism-shumen.com/%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD/|website=tourism-shumen.com|publisher=Tourism Shumen|language=bg|access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Baicheng]], China
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Changji]], China
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]], United States
*{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Öskemen]], Kazakhstan
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Shumen]], Bulgaria
<!--Zaragoza – not twinning-->
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Nagorny Park]]
* [[Tsentralny City District, Barnaul]]
* [[Timeline of Barnaul]]
* {{portal-inline|Siberia}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{RussiaBasicLawRef|alt|barnaul}}
* {{RussiaBasicLawRef|alt}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|alt|adm|law}}
* {{RussiaAdmMunRef|alt|mun|list|barnaul}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Barnaul}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Barnaul|volume=3|short=x}}
* [http://www.barnaul.org/ Official website of Barnaul] {{in lang|ru}}
* [https://barnaul.jsprav.ru/ Directory of organizations in Barnaul] {{in lang|ru}}

{{Altai Krai}}
{{Rural localities in Barnaul urban okrug}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Barnaul| ]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Ob River]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Altai Krai]]
[[Category:Tomsk Governorate]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1730]]