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{{Short description|Northeast Caucasian language}} {{Distinguish|text=the Mayan [[Tzotzil language]], also known as Bats'i}} {{Infobox language | name = Bats | nativename = {{lang|bbl|ბაცბა მოტტ}} {{Transliteration|bbl|Batsba Moṭṭ}}<br />{{tlit|bbl|batsba motjiti}} | states = [[North Caucasus]] | region = Zemo-Alvani in [[Kakheti]] | speakers = 500 | date = 1997 | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1041.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |website=[[UNESCO]] |language=en |access-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> | speakers2 = far fewer than 3,000 active (2007) | familycolor = Caucasian | fam1 = [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] | fam2 = [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] | script = [[Georgian script]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/batsbi.htm|title=Batsbi alphabet, pronunciation and language|publisher=Omniglot.com|access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref> | iso3 = bbl | glotto = bats1242 | glottorefname = Bats | notice = IPA | map = File:Northeast Caucasus languages map en.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#54D500|Bats}} | ethnicity = [[Bats people]] | pronunciation = {{IPA|[batsʰba motʼː]}}<br />{{IPA|[batsbur mɔt'ː]}} | map2 = Lang Status 40-SE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Bats is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Bats''' ({{lang|bbl|Batsbur Mott}}, or {{lang|bbl|Batsba Moṭṭ, ბაცბა მოტტ}}, {{IPA|bbl|batsʰba motʼː|}}), also known as '''Batsbi''', '''Batsi''', '''Batsb''', '''Batsaw''', or '''Tsova-Tush''') is the [[endangered language]] of the [[Bats people]], a [[North Caucasian languages|North Caucasian]] minority group living in the [[Georgia (country)|Republic of Georgia]]. Batsbi is part of the [[Nakh languages|Nakh branch]] of [[Northeast Caucasian languages]]. It had 2,500 to 3,000 speakers in 1975, with only one dialect. Batsbi is only used for spoken communication, as Bats people tend to use [[Georgian language|Georgian]] when writing. ==History== {{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}} Tusheti, the northeastern mountainous region of Georgia, is home to four tribes that consider themselves [[Tushetians]]: the Batsbi (also known as Tsovatush), the Gometsari, the Piriqiti, and the Chagma-Tush. Tsovatush people make up 50% of Tushetians. Only several hundred Tsovatush people speak Bats, whereas the other tribes (Gometsari, Piriqiti and Chagma-Tush) have lost the language. Evidence from [[toponymics]] indicates that the other three Tushetian tribes formerly spoke Bats, suggesting that all Tushetians once did and over time the Georgian language replaced Bats. The mountainous terrain preserved the culture and traditions of Tushetians, but the history of isolation makes it more difficult to document them as only a few records exist. The first grammar of Bats, {{Lang|de|Über die Thusch-Sprache}}, was compiled by the [[Germany|German]] [[oriental studies|orientalist]] [[Anton Schiefner]] (1817–1879), making it into the first grammar of an indigenous Caucasian language based on sound scientific principles.<ref>[[Kevin Tuite]] (2007). [http://www.mapageweb.umontreal.ca/tuitekj/caucasus/IberoCaucasian.pdf The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis], pp. 7-8. ''Historiographia Linguistica'', 35 #1.</ref> ==Classification & Distribution== Batsbi belongs to the [[Nakh languages|Nakh]] branch of the [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian language]] family. The language is not [[mutually intelligible]] with either [[Chechen language|Chechen]] or [[Ingush language|Ingush]], the other two Nakh languages. === Geographic distribution === Most speakers of Bats live in the village of [[Zemo-Alvani]], on the [[Kakhetia Plain|Kakheti Plain]], in the [[Akhmeta Municipality]] of Georgia. There are some families of Bats in [[Tbilisi]] and other bigger towns in Georgia. == Phonology == === Vowels === Bats has a [[Linguistic typology|typologically common]] five-vowel system. Although some authors claim that all vowels but /u/ contrast in [[Vowel length|length]], no [[minimal pair]]s are given in any studies of Batsbi, nor are examples of long vowels available in the literature. {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center" |- ! ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! [[High vowel|High]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] | {{IPA link|ɛ}} | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |- ! [[Low vowel|Low]] |colspan=2| {{IPA link|a}} {{ns}} {{IPA link|aː}} |} Bats also has the following [[diphthong]]s: {{IPA|/ei/}}, {{IPA|/ui/}}, {{IPA|/oi/}}, {{IPA|/ai/}}, {{IPA|/ou/}}, and {{IPA|/au/}}.<ref>HG1994{{Full citation needed|date=September 2013}}</ref> All vowels and diphthongs have [[Nasalization|nasalised]] [[allophone]]s that are the result of [[Phonetics|phonetic]] and [[Morphophonology|morphophonemic]] processes: [ ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ ]. Nasalised vowels are represented in the [[Georgian scripts|Mkhedruli script]] via a superscript ⟨ნ⟩ following the vowel in question, as in კნათ'''ე<sup>ნ</sup>''' for [k'nat'''ẽ'''] {{gloss|boy-{{gcl|GEN}}}}. === Consonants === Batsbi has a large [[Consonant|consonant inventory]], relatively typical for a Nakh-Dagestanian language, containing [[Ejective consonant|ejectives]], [[Pharyngeal consonant|pharyngeals]] and [[Uvular consonant|uvulars]]. Unlike its close Nakh relatives, [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]], Batsbi has on the other hand retained the voiceless [[Lateral consonant|lateral]] fricative [[Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|/ɬ/]]. Also notable is the presence of two [[Gemination|geminate]] ejectives, /tʼː/ and /qʼː/, which are cross-linguistically rare.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hauk|first=Bryn|last2=Hakim|first2=Jacob|date=Summer 2019|title=Acoustic properties of singleton and geminate ejectives in Tsova-Tush|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2019/papers/ICPhS_3532.pdf|journal=ICPhS 2019 Conference Proceedings}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center" |+ Consonant Phonemes of Bats<ref name="HG1994">Holisky, Dee Ann and Gagua, Rusudan, 1994. "Tsova-Tush (Batsbi)", in ''The indigenous languages of the Caucasus'' Vol 4, Rieks Smeets, editor. Caravan Books, pp. 147-212</ref> |- ! colspan=3 | ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Dental consonant|Dental]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]([[Palatalization (phonetics)|ized]]) ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan=3 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | | | | | |- ! rowspan=5 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] ! <small>[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|lenis]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʰ}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} | {{IPA link|t͜sʰ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} | {{IPA link|kʰ}} | {{IPA link|qʰ}} | | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|fortis]]</small> | | {{IPA link|tː}} | | | | {{IPA link|qː}} | | |- ! colspan=2 | <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | {{IPA link|d͜z}} | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPA link|g}} | | | |- ! rowspan=2 | <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|lenis]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʼ}} | {{IPA link|tʼ}} | {{IPA link|t͜sʼ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}} | {{IPA link|kʼ}} | {{IPA link|qʼ}} | | |- ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|fortis]]</small> | | {{IPA link|tʼː}} | | | | {{IPA link|qʼː}} | | |- ! rowspan=4 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! rowspan=3 | <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small> ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|lenis]]</small> | | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|x}} | | {{IPA link|ħ}} | {{IPA link|h}} |- ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|fortis]]</small> | | | {{IPA link|sː}} | | {{IPA link|xː}} | | | |- ! <small>[[lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> | | | {{IPA link|ɬ}} | | | | | |- ! colspan=2 | <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small> | {{IPA link|v}} | | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ɣ}} | | rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|ʕ}} | |- ! colspan=2 rowspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|lenis]]</small> | | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|j}} | | | |- ! <small>[[fortis and lenis|fortis]]</small> | | {{IPA link|lː}} | | | | | | |- ! colspan=3 | [[Flap consonant|Flap]] | | | {{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | | | |} === Phonotactics === The most common syllable type in Batsbi is CVC.<ref name="HG1994" /> However, Batsbi words commonly contain sequences of two consonants, the second of which is often a fricative.<ref name=":0" /> Stop-stop clusters often contain an [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]. Those two-consonant clusters can occur in any position within the word, although less commonly word-finally. Sequences of three consonants do occur as well, although many are borrowings from [[Georgian language|Georgian]]. Like many clusters in non-[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] languages,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Easterday |first=Shelece |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3268721 |title=Highly complex syllable structure: A typological and diachronic study |date=2019-07-04 |publisher=[object Object] |language=en |doi=10.5281/zenodo.3268721}}</ref> consonant sequences in Batsbi often fail to conform to the [[sonority sequencing principle]]. {| class="wikitable" |+Word-initial Two-consonant Clusters<ref name="HG1994" /> !C1 !C2 ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Example ! rowspan="2" |English |- !'''Stop''' !'''Fricative''' |- |b |ʒ |'''bʒ'''ã |ბჟა<sup>ნ</sup> |''livestock'' |- |p |ħ |'''pħ'''e |ფჰჾე |''village'' |- |tʃ |x |'''tʃx'''otʼ |ჩხოტ |''waterfall'' |- |kʼ |ʕ |'''kʼʕ'''okʼ |კჺოკ |''hole'' |- |m |ʕ |'''mʕ'''al |მჺალ |''common'' |- !'''Stop''' !'''Stop''' ! colspan="2" |'''Example''' !'''English''' |- |tʼ |qʼ |'''tʼqʼ'''a |ტყა |''twenty'' |- |kʼ |n |'''kʼn'''atẽ |კნათე<sup>ნ</sup> |''boy'' |- |tʃʼ |qʼ |'''tʃʼqʼ'''empʷʼ |ჭყემპუ |''throat'' |} {| class="wikitable" |+Word-initial Three-consonant Clusters<ref name="HG1994" /> !C1 !C2 !C3 ! colspan="2" |Example !English |- |p |s |tʼ |'''pstʼ'''u |ფსტუ |''wife'' |- |t |x |ɾ |'''txɾ'''il |თხრილ |''ditch'' |- |tʼ |kʼ |m |'''tʼkʼm'''el |ტკმელ |''dust'' |- |tʼ |qʼ |v |'''tʼqʼv'''e |ტყვე |''prisoner'' |- |g |ɾ |d |'''gɾd'''eml |გრდემლ |''anvil'' |} Of the words containing three-consonant onsets above, only /psʼtu/ "wife" and /tʼkʼmel/ "dust" are native to Batsbi, the rest being [[loanword]]s from Georgian. {| class="wikitable" |+Word-final clusters !C1 !C2 ! colspan="2" |Example !English |- |ɾ |kʼ |tsa'''ɾkʼ''' |ცარკ |''tooth'' |- |p |x |ve'''px''' |ვეფხ |''tiger'' |- |t |x |ma'''tx''' |მათხ |''sun'' |- |v |r |skʼi'''vɾ''' |სკივრ |''chest, trunk'' |- |n |tʼ |abʒo'''ntʼ''' |აბჟონტ |''stirrup'' |} ==Spelling systems== ===Comparison table of various spelling systems for Batsbi=== {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Schiefner, 1856<ref>{{cite book|last=Schiefner|first=Anton |date=1856 |title=Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache oder die khistische Mundart in Thuschetien |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10522443}}</ref> ! colspan="2" |Imnaishvili, 1977 ! colspan="2" |Kadagidze, 1984 ! rowspan="2" |Holisky & Gagua (1994) ! colspan="2" |Mikeladze, 2012 ! rowspan="2" |Desheriev, 1953 ! rowspan="2" |Chrelashvili, 1999 ! rowspan="2" |[[Help:IPA|IPA]] |- !Georgian<br />transcription !Latin<br />transcription !Georgian<br />transcription !Latin<br />transcription !Georgian<br />transcription !Latin<br />transcription |- | rowspan="6" |a | rowspan="2" |ა | rowspan="2" |a | rowspan="2" |ა | rowspan="2" |a | rowspan="2" |a |ა, <small>⁀</small>ა |A a, <small>⁀</small>A <small>⁀</small>a |а |а |{{IPA|a}} |- | |Ǎ ǎ, â |а͏̆ |а͏̆ |{{IPA|ă}} |- | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |ā | rowspan="2" | | rowspan="2" |ā | rowspan="2" |a: | |Ā ā | rowspan="2" |а̄ | rowspan="2" |а̄ |{{IPA|aː}} |- | |ā̄ |{{IPA|aː}} |- | rowspan="2" |აჼ | rowspan="2" |aⁿ | rowspan="2" |აჼ | rowspan="2" |aⁿ | rowspan="2" |aⁿ |აჼ, <small>⁀</small>აჼ |Ã ã, <small>⁀</small>Ã <small>⁀</small>ã | rowspan="2" |а̃ | rowspan="2" |а̃ |{{IPA|ã}} |- | |Ā̃ ā̃ |{{IPA|ãː}} |- |b |ბ |b |ბ |b |b |ბ |B b |б |б |{{IPA|b}} |- |g |გ |g |გ |g |g |გ |G g |г |г |{{IPA|ɡ}} |- |d |დ |d |დ |d |d |დ |D d |д |д |{{IPA|d}} |- | rowspan="5" |e | rowspan="2" |ე | rowspan="2" |e | rowspan="2" |ე | rowspan="2" |e | rowspan="2" |e |ე |E e | rowspan="2" |е, э |е |{{IPA|e}} |- |<small>⁀</small> |Ē ē, <small>⁀</small>Ē <small>⁀</small>ē |е̄ |{{IPA|eː}} |- | |ĕ | |ĕ |_ | |ě, ê |е͏̆ |е͏̆ |{{IPA|ĕ}} |- | rowspan="2" |ეჼ | rowspan="2" |eⁿ | rowspan="2" |ეჼ | rowspan="2" |eⁿ | rowspan="2" |eⁿ |ეჼ |Ẽ ẽ | rowspan="2" |е̃ | rowspan="2" |е̃ |{{IPA|ẽ}} |- | |Ē̃ ē̃ |{{IPA|ẽː}} |- |w |ვ |v |ვ |v |v |ვ |V v |в |в |{{IPA|v}} |- |z |ზ |z |ზ |z |z |ზ |Z z |з |з |{{IPA|z}} |- | rowspan="2" |t̔ |თ |t |თ |t |t |თ |T t |т |т |{{IPA|tʰ}} |- |თთ |tt |თჾ |tჾ |t: |თჾ |tჾ |тт |тт |{{IPA|tː}} |- | rowspan="5" |i | rowspan="2" |ი | rowspan="2" |i | rowspan="2" |ი | rowspan="2" |i | rowspan="2" |i |ი, <small>⁀</small>ი |I i, <small>⁀</small>I<small> ⁀</small>i |и |и |{{IPA|i}} |- | |Ī ī |ӣ |ӣ |{{IPA|iː}} |- | |ĭ | |ĭ |I | |î |и͏̆ |и͏̆ |{{IPA|ĭ}} |- | rowspan="2" |იჼ | rowspan="2" |iⁿ | rowspan="2" |იჼ | rowspan="2" |iⁿ | rowspan="2" |iⁿ |იჼ |Ĩ ĩ | rowspan="2" |и̃ | rowspan="2" |и̃ |{{IPA|ĩ}} |- | |Ī̃ ī̃ |{{IPA|ĩː}} |- |k |კ |ḳ |კ |ḳ |kʼ |კ |Ḳ ḳ |кӀ |кӀ |{{IPA|kʼ}} |- | rowspan="2" |l |ლ |l |ლ |l |l |ლ |L l |л |л |{{IPA|l}} |- |ლლ |ll |ლჾ |lჾ |l: |ლჾ |lჾ |лл |лл |{{IPA|lː}} |- |l͓ |ლʻ |lʻ |ლʻ |lʻ |ɫ |ლʻ |lʻ |лъ |лъ |{{IPA|ɬ}} |- |m |მ |m |მ |m |m |მ |M m |м |м |{{IPA|m}} |- |n |ნ |n |ნ |n |n |ნ |N n |н |н |{{IPA|n}} |- | rowspan="2" |j | rowspan="2" |ჲ | rowspan="2" |j | rowspan="2" |ჲ | rowspan="2" |j | rowspan="2" |j |ჲ |J j | rowspan="2" |й | rowspan="2" |й |{{IPA|j}} |- |ჲჼ |j̇̃ |{{IPA|j̃}} |- | rowspan="6" |o | rowspan="3" |ო | rowspan="3" |o | rowspan="3" |ო | rowspan="3" |o | rowspan="3" |o |ო, <small>⁀</small>ო |O o, <small>⁀</small>O <small>⁀</small>o |о |о |{{IPA|o}} |- | |Ō ō | rowspan="2" |о̄ | rowspan="2" |о̄ |{{IPA|oː}} |- | |ō̄ |{{IPA|oː}} |- | |ŏ | |ŏ |O | |ǒ, ô |о͏̆ |о͏̆ |{{IPA|ŏ}} |- | rowspan="2" |ოჼ | rowspan="2" |oⁿ | rowspan="2" |ოჼ | rowspan="2" |oⁿ | rowspan="2" |oⁿ |ოჼ |Õ õ | rowspan="2" |о̃ | rowspan="2" |о̃ |{{IPA|õ}} |- | |Ō̃ ō̃ |{{IPA|õː}} |- |p |პ |p̣ |პ |p̣ |pʼ |პ |P̣ p̣ |пӀ |пӀ |{{IPA|pʼ}} |- |z̔ |ჟ |ž |ჟ |ž |ž |ჟ |Ž ž |ж |ж |{{IPA|ʒ}} |- | rowspan="2" |r |რ |r | rowspan="2" |რ | rowspan="2" |r | rowspan="2" |r |რ |R r | rowspan="2" |р | rowspan="2" |р |{{IPA|ɾ}} |- |რʻ |rʻ |რʻ |rʻ |{{IPA|ɾ̥}} |- | rowspan="2" |s |ს |s |ს |s |s |ს |S s |с |с |{{IPA|s}} |- |სს |ss |სჾ |sჾ |s: |სჾ |sჾ |сс |сс |{{IPA|sː}} |- | rowspan="2" |t |ტ |ṭ |ტ |ṭ |tʼ |ტ |Ṭ ṭ |тӀ |тӀ |{{IPA|tʼ}} |- |ტტ |ṭṭ |ტჾ |ṭჾ |tʼ: |ტჾ |ṭჾ |тӀтӀ |тӀтӀ |{{IPA|tʼː}} |- | rowspan="4" |u | rowspan="2" |უ | rowspan="2" |u | rowspan="2" |უ | rowspan="2" |u | rowspan="2" |u |უ, <small>⁀</small>უ |U u, <small>⁀</small>U <small>⁀</small>u | rowspan="2" |у |у |{{IPA|u}} |- | |Ū ū |ӯ |{{IPA|uː}} |- | |ŭ | |ŭ |U | |Ǔ ǔ, û |у͏̆ |у͏̆ |{{IPA|ŭ}} |- |უჼ |uⁿ |უჼ |uⁿ |uⁿ |უჼ, <small>⁀</small>უჼ |Ũ ũ, <small>⁀</small>Ũ <small>⁀</small>ũ |у̃ |у̃ |{{IPA|ũ}} |- |p̔ |ფ |p |ფ |p |p |ფ |P p |п |п |{{IPA|pʰ}} |- |k̔ |ქ |k |ქ |k |k |ქ |K k |к |к |{{IPA|kʰ}} |- |g̔ |ღ |ɣ |ღ |ɣ |ǧ |ღ |Ɣ ɣ |гӀ |гӀ |{{IPA|ɣ}} |- | rowspan="2" |q |ყ |q̣ |ყ |q̣ |qʼ |ყ |Q̣ q̣ |къ |къ |{{IPA|qʼ}} |- |ყყ |q̣q̣ |ყჾ |q̣ჾ |qʼ: |ყჾ |q̣ჾ |къкъ |къкъ |{{IPA|qʼː}} |- | rowspan="2" |s̔ | rowspan="2" |შ | rowspan="2" |š | rowspan="2" |შ | rowspan="2" |š | rowspan="2" |š |შ |Š š | rowspan="2" |ш | rowspan="2" |ш |{{IPA|ʃ}} |- |შჾ |šჾ |{{IPA|ʃː}} |- |c̔ |ჩ |č |ჩ |č |č |ჩ |Č č |ч |ч |{{IPA|t͡ʃʰ}} |- |c |ც |c |ც |c |c |ც |C c |ц |ц |{{IPA|t͡sʰ}} |- |ʒ |ძ |ʒ |ძ |ʒ |ʒ |ძ |Ʒ ʒ |дз |дз |{{IPA|d͡z}} |- |c̣ |წ |c̣ |წ |c̣ |cʼ |წ |C̣ c̣ |цӀ |цӀ |{{IPA|t͡sʼ}} |- |c̣̔ |ჭ |č̣ |ჭ |č̣ |čʼ |ჭ |Č̣ č̣ |чӀ |чӀ |{{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} |- | rowspan="2" |x |ხ |x |ხ |x |x |ხ |X x |х |х |{{IPA|x}} |- |ხხ |xx |ხჾ |xჾ |x: |ხჾ |xჾ |хх |хх |{{IPA|xː}} |- | rowspan="2" |q |ჴ |q |ჴ |q |q |ჴ |Q q |кх |кх |{{IPA|qʰ}} |- |ჴჴ |qq |ჴჾ |qჾ |q: |ჴჾ |qჾ |ккх |кхкх |{{IPA|qː}} |- |ʒ̔ |ჯ |ǯ |ჯ |ǯ |ǯ |ჯ |Ǯ ǯ |дж |дж |{{IPA|d͡ʒ}} |- |x̣ |ჰ |h |ჰ |h |h |ჰ |H h |хӀ |хӀ |{{IPA|h}} |- | rowspan="2" |ḥ |ჰჾ |hჾ |ჰ<sub>⌝</sub> |h<sub>⌝</sub> |ħ |ჰ⁊ |H⁊ h⁊/Ⱨ ⱨ |хь |хь |{{IPA|ħ}} |- |ჵ |ꞷ |ჵ | |_ |ჵ |ꞷ |Ӏъ |Ӏъ |{{IPA|ʡ}} |- |ʼ |ʻ |ʻ |ჺ |ʻ |ʕ |ჺ/ع |ʻ |Ӏ |Ӏ |{{IPA|ʕ}} |- |— |ʼ |ʼ |ჸ |ʼ |ʔ |ჸ |ʼ |ʼ |ъ |{{IPA|ʔ}} |- |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |ф |— |{{IPA|f}} |- |— | |w |— |— |— |— |— |— |— |{{IPA|w}} |} ==Morphosyntax== Batsbi is an [[SOV language]] with [[Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive]] alignment which makes extensive use of bound [[morphological derivation]] and [[inflection]]. It has both [[grammatical gender]] (i.e. noun classes) and several [[grammatical case]]s. === Pronouns === ==== Personal pronouns - first and second persons ==== Batsbi [[pronoun]]s encode three persons, two numbers, and clusivity for first person plural ("you and us" ''vs''. "us but not you"). [[Demonstrative]]s work as third person pronouns. It is noteworthy that for singular first person ('I') and second person ('you') almost always differ systematically by a single consonant, first person having /s/ and second person /ħ/, whereas the plural forms regularly have /txo/ for first person exclusive, and /ʃu/ for second person. Case endings are regular for all pronouns, shown below.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Singular ! colspan="3" |Plural |- !First !Second !First Exclusive !First Inclusive !Second |- !'''Nominative''' |სო so |ჰჾო ħo |ვე/ვაი ve/vai |თხო txo |შუ šu |- !'''Ergative''' |ას as |აჰჾ aħ |ვე ve |ათხ atx |ეშ eš |- !'''Genitive''' |სე<sup>ნ</sup> sẽ |ჰჾე<sup>ნ</sup> ħẽ |ვაი<sup>ნ</sup> vaĩ |თხე<sup>ნ</sup> txõ |შე<sup>ნ</sup> šũ |- !'''Dative''' |სონ son |ჰჾონ ħon |ვაინ vain |თხონ txon |შუნ šun |- !'''Allative''' |სოგუ sogu |ჰჾოგუ ħogu |ვაიგუ vaigu |თხოგუ txogu |შუგუ šugu |- !'''Adverbial''' |სოღ soǧ |ჰჾოღ ħoǧ |ვაიღ vaiǧ |თხოღ txoǧ |შუღ šuǧ |- !'''English''' |''I'' |''You (Thou)'' |''Us but not you'' |''You and us'' |''You (Ye)'' |} ==== Third person pronouns/Demonstratives ==== In Batsbi, the distal demonstrative ('that yonder') also serves as a [[Grammatical person|third person]] pronoun ('s/he', 'it', 'they'). As such, the language does not encode gender in its pronouns. However, gender may still be indexed on verbs and adjectives. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Singular !Plural |- !'''Nominative''' |ო o |ობი obi |- !'''Ergative''' |ოჴუს oqus |ოჴარ oqar |- !'''Genitive''' |ოჴუი<sup>ნ</sup> oquĩ |ოჴრი<sup>ნ</sup> oqrĩ |- !'''Dative''' |ოჴუინ oquin |ოჴარნ oqarn |- !'''Instrumental''' |ოჴუვ oquv | |- !'''English''' |''s/he'' |''they'' |} ==== Adnominal demonstratives ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Proximal !Medial !Distal |- !'''Absolutive''' |ე e |ის is |ო o |- !'''Oblique''' |ეჴ eq |იცხ icx |ოჴ oq |- !'''English''' |''this'' |''that'' |''that yonder'' |} Adnominal demonstratives code no gender in Batsbi. {{interlinear | number = 1a | glossing3 = yes|ე ფსტუიჩოვ|e pstʼuinčov|DEM.proximal woman-ERG|"This woman" }}{{interlinear | number = 1b | glossing3 = yes|ე სტაკოვ|e stʼakʼov|DEM.proximal man-ERG|"This man }} {{interlinear | number = 1c | glossing3 = yes|ო სტაკოვ|o stʼakʼov|DEM.distal man-ERG|"That man over there" }} ==== Interrogative pronouns ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !who? !what? !when? !how much? !where? !which one? |- !'''Absolutive''' |მე<sup>ნ</sup> mẽ |ვუხ vux | rowspan="2" |მაცა<sup>ნ</sup> macã | rowspan="2" |მელʻ meɬ | rowspan="2" |მიჩ, მიჩა mič, miča |მენუხ menux |- !'''Ergative''' |ჰჾა<sup>ნ</sup> ħã |სტევ st'ev |მენხუიჩოვ menxuičov |} ===Noun classes=== As in other Nakh languages, Batsbi has several [[noun class]]es (grammatical genders) that are indexed through class [[prefix]]es on some vowel-initial verbs, adjectives, numerals, and a few other words.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Alice |title=Batsbi Sketch Grammar |date= }}</ref> That is, nouns themselves show no morphologically marks for gender. Gender indexing is highly complex in the language, with subject gender agreement on [[intransitive verb]]s (absolutive), but object agreement on transitive verbs. The table below shows gender agreement on verbs for three of the noun classes: {| class="wikitable" |+<ref name="HG1994" /> ! rowspan="2" |Noun class !Subject !Verb group !Translation |- ! colspan="3" |'''Intransitive (subject agreement)''' |- |'''M''' |ვაშუ vašu |'''ვ'''ახე<sup>ნ</sup> '''v-'''axẽ |''Brother'' M-''left'' |- |'''F''' |ჲაშუ jašu |'''ჲ'''ახე<sup>ნ</sup> '''j-'''axẽ |''Sister'' F-''left'' |- |'''D''' |ბადერ bader |'''დ'''ახე<sup>ნ</sup> '''d'''-axẽ |''The child D-left'' |- |'''Bd''' |ფჰჾუ pħu |'''ბ'''ახე<sup>ნ</sup> '''b'''-axẽ |''The dog'' Bd''-left'' |- | ! colspan="3" |'''Transitive (object agreement)''' |- |'''M''' |ნანას nanas |ვაშუ '''ვ'''იკე<sup>ნ</sup> vašu '''v'''-ik'ẽ |''Mother'' M-''took brother'' (lit. "Mother brother took") |- |'''F''' |დადას dadas |ჲაშუ '''ჲ'''იკე<sup>ნ</sup> jašu '''j'''-ik'ẽ |''Father'' F-''took sister'' (lit. "Father sister took") |- |'''D''' |ნანას nanas |ბადერ '''დ'''იკე<sup>ნ</sup> bader '''d'''-ik'ẽ |''Mother'' D-''took the child'' |- |'''Bd''' |დადას dadas |ფჰჾუ '''ბ'''იკე<sup>ნ</sup> pħu '''b-'''ik'ẽ |''Father'' Bd''-took the dog'' |} ==== Number of classes ==== Holisky and Gagua (1994) analyse Batsbi as having five noun classes,<ref name="HG1994" /> whereas Alice Harris posits that Batsbi has eight genders in total, based on the behaviour of words that fail to conform to the patterns of the five major classes.<ref name=":0" /> The breakdown below follows Harris: {| class="wikitable" ! Label !! Singular !! Plural !! Description !! Nouns !Adjective "big" !Verb "to be" !English |- | M || '''v-''' || '''b-''' | male humans | {{plainlist| * მარ {{Transliteration|bbl|mar}} * ჺუვ {{Transliteration|bbl|ʕuv}} * ვოჰჾ {{Transliteration|bbl|voħ}} }} |'''ვ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''v-'''aqqõ |'''ვ'''ა '''v'''-a |"the husband is big"<br> "the shepherd is big"<br> "the son is big" |- | F || '''j-''' || '''d-''' | female humans | {{plainlist| * ნან {{Transliteration|bbl|nan}} * ფსტუ {{Transliteration|bbl|pstʼu}} * ჲოჰჾ {{Transliteration|bbl|joħ}} }} |'''ჲ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''j-'''aqqõ |'''ჲ'''ა '''j'''-a |"the mother is big"<br> "the wife is big"<br> "the daughter is big" |- | D || colspan="2" | '''d-''' | various, default class for unknown gender<ref name=":0" /> | {{plainlist| * ბადერ {{Transliteration|bbl|bader}} * კუიტი {{Transliteration|bbl|kʼuit'i}} * დოკ {{Transliteration|bbl|dokʼ}} * დითხ {{Transliteration|bbl|ditx}} }} |'''დ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''d-'''aqqõ |'''დ'''ა '''d'''-a |"the child is big"<br> "the cat is big"<br> "the heart is big"<br> "the meat is big" |- | Bd || '''b-''' || '''d-''' | animals | {{plainlist| * ფჰჾუ {{Transliteration|bbl|pħu}} * ჩა {{Transliteration|bbl|ča}} }} |'''ბ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''b-'''aqqõ |'''ბ'''ა '''b'''-a |"the dog is big"<br> "the bread is big"<br> "the bear is big" |- | J || colspan="2" | '''j-''' | various | {{plainlist|* ცარკ {{Transliteration|bbl|carkʼ}} * მაიჴი {{Transliteration|bbl|maiqi}} * ყარ {{Transliteration|bbl|q'ar}} }} |'''ჲ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''j'''-aqqõ<br> '''ჲ'''-ავი<sup>ნ</sup> '''j'''-avĩ |'''ჲ'''ა '''j'''-a |"the tooth is big"<br> "the milk is light"<br> "the rain is light" |- | *Bd || '''b-''' || '''d-''' | body parts (15 nouns) | {{plainlist| * ბაქ {{Transliteration|bbl|bak}} * ბჺარკ {{Transliteration|bbl|bʕarkʼ}} * ჭყემპუ {{Transliteration|bbl|čʼqʼempʷʼ}} }} |'''ბ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''b'''-aqqõ |'''ბ'''ა '''b'''-a |"the fist is big"<br> "the eye is big"<br> "the throat is big" |- | *D/J || '''d-''' || '''j-''' | body parts (4 nouns) | {{plainlist| * ბატრ {{Transliteration|bbl|batʼr}} * ლარკ {{Transliteration|bbl|larkʼ}} * ტოტ {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼotʼ}} * ჭამაღ {{Transliteration|bbl|čʼamaǧ}} }} |'''დ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''d-'''aqqõ |'''დ'''ა '''d'''-a |"the lip is big"<br> "the ear is big"<br> "the hand is big"<br> "the cheek is big" |- | *B/B || colspan="2" | '''b-''' | only 3 nouns | {{plainlist| * ბორაგ {{Transliteration|bbl|borag}} * ჩექამ {{Transliteration|bbl|čekam}} * ქაქამ {{Transliteration|bbl|kakam}} }} |'''ბ'''აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> '''b'''-aqqõ |'''ბ'''ა '''b'''-a |"the knit slipper is big"<br> "the boot is big"<br> "the autumn wool is big" |} ==== Exceptions and Nouns without inherent gender ==== According to Holisky and Gagua (1994), the class with the largest number of nouns is the D-class (e.g. '''''d'''a'' "it is"), followed by the J-class (e.g. '''''j'''a'' "it is"). Class D markers are also used when the noun class is unknown (as in open interrogatives, see 1a) and in clauses with mixed genders (1d). {{interlinear | number = 2a | glossing3 = yes|ვუხ და|vux d-a|what {{gcl|Cl.D|D-class}}-be|"What is it?" }} {{interlinear | number = 2b | glossing3 = yes|ღოჭ ჲა|ǧočʼ j-a|stick {{gcl|Cl.J|J-class}}-be|"It is a stick" }} {{interlinear | number = 2c | glossing3 = yes|ნექ და|nek d-a|knife {{gcl|Cl.D|D-class}}-be|"It is a knife" }} {{interlinear | number = 2d | glossing3 = yes|ღოჭე ნექე და|ǧočʼe neke d-a|stick-and knife-and {{gcl|Cl.D|D-class}}-be|"It is both a stick and knife" }} Additionally, some nouns referring to humans have no inherent gender, so that class agreement is contextual. These includes the words for "teacher" (უჩიტელ ''učitʼel''), "friend" (ნაყბისტ ''naq'bist'''), "enemy" (მასთხოვ ''mastxov''), "neighbor" (მეზობელ ''mezobel'') and others.<ref name="HG1994" /> {{interlinear | number = 3a | glossing3 = yes|უჩიტელ '''ვ'''ა|učitʼel '''v'''-a|teacher {{gcl|Cl.M|M-class}}-is|"He is a teacher" }} {{interlinear | number = 3b | glossing3 = yes|უჩიტელ '''ჲ'''ა|učitʼel '''j'''-a|teacher {{gcl|Cl.F|F-class}}-is|"She is a teacher" }} Gender is lexicalized in a few words such as '''''v'''ašu'' ('''ვ'''აშუ "brother") vs. '''''j'''ašu'' ('''ჲ'''აშუ "sister"),in that -''ašu'' could be translated as "sibling". ==== Gender agreement in adjectives ==== Only eight vowel-initial adjectives agree in gender with the noun they modify:<ref name="HG1994" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Adjective agreement (singular) ! rowspan="2" |Gender (sg/pl) !'''-aqqõ''' !-ut'q'ĩ !-avĩ !-acĩ !-uq'ĩ !-asẽ !-acũ !-axxẽ |- | -აჴჴო<sup>ნ</sup> | -უტყი<sup>ნ</sup> | -ავი<sup>ნ</sup> | -აცი<sup>ნ</sup> | -უყი<sup>ნ</sup> | -ასე<sup>ნ</sup> | -აცუ<sup>ნ</sup> | -ახხე<sup>ნ</sup> |- |M (v-/b-) |'''v'''-aqqõ |'''v'''-ut'q'ĩ |'''v'''-avĩ |'''v'''-acĩ |'''v-'''uq'ĩ |'''v'''-asẽ |'''v'''-acũ |'''v'''-axxẽ |- |F (j-/d-) |'''j'''-aqqõ |'''j'''-ut'q'ĩ |'''j'''-avĩ |'''j'''-acĩ |'''j-'''uq'ĩ |'''j'''-asẽ |'''j'''-acũ |'''j'''-axxẽ |- |D (d-) |'''d'''-aqqõ |'''d'''-ut'q'ĩ |'''d-'''avĩ |'''d'''-acĩ |'''d'''-uq'ĩ |'''d'''-asẽ |'''d'''-acũ |'''d'''-axxẽ |- |J (j-) |'''j'''-aqqõ |'''j'''-ut'q'ĩ |'''j-'''avĩ |'''j'''-acĩ |'''j'''-uq'ĩ |'''j'''-asẽ |'''j'''-acũ |'''j'''-axxẽ |- |Bd (b-/d-) |'''b-'''aqqõ |'''b'''-ut'q'ĩ |'''b-'''avĩ |'''b-'''acĩ |'''b'''-uq'ĩ |'''b'''-asẽ |'''b'''-acũ |'''b'''-axxẽ |- |'''English''' |''"big"'' |''"small"'' |''"light"'' |''"heavy"'' |''"thick"'' |''"empty"'' |''"short"'' |''"long"'' |} ===Grammatical number and case=== Batsbi nouns are [[Inflection|inflected]] for two [[Grammatical number|numbers]], singular and plural, and nine cases. Number inflection occurs via [[suffix]]ation and/or root changes, and is chiefly unpredictable. Harris (ms) identifies nine suffixes for plural marking in the nominative case; note that vowel changes (i.e. [[Indo-European ablaut|ablaut]]) may also affect the root of the plural form. {| class="wikitable" |+Nominative !Suffix !Nom-Singular !Nom-Plural !English |- | -i |საგ sag |საგ'''ი''' sag-'''i''' |''deer'' |- | -iš |ნიყ niq' |ნიყ'''იშ''' niq'-'''iš''' |''road(s)'' |- | -bi |ხე<sup>ნ</sup> xẽ |ხენ'''ბი''' xen-'''bi''' |''tree(s)'' |- | -mi |დოკ dok' |დ'''ა'''კ'''მი''' d'''a'''k'-'''mi''' |''heart(s)'' |- | -arč |ფჰჾუ pḥu |ფჰჾ'''არჩ''' pḥ-'''arč''' |''dog(s)'' |- | -erč |ტჺირ tʼʕir |ტჺირ'''ერჩ''' tʼʕir-'''erč''' |''star(s)'' |- | -ar |კეჭ kʼeč̣ |კ'''ა'''ჭ'''არ''' kʼ'''a'''č̣-'''ar''' |''bundle(s)'' |- | -er |ჲოპყ jopʼqʼ |'''ა'''პყ'''ერ''' '''a'''pʼqʼ'''-er''' |''ash(es)'' |} Batsbi makes use of nine [[noun case]]s total. In the majority of nouns, the [[Ergative case|ergative]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] cases have a common form. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ! colspan="2" | ნეკ {{Transliteration|bbl|nekʼ}}<br />{{gloss|knife}} ! colspan="2" | ცოკალ t͜sʰokʼal<br />{{gloss|fox}} ! colspan="2" |დოკ ''dok''' 'heart' |- ! ! Singular !! Plural ! Singular !! Plural !Singular !Plural |- ! [[Nominative case|Nominative]] | nekʼ || nekʼi || t͜sʰokʼal || t͜sʰokʼli |dok' |dak'bi |- ! [[Genitive case|Genitive]] | nekʼẽ || nekʼã || t͜sʰokʼlẽ || t͜sʰokʼlã |dak'ĩ |dak'bĩ |- ! [[Dative case|Dative]] | nekʼen || nekʼin || t͜sʰokʼlen || t͜sʰokʼlin |dak'an |dak'bin |- ! [[Ergative case|Ergative]]/[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]] | nekʼev || nekʼiv || t͜sʰokʼlev || t͜sʰokʼliv |dak'av |dak'bav |- ! Contacting | nek'ex || nekʼax || t͜sʰokʼlex || t͜sʰokʼlax |dak'ox |dak'bax |- ! [[Allative case|Allative]] | nekʼegʷ || nekʼigʷ || t͜sʰokʼlegʷ || t͜sʰokʼligʷ |dak'ogʷ |dak'bigʷ |- ! [[Adverbial case|Adverbial]] | nekʼeɣ || nekʼiɣ || t͜sʰokʼleɣ || t͜sʰokʼliɣ |dak'oɣ |dak'biɣ |- ! [[Comitative case|Comitative]] | nekʼt͜sʰĩ, nekʼet͜sʰĩ | nekʼicĩ || t͜sʰokʼlet͜sʰĩ || t͜sʰokʼlit͜sʰĩ | colspan="2" | |} ===Verbs=== Verbs in Batsbi encode not only tense, and aspect, but also gender, person, mood, and other categories. Person suffixes also encode whether the subject of the verb is ergative or absolutive. Person suffixes for are shown in the table below. Note that Batsbi verbs also agree with the object through a prefix denoting a noun class, not shown in the table that follows. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! ! !Singular !Plural |- | rowspan="2" |'''First''' |'''Ergative''' ''to cut'' |თეტო'''ს''' tet'o-'''s''' |თეტო'''თხ''' tet'o-'''tx''' |- |'''Absolutive''' ''to take'' | -იკე'''სუ''' -ikʼe-'''sʷ''' | -იკესთ'''ხუ''' -ikʼe-'''txʷ''' |- | rowspan="2" |'''Second''' |'''Ergative''' ''to cut'' |თეტო'''ჰჾ''' tet'o-'''ħ''' |თეტუ'''იშ''' tet'w-'''iš''' |- |'''Absolutive''' ''to take'' | -ისკე'''ჰჾუ''' -ikʼe-'''ħʷ''' | -ისკე'''შუ''' -ikʼe-'''šʷ''' |- | rowspan="2" |'''Third''' |'''Ergative''' ''to cut'' | colspan="2" |თეცტ<sup>უ</sup> tet'ʷ |- |'''Absolutive''' ''to take'' | | |} Batsbi has explicit inflections for [[Agent (grammar)|agentivity]] of a verb; it makes a distinction between: : {{Transliteration|bbl|{{IPA|as woʒe}}}} (I fell down through no fault of my own) : {{Transliteration|bbl|{{IPA|so woʒe}}}} (I fell down and it was my own fault) === Postpositions === In Batsbi, a number of spatial and time relations are expressed via [[Adposition|postpositions]]. In many cases, the nouns that precede the postposition occur in the [[dative case]], although there are exceptions. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Postposition !Example !English |- |მაქ mak | rowspan="2" |ტივენ '''მაქ''' ბა t'iv-en '''mak''' ba | rowspan="2" |''They'' (M) ''are on the bridge'' (lit. ''bridge on they.are'') |- |'''on''' |- |კიკელ kʼikʼel | rowspan="2" |ტივენ '''კიკელ''' ვაიხნას tʼiv-en '''kʼikʼel''' vaixnas | rowspan="2" |''I'' (M) ''walked under the bridge'' (lit. ''bridge under I walked'') |- |'''under''' |- |ფეხ pex | rowspan="2" |ნანენ '''ფეხ''' nan-en '''pex''' | rowspan="2" |''Next to mother'' (lit. ''mother next to'') |- |'''next to''' |- |ჰჾათხ(ე) ħatx(e) | rowspan="2" |წენინ '''ჰჾათხე''' c'en-in '''ħatxe''' | rowspan="2" |''In front of the house'' (lit. house in front of) |- |'''in front of''' |} Note that some of the directions or states which in English and Indo-European languages are expressed via prepositions, are in Batsbi expressed via [[Locative case|locative]] cases. == Word order == The [[Word order|neutral word order]] in Batsbi is SOV. {{interlinear | number = 4a | glossing3 = yes|სტაკოვ ჲაჰჾონ ჴირ ბალი|stʼakʼov jaħon qor balin|man-ERG girl-DAT apple {{gcl|B.Cl|B-class}}-give.AOR|"The man gave an apple to the girl" }}{{interlinear | number = 4b | glossing3 = yes|ფსარე ფჰჾე ჲაიხნას|psare pħe jaixnas|yesterday village {{gcl|F.Cl|F-class}}-go-1S.ERG|"I (a woman) went to the village yesterday" }} == Numerals == Like most of its relatives, Bats' numerals are [[vigesimal]], using 20 as a common base. This is mainly evident in the construction of higher decads, so: : 40 ({{Transliteration|bbl|šauztʼqʼ}}) is formed from 2 {{times}} 20 : 200 ({{Transliteration|bbl|icʼatʼqʼ}}) formed from is 10 {{times}} 20<ref name=HG1994/> When modifying nominals, the numeral precedes the noun it modifies. {{col-float}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |+ Basic numbers ! 1 | {{Transliteration|bbl|cħa}} ! 11 | {{Transliteration|bbl|cħajtʼtʼ}} | 1+10 |- ! 2 | {{Transliteration|bbl|ši}} ! 12 | {{Transliteration|bbl|šiitʼtʼ}} | 2+10 |- ! 3 | {{Transliteration|bbl|qo}} ! 13 | {{Transliteration|bbl|qoitʼtʼ}} | 3+10 |- ! 4 | {{Transliteration|bbl|Dʕivʔ}} ! 14 | {{Transliteration|bbl|Dʕevajtʼtʼ}} | 4+10 |- ! 5 | {{Transliteration|bbl|pxi}} ! 15 | {{Transliteration|bbl|pxiitʼtʼ}} | 5+10 |- ! 6 | {{Transliteration|bbl|jetx}} ! 16 | {{Transliteration|bbl|jetxajtʼː}} | 6+10 |- ! 7 | {{Transliteration|bbl|vorɬ}} ! 17 | {{Transliteration|bbl|vorɬajtʼtʼ}} | 7+10 |- ! 8 | {{Transliteration|bbl|barɬ}} ! 18 | {{Transliteration|bbl|barɬajtʼtʼ}} | 8+10 |- ! 9 | {{Transliteration|bbl|isː}} ! 19 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼexc'}} | 20–1 |- ! 10 | {{Transliteration|bbl|itʼtʼ}} ! 20 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼa}} | |} {{col-float-break}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" |+ Higher decads ! 21 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼacħa}} | 20+1 |- ! 22 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼaš}} | 20+2 |- ! 30 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼaitʼtʼ}} | 20+10 |- ! 31 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼacħaitʼtʼ}} | (20+1)+10 |- ! 32 | {{Transliteration|bbl|tʼqʼašiitʼtʼ}} | (20+2)+10 |- ! 40 | {{Transliteration|bbl|šauztʼqʼ}} | 2×20 |- ! 50 | {{Transliteration|bbl|šauztʼqʼaitʼtʼ}} | (2×20)+10 |- ! 60 | {{Transliteration|bbl|qouztʼqʼ}} | 3×20 |- ! 70 | {{Transliteration|bbl|qouztʼqʼaitʼtʼ}} | (3×20)+10 |- ! 80 | {{Transliteration|bbl|Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼ}} | 4×20 |- ! 90 | {{Transliteration|bbl|Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼaitʼtʼ}} | (4×20)+10 |- ! 100 | {{Transliteration|bbl|pxauztʼqʼ}} | 5×20 |- ! 120 | {{Transliteration|bbl|jexcʼatʼqʼ}} | from {{Transliteration|bbl|jetxcʼatʼqʼ}} 6x20 |- ! 160 | {{Transliteration|bbl|barɬcʼatʼqʼ}} | 8×20 |- ! 200 | {{Transliteration|bbl|icʼatʼqʼ}} | from {{Transliteration|bbl|itʼːcʼatʼqʼ}} 10x20 |- ! 1000 | {{Transliteration|bbl|atas}} | from Georgian |} {{col-float-end}} In Bats, as in its closest relatives [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]], the number four ({{Transliteration|bbl|Dʕivʔ}}) begins with a noun-[[class marker (morphology)|class marker]], represented by ''D'' (by default, or another [[capital letter]] for the other classes). This marker will agree in class with the class of the nominal which the number modifies, even if that nominal is not overtly expressed and is only apparent through pragmatic or discursive context, as in {{Transliteration|bbl|Vʕivʔev}} (four (males)). This is seen in the word 'four' itself as well as its derivatives. == References == {{reflist}} * {{cite book | title = Историко-сравнительный анализ фонетики нахских языков | last = Имнайшвили | first = Давид Силибистрович | location = Тбилиси | publisher = Мецниереба | year = 1977 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Микеладзе | first1 = М. | last2 = Гигашвили | first2 = К. | title = Цоватушинско-грузинско-русско-английский словарь | location = Тбилиси | year = 2012 | url = http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/295254/1/Wovatushur_Qartul_Rusul_Inglisuri_Leqsikoni_Tomi_I.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191106143649/http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/295254/1/Wovatushur_Qartul_Rusul_Inglisuri_Leqsikoni_Tomi_I.pdf | archive-date=2019-11-06 }} == External links == {{incubator|bbl}} * [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/bats.shtml The Red Book of Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Bats] * [http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=3048 Languages of the World report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222211424/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/lang?id=3048 |date=2006-02-22 }} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\nah&limit=-1&encoding=utf-eng Bats basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Northeast Caucasian languages}} {{Languages of the Caucasus}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bats Language}} [[Category:Northeast Caucasian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Endangered Caucasian languages]]
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