Editing Bee pollen

{{short description|Ball of pollen gathered by worker honeybees}}
[[File:Apis mellifera - Melilotus albus - Keila.jpg|thumb|Honeybee with [[pollen basket]]s]]
[[File:Grille à Pollen et abeilles 05.JPG|thumb|A pollen trap]]
[[File:Bee Pollen IMG 8873.jpg|thumb|Fresh bee pollen]]
[[File:Corbiculette congelate.JPG|thumb|Frozen bee pollen, a human food supplement]]
[[File:Pollen in Wabe 31b.jpg|thumb|Bee bread: the bee pollen stored in the [[Brood (honey bee)|combs]]]]
[[File:BallOfPollenPelottesmacroFLamiot.jpg|thumb|220px|Chunks of bee bread]]
'''Bee pollen''', also known as '''bee bread''' and '''ambrosia''',<ref>''Oxford Canadian Dictionary''</ref> is a ball or pellet of field-gathered [[Pollen|flower pollen]] packed by worker [[honeybee]]s, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of [[simple sugars]], [[protein]], [[Mineral (nutrient)|minerals]] and [[vitamin]]s, [[fatty acid]]s, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in [[brood comb|brood cells]], mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of [[honey]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilliam|first=Martha|date=1979|title=Microbiology of pollen and bee bread: the yeasts.|journal=Apidologie|volume=10|pages=45–53|doi=10.1051/apido:19790106|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bee pollen is harvested as [[food]] for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Denisow|first1=Bożena|last2=Denisow-Pietrzyk|first2=Marta|date=2016-10-01|title=Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review|journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture|volume=96|issue=13|pages=4303–4309|doi=10.1002/jsfa.7729|issn=1097-0010|pmid=27013064|bibcode=2016JSFA...96.4303D }}</ref>

==Details==
[[File:Bee pollen cell vertically stacked.jpg|thumb|Vertical dissection of cells from a comb, showing the packing of different types of pollen over time]]
In honeybees (''Apis'' species) pollen is stored in the chambers of the hives. It differs from field-gathered pollen as honeybee secretions induce a fermentation process, where biochemical transformations break down the walls of flower pollen grains and render the nutrients more readily available.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Mutsaers |first1=Marieke |last2=van Blitterswijk |first2=Henk |last3=van‘t Leven |first3=Leen |last4=Kerkvliet |first4=Jaap |last5=van de Waerdt |first5=Jan |year=2005 |title=Bee products properties, processing and marketing |url=http://teca.fao.org/sites/default/files/resources/Agromisa-AD-42-E%201%20beekeeping%20manual%20.pdf |location=[[Wageningen]] |publisher=Agromisa Foundation |pages=34–35 |isbn=978-90-8573-028-6 |access-date=2018-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073228/http://teca.fao.org/sites/default/files/resources/Agromisa-AD-42-E%201%20beekeeping%20manual%20.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Forager bees that gather pollen do not eat it themselves, since they stop producing the proteolytic enzymes necessary to digest it when they transition to foraging. The foragers unload the pollen they gather directly into open cells located at the interface between the brood and stored honey, creating a typical band of what is called bee bread – the substance which is the main food source for honeybee larvae and workers.

Foraging bees bring pollen back to the hive, where they pass it off to other worker bees, who pack the pollen into cells with their heads. During collection and possibly packing, the pollen is mixed with nectar and bee salivary secretions, signaling the start of the lactic fermentation process.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bogdanov |first=Stefan |title=The Pollen Book |year=2017 |orig-year=2011 |chapter-url=http://www.bee-hexagon.net/pollen/ |volume=2 |chapter=Chapter 2:Pollen: Nutrition, Functional Properties, Health |publisher=Bee Product Science |pages=1–31 |access-date=2022-04-04 |archive-date=2019-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719064141/http://www.bee-hexagon.net/pollen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bee pollen is the primary source of protein for the hive.<ref name="SammataroAvitabile1998">{{cite book|last1=Sammataro|first1=Diana|last2=Avitabile|first2=Alphonse|title=The Beekeeper's Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLLB2fh55aQC|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8503-9|page=60|access-date=2018-04-03|archive-date=2020-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625211012/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLLB2fh55aQC|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bees other than ''Apis'' typically form pollen into balls; these are primarily ground-nesting bees or twig-nesting bees, most of which are solitary, such as [[Megachile|leafcutter bees]].<ref name=usda>{{cite web|title=Examination of "pollen Balls" in the nests of the Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, ''Megachile rotundata''|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=150465|work=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|publisher=Agricultural Research Service|access-date=10 September 2011|archive-date=9 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209200353/http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=150465|url-status=live}}</ref> With the leafcutter bee, as in most such bees, when the pollen ball is complete, the female lays an egg on top of the pollen ball, and seals the brood cell. The egg hatches and the larva consumes the pollen directly; the pollen is not stored separately from the brood.<ref name=vernal>{{cite web |url=http://www.vernalpools.org/Thorp/ |title=Vernal pool flowers and their specialist bee pollinators |last=Thorp |first=Robbin W. |date=5 March 2013 |publisher=California Vernal Pools |access-date=5 October 2012 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007163555/http://www.vernalpools.org/Thorp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> This method of pollen usage can also be seen in the wood-nesting bee species ''[[Xylocopa sulcatipes]]''<ref>Gerling, Dan; Hurd, Paul David; Hefetz, Abraham (1983). Comparative behavioral biology of two Middle East species of carpenter bees (''Xylocopa'' Latreille)(Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> and ''[[Xylocopa sonorina]]''.

==Composition==
Like [[honey]] and [[propolis]], other well-known honeybee products that are gathered rather than secreted (i.e., in contrast to [[royal jelly]] and [[beeswax]]), the exact chemical composition depends on the plants from which the [[worker bee]]s gather the pollen, and can vary from hour to hour, day to day, week to week, colony to colony, even in the same [[apiary]], with no two samples of bee pollen being exactly identical. Accordingly, chemical and nutritional analyses of bee pollen apply only to the specific samples being tested and cannot be extrapolated to samples gathered in other places or other times.

Although there is no specific chemical composition, the average composition is said to be 40–60% simple sugars (fructose and glucose), 20–60% proteins, 3% minerals and vitamins, 1–32% fatty acids, and 5% diverse other components.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Botanical Origin and Nutritional Values of Bee Bread of Stingless Bee (''Heterotrigona itama'') from Malaysia|last1=Mohammad|first1=Salma Malihah|last2=Mahmud-Ab-Rashid|first2=Nor-Khaizura|date=2020|journal=Journal of Food Quality|doi=10.1155/2020/2845757|last3=Zawawi|first3=Norhasnida|volume=2020|pages=1–12|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=maggie>{{cite web |url=http://www.keeping-honey-bees.com/bee-bread.html |title=What Is Bee Bread? |author=Staff writer |date=September 2011 |website=Keeping-Honey-Bees.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711070205/http://www.keeping-honey-bees.com/bee-bread.html |archive-date=2016-07-11 |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-10-07}}</ref> Bee bread is a niche for yeasts and bacteria, including [[lactic acid bacteria]], ''[[Bifidobacterium]]'', ''[[Bacillus]]'' spp., and others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohammad|first1=Salma Malihah|last2=Mahmud-Ab-Rashid|first2=Nor-Khaizura |last3=Zawawi |first3=Norhasnida |date=2020-08-25 |title=Probiotic properties of bacteria isolated from bee bread of stingless bee ''Heterotrigona itama'' |journal=Journal of Apicultural Research |volume=60|pages=172–187 |doi=10.1080/00218839.2020.1801152 |s2cid=225208290|issn=0021-8839|url=http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/87300/1/Probiotic%20properties%20of%20bacteria%20isolated%20from%20bee%20bread.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilliam |first=Martha |title=Microbiology of Pollen and Bee Bread: The Genus ''Bacillus'' |date=1979 |journal=Apidologie |volume=10 | issue=3| pages=269–274| doi=10.1051/apido:19790304 |issn=0044-8435|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilliam |first=Martha |title=Microbiology of Pollen and Bee Bread: The Yeasts |date=1979 |journal=Apidologie |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=43–53 |doi=10.1051/apido:19790106 |issn=0044-8435 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A study of bee pollen samples showed that they may contain 188 kinds of [[fungus|fungi]] and 29 kinds of [[bacteria]].<ref name=black>{{cite book|title=Microbiology|last=Black|first=Jacquelyn G.|year=2004|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-471-42084-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/microbiology00jacq}}</ref> Despite this microbial diversity, stored pollen is a preservation environment similar to honey, and contains consistently low microbial biomass.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Kirk E. |last2=Carroll |first2=Mark J. |last3=Sheehan |first3=Tim |last4=Lanan |first4=Michele C. |last5=Mott |first5=Brendon M. |last6=Maes |first6=Patrick |last7=Corby-Harris |first7=Vanessa |date=5 November 2014 |title=Hive-stored pollen of honey bees: many lines of evidence are consistent with pollen preservation, not nutrient conversion |journal=Molecular Ecology |volume=23 |issue=23 |pages=5904–5917 |doi=10.1111/mec.12966 |pmc=4285803 |pmid=25319366|bibcode=2014MolEc..23.5904A }}</ref>

==Use as a health supplement==
Bee pollen has been touted by [[herbalism|herbalists]] as a treatment for a variety of medical conditions. Bee bread is rich in micronutrients, minerals, and phenolic compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-10-12|title=Stingless Bee-Collected Pollen (Bee Bread): Chemical and Microbiology Properties and Health Benefits|doi=10.3390/molecules26040957 |doi-access=free |last1=Mohammad |first1=Salma Malihah |last2=Mahmud-Ab-Rashid |first2=Nor-Khaizura |last3=Zawawi |first3=Norhasnida |journal=Molecules |volume=26 |issue=4 |page=957 |pmid=33670262 |pmc=7917892 }}</ref>

Potential risks of consuming bee pollen include contamination by fungal mycotoxins, pesticides, or toxic metals.<ref name=":0" /> Bee pollen is safe for short term use, but for those with pollen allergies, allergic reactions may occur (shortness of breath, [[Urticaria|hives]], swelling, and [[anaphylaxis]]).<ref name="webmd">{{cite web|title=Bee Pollen Benefits and Side Effects|url=http://www.webmd.com/balance/bee-pollen-benefits-and-side-effects|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180636/http://www.webmd.com/balance/bee-pollen-benefits-and-side-effects|archive-date=April 16, 2014|access-date=April 16, 2014|publisher=[[WebMD]]|quote="after years of research, scientists still cannot confirm that bee pollen has any health benefits", "medical research has not shown that bee pollen is effective for any of these health concerns"}}</ref> Bee pollen is not safe for pregnant women and should not be used during breastfeeding.<ref name="webmd"/>  The [[Food and Drug Administration]] has warned against the use of some bee pollen products because they are adulterated with unapproved drugs including [[sibutramine]] and [[phenolphthalein]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm325537.htm | title = Public Notification: "Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen Capsules" Contains Hidden Drug Ingredient | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | date = October 24, 2012 | access-date = April 16, 2014 | archive-date = April 16, 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175439/http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm325537.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm392163.htm | title = FDA warns consumers not to use Zi Xiu Tang Bee Pollen capsules | publisher = [[Food and Drug Administration]] | date = April 7, 2014 | access-date = April 16, 2014 | archive-date = January 28, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170128162817/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm392163.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Alternative diets for honeybees ==
There are several artificial pollen diets available for [[honey bee|honeybee]]s that incorporate a variety of ingredients like [[soy]], [[corn gluten]], [[yeast]], [[egg]], or milk protein, but they often fail to provide the essential [[macronutrient]]s (such as lipids and proteins), [[micronutrient]]s (vitamins and minerals), and [[antioxidant]]s needed by honeybees to thrive.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jiang |first=Georgia |date=2021 |title=Microalgae is the Bee's Knees |publisher=[[Agricultural Research Service|USDA Agricultural Research Service]] |publication-place= |page= |url= https://tellus.ars.usda.gov/stories/articles/microalgae-is-the-bee-s-knees/|access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bee breads}}
*[http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/honeybee/PDF%27s%202011/producing%20pollen.pdf Producing Pollen]
*''[[Xylocopa sonorina]] (''Example bee)

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[[Category:Beekeeping]]
[[Category:Bee products]]
[[Category:Dietary supplements]]
[[Category:Pollination]]
[[Category:Insect ecology]]