Editing Baybars II

{{Short description|Mamluk sultan from 1309 to 1310}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Baybars II
| full name    = 
| image        = 
| image_size   = 
| caption      = 
| succession   = [[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt]]
| reign        = April 1309 – 5 March 1310
| regent       = 
| predecessor  = [[An-Nasir Muhammad]]
| successor    = [[An-Nasir Muhammad]]
| spouse       = 
| issue        = 
| house        = 
| dynasty      = 
| father       = 
| mother       = 
| birth_date   = unknown
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 15 April 1310
| death_place  = [[Cairo]], [[Mamluk Egypt|Egypt]]
| place of burial = 
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Baybars al-Jashankir''' ({{langx|ar|بيبرس الجاشنكير}}; died 1310) or '''Baybars II''', royal name '''al-Malik al-Muzaffar Rukn ad-Din Baybars aj-Jashankir al-Mansuri''' ({{lang|ar|الملك المظفر ركن الدين بيبرس الجاشنكير المنصورى}}), also known as '''Abu al-Fath''' ({{lang|ar|أبوالفتح}}), was the 12th Mamluk sultan of [[Mamluk Sultanate|Egypt]] in 1309–1310.

==Background==
[[File:Double page from the Sultan Baybars Qur'an. Sura Al-Fatiha (BL Add Ms 22406, ff.2v-3r).jpg|thumb|Double-page with the chapter [[Al-Fatiha]] from the [[Qur'an]] manuscript commissioned by Baybars in 1304. [[British Library]]]]
He was a [[Circassians|Circassian]] Mamluk of Sultan [[Qalawun]] and served at the court of Qalawun's Sons [[Al-Ashraf Khalil]] and [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]]. He became an [[Emir]] (a prince) then a Jashnakir.<ref>''Jashnakir'' جاشنكير was an important function at the Sultan's court. A Jashnakir tasted the food of the Sultan to assure it was poison free.</ref> During the second reign of Sultan Al-Nasir Mohammed from 1299 to 1309 he was the Vice-Sultan of Egypt. In 1302 he took part in suppressing a rebellion in upper Egypt and in 1303 he was a commander in the Egyptian army that defeated the Mongols led by [[Kutlushah|Qutlugh-Shah]] at the [[Battle of Shaqhab]].

In 1302, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] army of Sultan [[al-Nasir Muhammad]] crushed a [[Bedouin]] rebellion in [[Upper Egypt]] and ''"slew mercilessly every Bedouin in the land and carried off their women captive"''. G. W. Murray said that ''"This drastic solution of the Bedouin question removed the pure Arab descendants of the Conquerors from the scene and so enabled the Beja to preserve themselves as an African race practically uninfluenced by Arab blood, while leaving the desert edges of Upper Egypt free for settlement by the Western Bedouin."''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murray |first1=G. W. |title=Sons Of Ishmael: A Study of the Egyptian Bedouin |date=1935 |publisher=George Routledge & Sons, ltd. |location=London |page=29 |url=https://archive.org/details/SonsOfIshmael/page/n43/mode/2up}}</ref> The army was led by the [[Oirats|Oirat]] [[Mongol]] Mamluk [[Sayf al-Din Salar]] and Circassian Mamluk al-Baibars al-Jashnakir (Beibars).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muir |first1=Sir William |title=The Mameluke |date=1896 |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaE2AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22slew+mercilessly+every+bedouin+in+the+land+and+carried+off+their+women+captive%22&pg=PA57}}</ref>

==Etymology of the name==

The monarch's name was a combination of Turkic, Persian and Arabic terms. The given name Baibars was a [[Turco-Mongolian]] name, meaning "Chosen by the chief/lord". The title of al-Malike al-Muzaffar was an Arabic honorific title that meant "the victorious king", and the title Rukn ad-Din was an Arabic honorific title meaning the "pillar of faith". The second portion, "Jashangir", is Persian, meaning "Food connoisseur": the mamluk prince who tastes the Sultan's food to make sure it is not poisoned.

==Rise to power and fall==
[[File:Cairo, kanqa di baybars al jashankin, 1306-09, cortile.JPG|thumb|[[Khanqah Baybars al-Jashankir]], Cairo]]
With Emir [[Sayf al-Din Salar]] he dominated the young Sultan [[Al-Nasir Muhammad]] who, feeling distressed, moved to [[Al Karak]] and resigned in 1309. Baibars al-Jashnakir became a Sultan after the position was imposed on him by Emir Sayf al-Din Salar and the [[Burji dynasty|Burji Mamluks]].

The brief period of his reign (ten months and 24 days) was marked by economical and political unrest in addition to threats from [[Crusaders]] and [[Mongols]]. The [[Crusaders]] who had allied with the [[Mongol Empire]] continued to harass [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] outposts in the [[Levant]]. The poverty-stricken commons kept rampaging the streets of [[Cairo]], calling him ''Rakin'' (useless) instead of ''Rukn'' (principal) demanding the return of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad to [[Egypt]]. In 1310 Baibars al-Jashnakir stepped down and fled with his Mamluks from the angry mob. Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad returned to Egypt and Baibars al-Jashnakir was arrested and executed on his orders.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

*[[Al-Maqrizi]], Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. In English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
*[[Ibn Taghri]], al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
*Mahdi, Dr. Shafik, Mamalik Misr wa Alsham ( Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant), Aldar Alarabiya, Beirut 2008
*Sadawi. H, Al-Mamalik, Maruf Ikhwan, Alexandria.

==External links==
*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/sultanbaybars.html Qur'an manuscript commissioned by Baibars II: zoomable images, information, audio]
*[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3345 Complex of Baibars al-Jashnakir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040101011819/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=3345 |date=2004-01-01 }}
*[http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/mamluk/alMuzaffarBaybarsII.htm Coins of Baibars al-Jashnakir]

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Bahri dynasty]]||?||1310|[[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]]}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-bef||before=[[An-Nasir Muhammad]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Mamluk sultans|Sultan of Egypt and Syria]]|years=April 1309 &ndash; 5 March 1310}}
{{s-aft|after=[[An-Nasir Muhammad]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mamluk Sultans of Egypt}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baibars 02}}
[[Category:Bahri sultans]]
[[Category:1310 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:14th-century Mamluk sultans]]
[[Category:Regents of Egypt]]
[[Category:Circassian Mamluks]]
[[Category:13th-century Egyptian people]]