Editing Beagle 2

{{short description|Failed Mars lander launched in 2003}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Beagle 2''}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = ''Beagle 2''
<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->| image              = File:Beagle 2 replica.jpg
| image_caption      = Replica of the ''Beagle 2'' at the [[Science Museum, London|Science Museum]], London
| image_alt          = 
| image_size         = 300px
<!--Basic details-->| mission_type       = [[Mars lander]]
| operator           = [[National Space Centre]]
| website            = <!-- was {{URL|http://www.beagle2.com/}} but has been usurped and now redirects to something irrelevant -->
| COSPAR_ID          = 2003-022C<ref name="nssdc">{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022C |title=Beagle 2 |work=[[National Space Science Data Center]] |publisher=NASA |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>
| landing_mass       = {{convert|33.2|kg|abbr=on}}
| payload_mass       = {{convert|9|kg|abbr=on}} science instruments
| mission_duration   = 6 months (planned)<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~rafkin/rafkin_2003_GRL.pdf |title=Meteorological predictions for the Beagle 2 mission to Mars |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |first1=Scot C. Randell |last1=Rafkin |first2=Timothy I. |last2=Michaels |first3=Robert M. |last3=Haberle |volume=31 |issue=1 |at=L01703 |date=January 2004 |doi=10.1029/2003GL018966 |bibcode=2004GeoRL..31.1703R |quote=MGCM results are used to characterize the large-scale atmospheric fields over the primary mission (approximately 180 sols; to L<sub>s</sub> ≈ 51).|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| dimensions         = Folded: 1 m diameter<br /> Unfolded: 1.9 m diameter<br />Height: 12 cm<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web |url=http://beagle2.open.ac.uk/resources/technologyfaqs.htm |title=Technology FAQs |publisher=Open University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040409174329/http://beagle2.open.ac.uk/resources/technologyfaqs.htm |archive-date=9 April 2004}}</ref>
| power              = 60 W<ref name="FAQ"/>

<!--Launch details-->| launch_date        = {{start-date|2 June 2003, 07:45}}&nbsp;[[UTC]]
| launch_rocket      = [[Soyuz-FG]] / [[Fregat]]
| launch_site        = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
| launch_contractor  = [[EADS Astrium]]
| deployment_from    = [[Mars Express]]
| deployment_date    = 19 December 2003
| declared           = 6 February 2004
| interplanetary     = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
| type                  = lander
| object                = [[Mars]]
| arrival_date          = 25 December 2003, 02:45&nbsp;UTC
| location              = [[Isidis Planitia]], [[Mars]]<br />{{Coord|11.52879|N|90.43139|E|globe:Mars|name=Beagle 2 landing site}}<ref name=Bridges_2017/>

<!--mission insignia or patch-->
| insignia              = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption      = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt          = <!--image alt text-->
}}
}}

The '''''Beagle 2''''' was an inoperative British [[Mars lander]] that was transported by the [[European Space Agency]]'s 2003 ''[[Mars Express]]'' mission. It was intended to conduct an [[astrobiology]] mission that would have looked for evidence of past [[Life on Mars|life]] on Mars.

The spacecraft was successfully deployed from the ''Mars Express'' on 19 December 2003 and was scheduled to land on the surface of Mars on 25 December. ESA, however, received no communication from the lander at its expected landing time on Mars, and declared the mission lost in February 2004 after numerous attempts to contact the spacecraft were made.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jan/16/lost-beagle-2-spacecraft-found-mars |title=Beagle 2 spacecraft found intact on surface of Mars after 11 years |work=The Guardian |first=Stuart |last=Clark |date=17 January 2015}}</ref>

The ''Beagle 2''{{'s}} fate remained a mystery until January 2015, when it was located on the surface of Mars in a series of images from [[NASA]]'s ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' [[HiRISE]] camera.<ref name="NASA-20150116">{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/lost-2003-mars-lander-found-by-mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/ |title='Lost' 2003 Mars Lander Found by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter |publisher=NASA |first=Guy |last=Webster |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015 |archive-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024142652/https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/lost-2003-mars-lander-found-by-mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20150116">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/17/science/space/missing-lander-beagle-2-finally-located-on-mars.html |title=Mars Orbiter Spots Beagle 2, European Lander Missing Since 2003 |work=The New York Times |agency=The Associated Press |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> The images showed it landed safely but two of its four [[solar panel]]s failed to deploy, blocking the spacecraft's communications antenna.

The ''Beagle 2'' is named after {{HMS|Beagle}}, the ship that took the naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] on his round-the-world voyage.

==Background==
[[File:Beagle 2 model at Liverpool Spaceport.jpg|thumb|left|Model of the ''Beagle 2'' at the [[Spaceport (Seacombe)|Spaceport]] museum in [[Seacombe]], Merseyside, depicting the spacecraft in a state similar to the way it was found in 2015]]

''Beagle 2'' was conceived by a group of British academics headed by Professor [[Colin Pillinger]] of the [[Open University]] in collaboration with the [[University of Leicester]]. The project was designed and developed by several UK academics and companies.<ref name="UK Space">{{cite news |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-led-beagle-2-lander-found-on-mars |title=UK-led Beagle 2 lander found on Mars |publisher=UK Space Agency |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=3 November 2016}}</ref> The spacecraft's name reflects its goal of searching for signs of past or present [[life on Mars]].<ref name="mission report">{{cite book|url=https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/physics/research/src/Missions/beagle2/downloads/B2-Report.zip/view|title=Beagle 2 Mars: Mission Report|publisher=University of Leicester|year=2004|isbn=1-898489-35-1|editor-last=Sims|editor-first=M. R.}}</ref> According to Pillinger:

<blockquote>"HMS ''Beagle'' was the ship that took [Charles] Darwin on his voyage around the world in the 1830s and led to our knowledge about life on Earth making a real quantum leap. We hope ''Beagle 2'' will do the same thing for life on Mars."<ref>{{Cite web |title=200 years of HMS Beagle: Charles Darwin, Galapagos, and an enduring legacy {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/blog/curatorial/200-years-hms-beagle-charles-darwin-galapagos-enduring-legacy|access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |language=en}}</ref></blockquote>

A {{convert|50|by|8|km|mi}} ellipse centered on {{Coord|11.53|N|90.50|E|globe:mars_type:landmark}} at [[Isidis Planitia]], an enormous, flat, [[sedimentary basin]] that overlies the boundary between the ancient highlands and the northern plains of Mars, was chosen as the landing site.<ref name="mission report"/> The lander was expected to operate for about 180 days and an extended mission of up to one [[Darian calendar|Martian year]] (687 [[Earth]] days) was thought possible. The ''Beagle 2'' lander's objectives were to characterise the landing site [[Geology of Mars|geology]], [[mineralogy]], [[geochemistry]], and [[oxidation state]] of the physical properties of the [[atmosphere of Mars|atmosphere]] and surface layers; collect data on Martian [[meteorology]] and [[Climate of Mars|climate]]; and search for [[biosignature]]s.

The principal investigator, Colin Pillinger, set up a consortium to design and build ''Beagle 2''. The principal members and their initial responsibilities were:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beagle2.open.ac.uk/resources/resources3a.htm |title=Industry |publisher=Open University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031220205124/http://beagle2.open.ac.uk/resources/resources3a.htm |archive-date=20 December 2003}}</ref>
*[[Open University]] – Consortium leader & scientific experiments
*[[University of Leicester]] – Project management, Mission management, Flight Operations Team, instrument management, and scientific experiments[[File:Colin Pillinger.jpg|thumb|[[Colin Pillinger]], leader of the ''Beagle 2'' project, pictured in 2009]]
*[[Astrium]] – Main industrial partner
*[[Martin-Baker]] – Entry, descent and landing system
*[[Logica]] – Cruise, entry, descent and landing software
*[[SCISYS]] – [[Ground segment]] and lander software
*[[University of Wales, Aberystwyth]] – Robotic arm
*[[McLaren Applied Technologies]] - composite materials for the solar panels<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/16919/mclaren-nears-mars/ |title=McLaren nears Mars |work=GPUpdate.net |date=22 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104012308/http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/16919/mclaren-nears-mars/ |archive-date=4 November 2016}}</ref>

[[Astrium]] took over responsibility for program management, and Leicester assumed responsibility for mission management which involved the preparations for the operations post launch and the operations control centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government support for Beagle 2 |url=http://www.unmannedspaceflight.com/index.php?act=attach&type=post&id=34795}}</ref>

In an effort to publicise the project and gain financial support, its designers sought and received the endorsement and participation of British artists.  The mission's call-sign was composed by the band [[Blur (band)|Blur]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=In Depth {{!}} Beagle 2 |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beagle-2/in-depth |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=NASA Solar System Exploration |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508192843/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beagle-2/in-depth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the 'test card' (Calibration Target Plate) intended for calibrating ''Beagle 2''{{'s}} cameras and spectrometers after landing was painted by [[Damien Hirst]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alien spotting : Damien Hirst's Beagle 2 Mars Lander calibration target and the exploitation of outer space |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/69403/13/Weddigen%202012%20Hirst.pdf |archive-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-11-29 |title=Hirst art heads to Mars |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/2522417.stm |access-date=2024-11-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The Lander Operations Control Center (LOCC), from which the spacecraft was to be controlled, was located at the [[National Space Centre]] in [[Leicester]] and was visible to the public visiting the centre. The control centre included operational systems for controlling ''Beagle 2'', analysis tools for processing engineering and scientific telemetry, virtual reality tools for preparing activity sequences, communications systems, and the Ground Test Model (GTM). The GTM was composed of builds of the ''Beagle 2'' systems, collected together to provide a full set of lander electronics. The GTM was used nearly continuously to validate the engineering and science commands, rehearse the landing sequence, and validate the onboard software.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacecentre.co.uk/space-now/457-beagle-2 |title=The Beagle has Landed! |publisher=UK National Space Centre |date=15 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226185324/http://www.spacecentre.co.uk/space-now/457-beagle-2 |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref>

===Funding===
{{blockquote|The Beagle 2 lander was funded through a partnership arrangement involving the Open University, EADS-Astrium, the DTI, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC), the Office of Science and Technology and ESA. Funding also came from the National Space Science Centre and the Wellcome Foundation. UK principal investigators for Beagle 2 came from the Open University (gas analysis package), Leicester University (environmental sensors and x-ray spectrometer) and Mullard Space Science Laboratory (imaging systems).|ESA<ref name="esa.int">{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/UK_and_ESA_announce_Beagle_2_inquiry |title=UK and ESA announce Beagle 2 inquiry |publisher=European Space Agency |date=11 February 2004}}</ref>}}

The budget is secret but was estimated to be between {{GBP|30 and 50 million}} in 2004, which at then-currency exchange rates would be about {{€|43-71 million}} or {{US$|54-89 million}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/beagle2-04e.html |title=Beagle 2 Mars Lander Doomed From The Start |work=Space Daily |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=23 May 2004}}</ref> ''[[New Scientist]]'' magazine reported a budget of {{GBP|40 million}} for ''Beagle 2'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4514-beagle-2-misses-first-call-home/ |title=Beagle 2 misses first call home |work=New Scientist |first=Hazel |last=Muir |date=25 December 2003}}</ref> and another outlet said {{GBP|50 million}}.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> Some of the work is known to have been donated or done at-cost.<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

==Spacecraft and subsystems==
[[File:Mars_Express_illustration_highlighting_MARSIS_antenna.jpg|thumb|''Beagle 2'' launched with ''[[Mars Express]]'' and was released near Mars a few days prior to its landing, after a multi-month long journey from Earth. ''Mars Express'' entered Mars orbit and has remained active ever since (as of 04 January 2023).]]
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2020}}

===Robotic arm and analysers===
{{Unreferenced|section|date=March 2022}} 
''Beagle 2'' has a robotic arm known as the Payload Adjustable Workbench (PAW) that was designed to be extended after landing. The arm is {{convert|109|cm|in|abbr=on}} long when fully extended, and it can reach about {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} to the nearest rocks.  The PAW contains a pair of [[Stereoscopy|stereoscopic]] cameras, a microscope with a 6-[[micrometre]] resolution, a [[Mössbauer spectroscopy|Mössbauer spectrometer]], an [[X-ray spectrometer]], a drill for collecting rock samples and a spot lamp.

Rock samples were to be passed by the PAW into a [[mass spectrometer]] and [[chromatography|gas chromatograph]] in the body of the lander. The Gas Analysis Package (GAP) was to measure the relative proportions of [[isotopes of carbon]] and [[Atmosphere of Mars#Atmosphere of Mars|methane]]. Since carbon is thought to be the basis of all life, these readings could have revealed whether the samples contained the remnants of living organisms. Atmospheric methane is another signature of existing life, although geological processes can also be a source.

===PLUTO===
''Beagle 2'' is equipped with a small sample retrieval tool named Planetary Undersurface Tool or PLUTO (nicknamed the mole), which would have been deployed by the robotic arm.  PLUTO has a compressed spring mechanism that was designed to enable it to move across the surface at a rate of 20&nbsp;mm per second and to burrow into the ground, collecting a subsurface sample in a cavity in its tip. PLUTO is attached to the lander by a {{Convert|3|metre|foot|abbr=out|adj=on}} power cable that could be used as a winch to bring the sample back to the lander. It had the capability to burrow to depths of {{Convert|1.5|metre|foot|abbr=out}}.<ref name="FAQ"/>

===Specifications===
{{Unreferenced|section|date=March 2022}}
The lander is shaped like a shallow bowl with a diameter of {{convert|1|m|in|1|abbr=on}} and a depth of {{convert|0.25|m|in|1|abbr=on}}. The lander's cover is hinged and folded open to reveal the craft's interior, which holds a [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] antenna, the {{convert|0.75|m|ft|abbr=on}} long robotic arm, and the scientific equipment. The main body also contains the battery, telecommunications, electronics, central processor, heaters, additional payload items, and radiation and oxidation sensors. The lid itself should have unfolded to expose four disk-shaped [[Photovoltaic module|solar array]]s. The lander package, including heat shield, parachutes, and airbags, had a mass of {{convert|69|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at launch but the lander was only {{convert|33.2|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at touchdown.

The ground segment{{clarify|date=January 2018}} was derived from the European Space Agency software kernel known as SCOS2000. In keeping with the low cost of the mission, the control software was the first of its type designed on a laptop computer.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Mission profile==
{{more citations needed|section|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Beagle-2-separation.png|thumb|[[Visual Monitoring Camera]] image of ''Beagle 2'' as it heads off to Mars]]
[[File:Isidis_basin_topo.jpg|thumb|''Beagle 2''{{'s}} landing site was a {{convert|174|by|106|km|mi|abbr=on}} landing ellipse within [[Isidis Planitia]] basin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beagle2.open.ac.uk/landing/site.htm |title=The landing site |publisher=Open University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031215002313/http://beagle2.open.ac.uk/landing/site.htm |archive-date=15 December 2003}}</ref>]]

''[[Mars Express]]'' was launched from [[Baikonur]] on 2 June 2003<ref name=":0" /> at 17:45&nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]. ''Beagle 2'' was initially mounted on the top deck of the [[European Space Agency]]'s ''Mars Express'' orbiter.<ref name=":0" /> It was released from the orbiter on a ballistic trajectory towards Mars on 19 December 2003. ''Beagle 2'' coasted for six days after release and [[Mars atmospheric entry|entered the Martian atmosphere]] at about {{convert|20000|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Its expected landing was on 2:54 UT on 25 December. The lander was protected from the heat of entry by a [[Heat shield#Space|heat shield]] coated with NORCOAT, an ablating material made by [[EADS]]. Compression of the Martian atmosphere and radiation from the hot gas are estimated to have led to a peak heating rate of around 100&nbsp;[[Watt|W]]/cm<sup>2</sup>.

After deceleration in the Martian atmosphere, parachutes deployed and at about {{Convert|200|metres|ft|abbr=out}} above the surface, large airbags inflated around the lander to protect it when it hit the surface. Landing occurred at about 02:45&nbsp;UTC on 25 December 2003.

After analysis of the imagery obtained in 2015, it has been conjectured after landing, the bags deflated and the top of the lander opened. These images suggest at most only two of the four solar panels were deployed. A signal was supposed to be sent to ''Mars Express'' after landing and another the next (local) morning to confirm ''Beagle 2'' survived the landing and the first night on Mars. A panoramic image of the landing area was then supposed to be taken using the stereo camera and a pop-up mirror, after which the lander arm would have been released. The lander arm was to dig up samples to be deposited in the instruments for study, and the "mole" would have been deployed, crawling across the surface to a distance of about {{Convert|3|metres|ft|abbr=out}} from the lander and burrowing under rocks to collect soil samples for analysis.

The British government spent more than {{GBP|22 million}} ({{US$|40 million}}) on ''Beagle 2'', with the remainder of the total {{GBP|44 million}} ({{US$|80 million}}) coming from the private sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/news/beagle_update_040524.html |title=Beagle Mission Hampered by Funding, Management Problems |work=Space.com |agency=The Associated Press |first=Jane |last=Wardell |date=24 May 2004 |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523000352/http://www.space.com/news/beagle_update_040524.html |archive-date=23 May 2009}}</ref>

==Mission failure==
Although the ''Beagle 2'' craft successfully deployed from the ''Mars Express'', confirmation of a successful landing was not forthcoming. It should have come on 25 December 2003 when ''Beagle 2'' was to have contacted [[NASA]]'s ''[[2001 Mars Odyssey]]'' spacecraft. In the following days, the Lovell Telescope at [[Jodrell Bank]] failed to pick up a signal from ''Beagle 2''. The team said they were "still hopeful" of finding a successful return signal.{{fact|date=March 2025}}

Attempts were made throughout January and February 2004 to contact ''Beagle 2'' using ''Mars Express''. The first of these occurred on 7 January 2004. Although regular calls were made, hope was placed on communication occurring on 12 January, when ''Beagle 2'' was pre-programmed to expect the ''Mars Express'' probe to fly overhead, and on 2 February, when the probe was supposed to resort to the last communication back-up mode, Auto-transmit. No communication was ever established with ''Beagle 2'', which was declared lost on 6 February 2004 by the ''Beagle 2'' Management Board. On 11 February, the ESA announced an inquiry into the failure of ''Beagle 2'' would be held.<ref name="esa.int" /> The board of inquiry was unable to find concrete reasons for the probe's failure and listed plausible reasons on the report they released on 24 August 2004.<ref name=":0" />

On 20 December 2005, Pillinger released specially processed images from the ''[[Mars Global Surveyor]]'' that suggested ''Beagle 2'' had landed in a crater at the landing site on Isidis Planitia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Possible_evidence_found_for_Beagle_2_location |title=Possible evidence found for Beagle 2 location |publisher=European Space Agency |date=21 December 2005 |access-date=22 April 2009}}</ref> It was claimed the blurry images showed the primary impact site as a dark patch and, a short distance away, ''Beagle 2'' surrounded by the deflated airbags and with its solar panels extended.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4542174.stm |title=Beagle 2 probe 'spotted' on Mars |work=[[BBC News]] |first=Pallab |last=Ghosh |date=20 December 2005 |access-date=22 April 2009}}</ref> ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]''{{'s}} HiRISE camera imaged the area in February 2007 and revealed the crater was empty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_002347_1915 |title=Portion of Beagle 2 Landing Ellipse in Isidis Planitia |publisher=University of Arizona |first=Alfred |last=McEwen |date=26 January 2007 |access-date=22 April 2009 |id=PSP_002347_1915}}</ref>

Pillinger speculated<ref>Private conversation with Colin Pillinger, 2007.</ref> higher than expected levels of dust in the Martian atmosphere, which captures heat, caused it to expand and reduce in density so  the parachutes were not able to sufficiently slow the probe's descent. This would cause the landing to be too hard, damaging or destroying the probe. A number of other failure hypotheses were produced at the time.<ref name=NewScientist>{{cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn4752-beagle-2-may-have-sped-to-its-death/ |title=Beagle 2 may have sped to its death |work=[[New Scientist]] |first=Jenny |last=Hogan |date=8 March 2004}}</ref> If the Martian atmosphere was thinner than expected, the parachute's effectiveness would be reduced and therefore cause the lander to hit the surface with enough speed to destroy it.<ref name=NewScientist/> Turbulence in the atmosphere, which would affect the parachute, was also examined.<ref name=NewScientist/>

Failures in missions to Mars are common. As of 2010, of 38 launch attempts to reach the planet, only 19 had succeeded.{{cn|date=March 2022}} Failures are sometimes informally called the [[Exploration of Mars#Probe difficulties|Mars Curse]].<ref>{{cite news | last=Knight | first=Matthew | url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/12/23/mwonders.mars/index.html | title=Beating the curse of Mars | work=Science & Space | access-date=2007-03-27 | archive-date=2020-02-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201210652/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/12/23/mwonders.mars/index.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==ESA/UK inquiry report==
{{Refimprove|section|date=March 2022}}
[[File:David Southwood RAS.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[David Southwood]], pictured in 2012. At the time of the ''Beagle 2'' landing, he was Director of Science and Robotic Exploration at the European Space Agency.]]

In May 2004, the report from the Commission of Inquiry on ''Beagle 2'' was submitted to ESA and the UK's science minister [[David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville|Lord Sainsbury]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/assets/channels/resources/press/report.pdf |title=Beagle 2: ESA/UK Commission of Inquiry |publisher=ESA and UK Ministry of Science and Innovation |first1=R. |last1=Bonnefoy |first2=D. |last2=Link |first3=J. |last3=Casani |first4=V.A. |last4=Vorontsov |first5=F. |last5=Engstrom |first6=P. |last6=Wolf |first7=R. |last7=Jude |first8=B. |last8=Patti |first9=C. |last9=Jones |display-authors=1 |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=22 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327001136/http://www.bnsc.gov.uk/assets/channels/resources/press/report.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref> Initially the full report was not published on the grounds of confidentiality but a list of 19 recommendations was announced to the public.

[[David Southwood]], ESA's Director of Science, provided four scenarios of possible failures:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clery |first=Daniel |date=2004-05-28 |title=ESA Licks Wounds, But Beagle's Loss Remains a Mystery |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.304.5675.1226a |journal=Science |language=en |volume=304 |issue=5675 |pages=1226–1227 |doi=10.1126/science.304.5675.1226a |pmid=15166335 |s2cid=31667409 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

* ''Beagle 2'' entered in atmospheric conditions outside the range assumed by its designers and could have burnt up. The scenario  it may have "bounced off into space" was put forward but this does not stand up to close technical scrutiny. The amount of dust in the atmosphere often widely varies, changing its density and temperature characteristics. The chosen margins on the design of the heat shield and the thermal loads it can withstand mean the burn-up scenario is unlikely given the steep entry-flight-path angle, the craft could conceivably have left the atmosphere again.{{efn|see also Section 6.1 of the Inquiry Report, which states explicitly: "the Commission concludes that deviation of the [[atmospheric entry]] conditions is not a probable failure mode of the mission")}}
* ''Beagle 2''{{'s}} parachute or cushioning airbags failed to deploy or deployed at the wrong time. This is supported by the observation throughout the transfer to Mars, the out-gassing of some substance and subsequent condensation on optical components of the ''Mars Express'' spacecraft carrying the ''Beagle 2'' lander was observed. This observation would be consistent with a leak in the gas generators of ''Beagle 2''{{'s}} airbags;
* ''Beagle 2''{{'s}} backshell tangled with the parachute, preventing it from opening properly. It is not clear whether the difference in air drag between the probe with the parachute deployed and the back shell of the heat shield is sufficient to guarantee a safe separation distance{{efn|see Section 5.4.4 of the Inquiry Report}};
* ''Beagle 2'' became wrapped up in its airbags or parachute on the surface and could not open. Entanglement with the parachute appears plausible because the parachute's strop was shortened from the original design to save mass. Assuming the airbags deployed, ''Beagle 2'' would have bounced off the surface into the descending parachute.{{efn|see also Section 5.4.6 of the Inquiry Report}}

In addition, further scenarios appeared plausible and consistent with the available body of data:

* ''Beagle 2'' may have jettisoned its airbags before it had come to a complete rest on the surface. For mass and cost reasons, the airbag-jettison device was designed to be triggered by a timer rather than by acceleration sensors that would have discerned when the lander package had stopped moving. Because the landing package of NASA's [[Spirit rover]] mission rebounded off the surface in Gusev crater numerous times before coming to a standstill—taking much more time than anticipated—''Beagle 2''{{'s}} timer may have been set to a too-short time{{efn|see Section 5.4.8 of the Inquiry Report}};
* The parachute deployment sequence was designed to be triggered by three accelerometers. The system was not designed for a "best out of three" logic but the first accelerometer was designed to compute a safe deployment velocity had been reached; this would trigger the parachute deployment sequence, even if the accelerometer readout was faulty.

In February 2005, following comments from the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] [[Select committee (United Kingdom)|Select committee]] on science and technology, the report was made public and Leicester University independently published a detailed mission report, including possible failure modes and a "lessons learned".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.src.le.ac.uk/projects/beagle2/report/ |title=Beagle 2 Mission Report and Lessons Learned |publisher=University of Leicester |date=20 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701001141/http://www.src.le.ac.uk/projects/beagle2/report/ |archive-date=1 July 2007}}</ref>

All above hypotheses were disproved in 2015 after the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] photographed the remains of the lander: pictures show the probe landed safely and started its operations, deploying some of the solar panels before an on-ground failure  prevented the full deployment of all panels; this prevented the onboard antenna, hidden under the last solar panel, from gaining visibility to any orbiter, making any form of communication with the lander impossible and leading to mission loss. This status is detailed below.

==Discovery of location==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| caption_align     = center
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = PIA19106-Beagle2-Found-MRO-20140629.jpg
| caption1          = Overview
| image2            = PIA19105-Beagle2-Found-MRO-20141215.jpg
| caption2          = Context
| image3            = PIA19107-Beagle2-Found-MRO-20140629.jpg
| caption3          = Close-up
| footer            = Discovery images of ''Beagle 2'', taken by the ''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' in November and December 2014<ref name="NASA-20150116" />
}}

The location of ''Beagle 2'' on Mars was unknown from late 2003 to early 2015. On 16 January 2015, more than eleven years after its loss and eight months after Colin Pillinger died,<ref name=BBC>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-27322166 |title=Colin Pillinger dies after brain haemorrhage |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> news sources confirmed  [[NASA]]'s [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] had located the lander,<ref name="NASA-20150116" /><ref name="NYT-20150116" /><ref name="BBC News 16 Jan 2015">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-30784886 |title=Lost Beagle 2 probe found 'intact' on Mars |work=BBC News |first=Jonathan |last=Amos |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> which is lying on the surface of [[Isidis Planitia]] at {{coord|11.52879|N|90.43139|E|globe:Mars}},<ref name=Bridges_2017/><ref name="TW-20150116">{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/doug_ellison/status/556201983443357696 |title=Using HiView on image... |work=Twitter.com |first=Doug |last=Ellison |date=16 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="NASA-20150116-TG">{{cite web |url=https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19106 |title=PIA19106: Components of Beagle 2 Flight System on Mars |publisher=NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory |date=16 January 2015 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> about {{Convert|5|km|miles|abbr=on}} from the planned centre of its landing zone.<ref name="UK Space"/>

On 26 April 2016, new computer vision methods stacked multiple new images together to create a view of the lander.<ref name=superstacked>{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/32691-europe-beagle-2-mars-lander-photos.html |title=Supersharp Mars Photos Show UK's Long-Lost Beagle 2 Lander |work=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=26 April 2016}}</ref> The technique called [[Super-Resolution Restoration]] (SRR) allows improvement in resolution by taking multiple views then intensively processing them.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/apr/26/beagle-2-most-detailed-images-yet-of-lost-mars-lander-revealed |title=Beagle 2: most detailed images yet of lost Mars lander revealed |work=The Guardian |first=Nicola |last=Davis |date=26 April 2016}}</ref> At the time, it took up to four days on the fastest-available computers to compute one improved image from five 1,000-by-2,000-pixel images.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Lander status===
Imaging analysis appears to show the probe on the surface and partially deployed, in the expected landing area, with objects that have been interpreted as being its parachute and back cover nearby. Although several interpretations of the image are possible, all involve incomplete deployment of the probe's solar panels. Images suggest one of the "petals" on which the solar panels of the lander are mounted failed to fully open, preventing deployment of its radio antenna and blocking communication.<ref name="NASA-20150116" /><ref name="NYT-20150116" /><ref name="BBC News 16 Jan 2015" /><ref name="Katz 2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/16/beagle-2-found-mars_n_6485000.html |title=Beagle-2, ESA's Mars Express Orbiter, Found 11 Years After Disappearance |work=Huffington Post |agency=The Associated Press |first=Gregory |last=Katz |date=16 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117001051/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/01/16/beagle-2-found-mars_n_6485000.html |archive-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> As the probe's antenna is beneath the last panel, it would have been unable to transmit or receive in such a configuration so the lander would have been beyond recovery even if its systems were still operational. Possible  failure scenarios include mechanical damage during landing, fouling of the deployment mechanism and obstruction of the panels by an airbag.
{{clear}}

Eleven years after the landing, ESA said;<ref name="theguardian.com"/> "''Beagle 2'' made it to the surface. This vindicates the engineering team's approach to landing on Mars."<ref name="theguardian.com"/> At a news conference in London, the UKSA noted; "''Beagle 2'' is no longer lost".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/mars-beagle-2-lander-found-after-11-years-missing-1.2912285 |title=Mars Beagle-2 lander found after 11 years missing |publisher=CBC |agency=Thomson Reuters |date=16 January 2015}}</ref> In reviews of lost Mars missions, ''Beagle 2'' and its rediscovery are typically noted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronomy.com/news/2018/11/a-brief-history-of-failed-mars-missions|title=Failed Mars missions: A brief History|first=Korey|last=Haynes|date=20 November 2018|website=Astronomy.com|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref>

After ''Beagle 2'' was found, apparently intact and with some solar panels deployed, the events following its landing were re-evaluated.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> Because the early phase of mission ran on chemical [[Battery (electricity)|battery power]], it is possible the lander's Solid State Mass Memory (SSMM) recorded some data, even if it could not obtain full power from its solar panels.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> It might eventually be possible to retrieve the data.<ref name="theguardian.com"/><ref name="BBC so close">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37940445 |title=Beagle 2 'was so close to Mars success' |work=BBC News |first=Pallab |last=Ghosh |date=11 November 2016 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> A study has revealed ''Beagle 2'' may have gone into its pre-programmed surface operations mode and collected data after landing but did not transmit it or the transmission was blocked by a closed panel.<ref name="BBC so close"/><ref name="theengineer.co.uk">{{cite news|last=Nathan|first=Stuart|date=11 November 2016|title=Beagle 2 lander may have operated on Mars|work=The Engineer|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/beagle-2-lander-may-have-operated-on-mars/}}</ref>

==Follow-on mission proposals==
Further use of some features of the ''Beagle 2'' mission design have been proposed for other mission concepts:<ref name=beagle>{{cite conference |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4217.pdf |title=How do you answer the life on Mars question? Use multiple small landers like Beagle 2 |conference=Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration. 12–14 June 2012. Houston, Texas. |first1=E. K. |last1=Gibson |first2=C. T. |last2=Pillinger |first3=I. P. |last3=Wright |first4=S. J. |last4=Hurst |first5=L. |last5=Richter |first6=M. R. |last6=Sims |display-authors=1 |date=June 2012 |bibcode=2012LPICo1679.4217G}}</ref>
*Beagle 2007<ref name=beagle/>
*Beagle 2e Evolution<ref name=beagle/> ([[Beagle 3]])
*BeagleNet (multiple Beagles and a mini-rover)<ref name=beagle/>
*Beagle to the Moon<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/sep/24/spaceexploration |title=New chance for Beagle as Nasa favours mission to the moon |work=The Guardian |first=James |last=Randerson |date=23 September 2007}}</ref>
*ARTEMIS (multiple small Mars landers)<ref name=beagle/>
*MARGE<ref name=beagle/> (reuse an instrument)

Beagle 2's PLUTO mole was noted in the development of [[InSight]]'s [[Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package]] (HP3), an instrument that also uses a self-digging arm.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Penetrating Mole of the InSight Mars Mission|url=https://www.robex-allianz.de/wp-content/uploads/Sensorworkshop_MOLE_2017.pdf|date=27 April 2017|access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Astronomy|Biology|Solar System|Spaceflight}}

* {{annotated link|ExoMars}}
** {{annotated link|Schiaparelli EDM|''Schiaparelli'' EDM}}
** {{annotated link|Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' (rover)}}
* {{annotated link|Life on Mars}}
* {{annotated link|List of missions to Mars}}
* {{annotated link|Viking program|Viking landers}}
** {{annotated link|Viking lander biological experiments}}
* {{annotated link|List of artificial objects on Mars}}
* {{annotated link|Exploration of Mars}}

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Bridges_2017>{{cite journal
 |title  =Identification of the Beagle 2 lander on Mars
 |last1=Bridges|first1=J. C.|last2=Clemmet|first2=J.|last3=Croon|first3=M.|last4=Sims|first4=M. R.|last5=Pullan|first5=D.|last6=Muller|first6=J.P. |last7=Tao|first7=Y.|last8=Xiong|first8=S. |last9=Putri|first9=A. R.|last10=Parker|first10=T.|last11=Turner|first11=S. M. R.|last12=Pillinger|first12=J. M.
 |date   =2017
 |journal=Royal Society Open Science
 |volume =4
 |issue  =10
 |page =170785
 |doi    =10.1098/rsos.170785
 |bibcode=2017RSOS....470785B
 |pmid   =29134081
 |pmc =5666264
 }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Beagle 2}} (archived copy)
*{{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20100107024949/http://www.beagle2.com/index.htm }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030604100024/http://spdext.estec.esa.nl/content/doc/8f/27791_.htm ''Beagle 2''] by ESA (2003 archive)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070802044935/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Beagle_02 ''Beagle 2''] by NASA (2004 archive)
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/sci_nat/03/race_to_mars/mission_guide/html/beagle_2.stm ''Beagle 2''] by BBC News
*[http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Mars_Express_operations ''Mars Express'' Operations] by ESA

{{Marsexpress}}
{{Features and artificial objects on Mars}}
{{Mars spacecraft}}
{{Astrobiology}}
{{Orbital launches in 2003}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}

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