Editing Beeching cuts

{{Short description|1963–65 plan to rationalise the British railway system}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:Lobb Ghyll Viaduct.jpg|thumb|The overgrown viaduct across Lobb Ghyll on the [[Skipton to Ilkley Line]] in Yorkshire, built by the Midland Railway in 1888 and closed in 1965]]
[[File:Railway bridge over the river Spey - geograph.org.uk - 59001.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A nineteenth-century railway bridge over the [[River Spey]], closed in 1965 and now part of the [[Moray Coast trail]]]]
[[File:Bridge near Pound Farm - geograph.org.uk - 1545321.jpg|thumb|Part of the former [[Chippenham and Calne line]], now a [[Cycling infrastructure#Bikeways|cycleway]]]]
The '''Beeching cuts''', also colloquially referred to as the '''Beeching Axe''', were a major series of route closures and service changes made as part of the restructuring of the [[nationalised]] [[British Rail|railway system in Great Britain]] in the 1960s. They are named for [[Richard Beeching|Dr. Richard Beeching]], then-chair of the [[British Railways Board]] and the author of two reports{{snd}}'''''The Reshaping of British Railways''''' (1963) and '''''The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes''''' (1965){{snd}} that set out proposals for restructuring the railway network, with the stated aim of improving economic efficiency.

The first report identified 2,363 stations and {{convert|5000|mi}} of railway line for closure, amounting to 55% of stations, 30% of route miles, and the loss of 67,700 British Rail jobs,<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 1994 |title=The 1963 Cabinet Papers / British Rail: Beeching branded 'PR disaster'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-1963-cabinet-papers-british-rail-beeching-branded-pr-disaster-over-rail-network-cuts-1397205.html |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=The Independent |last=Macintyre |first=D.}}</ref> with an objective of stemming the large losses being incurred during a period of increasing competition from road transport and reducing the [[rail subsidies]] necessary to keep the network running. The second report identified a small number of major routes for significant investment. Such was the scale of these cuts that the programme came to be colloquially referred to as the Beeching Axe, though the 1963 report also recommended some less well-publicised changes; including a switch to the now-standard practice of [[containerisation]] for rail freight, and the replacement of some services with integrated bus services linked to the remaining railheads.

Protests resulted in the saving of some stations and lines, but the majority were closed as planned. Beeching's name remains associated with the mass closure of railways and the loss of many local services in the period that followed. A few of these routes have since reopened. Some short sections have been preserved as [[heritage railway]]s, while others have been incorporated into the [[National Cycle Network]] or used for road schemes. Others have since been built over, have reverted to farmland, or remain derelict with no plans for any reuse or redevelopment. Some, such as the bulk of the [[Midland Metro]] network around [[Birmingham]] and [[Wolverhampton]], have since been incorporated into [[light rail]] lines.

==Background==
{{See also|History of rail transport in Great Britain}}
[[File:Banchory 1961.jpg|thumb|[[Banchory railway station]] on the [[Deeside Railway]], Scotland, in 1961. The station closed in 1966.]]

After growing rapidly in the 19th century during the [[Railway Mania]], the British railway system reached its height in the years immediately before the [[First World War]], with a network of {{convert|23440|mi}}.{{sfn|White|1986|p=18}} The network had opened up major travel opportunities for the entire country that had never been available before. However, lines were sometimes uneconomic, and several [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Members of Parliament]] had direct involvement with railways, creating a conflict of interest.{{sfn|Clough|2013|p=15}} In 1909, [[Winston Churchill]], then President of the Board of Trade, argued that the country's railways did not have a future without rationalisation and amalgamation.{{sfn|Clough|2013|p=16}} By 1914, the railways had some significant problems, such as a lack of standard rolling stock and too many duplicated routes.{{sfn|Clough|2013|p=15}}

After the war, the railways faced increasing competition from a growing [[Roads in the United Kingdom|road transport network]], which had increased to 8 million tons of freight annually by 1921.{{sfn|Clough|2013|p=27}} Around {{convert|1300|mi}} of passenger railways closed between 1923 and 1939. These closures included the [[Charnwood Forest Railway]], closed to passengers in 1931, and the [[Harborne Line]] in [[Birmingham]], closed to passengers in 1934.{{sfn|White|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} Some lines had never been profitable and were not subject to loss of traffic in that period.{{sfn|Clough|2013|p=11}} The railways were busy during the [[Second World War]], but at the end of the war they were in a poor state of repair and in 1948 [[nationalised]] as [[British Rail]]ways.

The Branch Lines Committee of the [[British Transport Commission]] (BTC) was formed in 1949 with a brief to close the least-used branch lines. This resulted in the loss (or conversion to freight-only operation) of some {{convert|3318|mi}} of railway between 1948 and 1962.{{sfn|White|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} The most significant closure was that of the former [[Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway]] in 1959. In opposition to these cuts, the period also witnessed the beginning of a protest movement led by the Railway Development Association, whose most famous member was the poet [[John Betjeman]].{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} They went on to be a significant force resisting the Beeching proposals.

Economic recovery and the end of [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|petrol rationing]] led to rapid growth in car ownership and use. Vehicle mileage grew at a sustained annual rate of 10% between 1948 and 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/statistics/tables/tra0101/ |title=Table TRA0101: Road traffic (vehicle miles) by vehicle type in Great Britain, annual from 1949 |date=23 June 2011 |publisher=Department for Transport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207101445/http://www.dft.gov.uk/statistics/tables/tra0101/ |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-format=XLS}}</ref> In contrast, railway traffic remained steady during the 1950s<ref name="The Great Vanishing Railway">{{cite web |url=http://www.timmonet.co.uk/html/body_beeching.htm |title=The Great Vanishing Railway |work=timmonet.co.uk}}</ref> but the economic situation steadily deteriorated, with labour costs rising faster than income{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}<ref name="The Great Vanishing Railway"/> and fares and freight charges repeatedly frozen by the government to try to control [[inflation]].{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} By 1955, the railways' share of the transport market had dropped from 16% to 5%.{{sfn|DfT|2007|p=38}}

The [[1955 Modernisation Plan]] promised expenditure of over £1,240 million; [[steam locomotive]]s would be replaced with [[diesel locomotive|diesel]] and [[electric locomotive]]s, traffic levels would increase, and the system was predicted to be back in profit by 1962.{{sfn|Wolmar|2005|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} Instead losses mounted, from £68 million in 1960 to £87 million in 1961, and £104 million in 1962 (£{{Inflation|UK|0.104|1962|r=2}} billion in {{Inflation-year|UK}} terms).<ref name="ndad">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/37/detail.html |title=Department details: AH/37 (British Railways Board) |website=The National Digital Archive of Datasets |publisher=The National Archives |place=Kew |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014033802/http://www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/AH/37/detail.html |archive-date=14 October 2006}}</ref>{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} The BTC could no longer pay the interest on its loans.

By 1961, losses were running at £300,000 a day,<ref name="Chairman">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1961/mar/21/british-transport-commission-chairman |chapter=British Transport Commission (Chairman) |title=Hansard |date=21 March 1961 |publisher=House of Commons |at=Vol. 637 cc. 223–343}}</ref> despite the fact that since nationalisation in 1948, {{convert|3000|mi}} of line had been closed,{{sfn|Daniels|Dench|1973|p=}}{{failed verification|date=March 2015}} railway staff numbers had fallen 26% from 648,000 to 474,000,{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=50}} and the number of railway wagons had fallen 29% from 1,200,000 to 848,000.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=46}}

==The Beeching reports==

=== ''The Reshaping of British Railways'' (Beeching I) ===
[[File:Beeching axe 1 and NUR response.jpg|thumb|A copy of ''The Reshaping of British Railways'' report, displayed beside the [[National Union of Railwaymen]]'s response pamphlet]]
The first Beeching report, titled ''The Reshaping of British Railways'', was published on 27 March 1963.<ref>{{cite web |author=Garry Keenor |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=13 |title=The Reshaping of British Railways – Part 1: Report |publisher=The Railways Archive |access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref>

The report starts by quoting the brief provided by the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Harold Macmillan]], from 1960: "First, the industry must be of a size and pattern suited to modern conditions and prospects. In particular, the railway system must be modelled to meet current needs, and the modernisation plan must be adapted to this new shape"{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=1}} and with the premise that the railways should be run as a profitable business.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=2|loc="It is, of course the responsibility of the British Railways Board so to shape and operate the railways as to make them pay"}}

Beeching first studied traffic flows on all lines to identify "the good, the bad, and the indifferent".{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=3|loc="Ever since major amalgamations started, the business of railways has been, from a financial point of view, a mixture of good, bad, and indifferent"}} His analysis showed that the least-used 1,762 stations had annual passenger receipts of less than £2,500 each (£{{Formatprice|{{Inflation|UK|2500|1960|r=-3}}|0}} as of {{CURRENTISOYEAR}}{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}), that over half of the 4,300 stations open to passengers in 1960 had receipts of less than £10,000,{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=65}} that the least-used 50% of stations contributed only 2% of passenger revenue,{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=66}} and that one third of route miles carried just 1% of passengers.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=64}}

By way of example, he noted that the line from [[Thetford railway station|Thetford]] to [[Swaffham railway station|Swaffham]] carried five trains each weekday in each direction, carrying an average of nine passengers with only 10% of the costs of operating the line covered by fares; another example was the [[Crieff and Comrie Railway|Gleneagles-Crieff-Comrie line]] which had ten trains a day and five passengers on average, earning only 25% of costs. Finally there was the service from Hull to York via Beverley (using part of the [[Yorkshire Coast Line]], which was not closed, and the [[York to Beverley Line]], which was). The line covered 80% of its operating costs, but he calculated that it could be closed because there was an alternative, albeit less direct, route.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|pp=96–99|loc=Appendix 2}}

Out of {{convert|18000|mi}} of railway, Beeching recommended that {{convert|6000|mi}}—mostly rural and industrial lines—should be closed entirely, and that some of the remaining lines should be kept open only for freight. A total of 2,363 stations were to close, including 435 already under threat, both on lines that were to close and on lines that were to remain open.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=97}}

He recommended that freight services should mainly be for bulk commodities such as minerals and coal, and that the freight system make use of new [[containerised]] handling systems rather than less efficient and slower wagon-load traffic. The latter recommendation would prove prescient with the rise of [[intermodal freight transport]] in the following decades.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|pp=141–148|loc=Appendix 4 – The Liner Train}}

===''The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes'' (Beeching II)===
[[File:Beeching2.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|A map of Great Britain, showing "major lines" identified by Beeching II in bold.]]

On 16 February 1965, Beeching introduced the second stage of his reorganisation of the railways. In his report, ''The Development of the Major Railway Trunk Routes'', he set out his conclusion that of the {{convert|7500|mi|km}} of trunk railway only {{convert|3000|mi|km}} "should be selected for future development" and invested in.

This policy would result in long-distance traffic being routed along nine lines. Traffic to [[Coventry]], [[Birmingham]], [[Manchester]], [[Liverpool]] and [[Scotland]] would be routed through the [[West Coast Main Line]] to [[Carlisle railway station|Carlisle]] and [[Glasgow]]; traffic to the north-east of England would be concentrated through the [[East Coast Main Line]] as far as [[Newcastle railway station|Newcastle]]; and traffic to [[Wales]] and the [[West Country]] would go on the [[Great Western Main Line]] to [[Swansea]] and [[Plymouth]].

Underpinning Beeching's proposals was his belief that there was too much duplication in the railway network: "The real choice is between an excessive and increasingly un-economic system, with a corresponding tendency for the railways as a whole to fall into disrepute and decay, or the selective development and intensive utilisation of a more limited trunk route system".{{sfn|Beeching|1965|p=45}} Of the {{convert|7500|mi|km}} of trunk route, {{convert|3700|mi|km}} involves a choice between two routes, {{convert|700|mi|km}} a choice of three, and over a further {{convert|700|mi|km}} a choice of four.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |title=The Second Stage of Dr. Beeching's Reorganisation Proposals |date=17 February 1965 |page=8}}</ref> In Scotland, only the [[Central Belt]] routes and the lines via Fife and Perth to Aberdeen were selected for development, and none were selected in Wales, apart from the Great Western Main Line as far as Swansea.

Beeching's [[secondment]] from [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]] ended early in June 1965 after [[Harold Wilson]]'s attempt to get him to produce a transport plan failed. It is a matter of debate whether Beeching left by mutual arrangement with the government or if he was sacked. [[Frank Cousins (British politician)|Frank Cousins]], the Labour [[Minister of Technology]], told the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] in November 1965 that Beeching had been dismissed by [[Tom Fraser]], then Minister of Transport.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |title=Mr. Cousins says 'We Sacked Beeching' |date=17 November 1965 |page=12}}</ref> Beeching denied this, pointing out that he had returned early to ICI as he would not have had enough time to undertake an in-depth transport study before the formal end of his secondment.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times |title=Lord Beeching: 'I Was Not Sacked' |date=18 November 1965 |page=12}}</ref>

==The closures==
[[File:Prospect Tunnel.jpg|thumb|Prospect Tunnel lay on the [[Harrogate to Church Fenton Line]], one of the first lines to be closed]]

The first report was accepted by the Conservative government of the day, which argued that many services could be provided more effectively by buses.<ref name=times>{{cite news |work=The Times |title=Beeching Report Proposes Closing Nearly a Third of Britain's 7,000 Railway Stations |date=28 March 1963 |issue=55661 |page=8 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS134440060/TTDA?u=kccl&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=722ec50c}}</ref> Most recommendations were subsequently taken forward by the Labour government elected in 1964, but many of the proposed closures sparked protests from communities that would lose their trains, a number of which (especially rural communities) had no other public transport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.stourline.co.uk/page3.htm |title=All stations on the Stour Line are Doomed – Councils to lead massive protest}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2024}}

Line closures had been running at about {{convert|150|to|300|mi}} per year between 1950 and 1961. They peaked at {{convert|1,000|mi}} in 1964 and came to a virtual halt by the early 1970s.{{sfn|Gourvish|1986|p=}}{{verification failed|date=January 2024}} One of the last major closures was the 98-mile (158&nbsp;km) [[Waverley Route]] between [[Carlisle railway station|Carlisle]], [[Hawick railway station|Hawick]] and [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station|Edinburgh]] in 1969; the reopening of a {{convert|35|mi|adj=on}} section of this line was approved in 2006 and passenger services resumed in September 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-29505220 |title=Borders to Edinburgh railway: Track laying gets under way |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref>

Holiday and coastal resorts were severely affected by the closures. The report recommended closing almost all services along the coasts of north Devon, Cornwall and East Anglia aside from Norwich to Great Yarmouth. All services on the [[Isle of Wight]] were recommended for closure, as were all branch lines in the [[Lake District]]. One of the most significant closures was the [[Great Central Main Line]] from [[Marylebone station|London Marylebone]] to Leicester and Sheffield.<ref name=times/>

Not all the recommended closures were implemented. Reprieved lines include:
* Lines through the [[Scottish Highlands]], such as the [[Far North Line]], were kept open, in part because of pressure from the powerful Highland lobby.{{sfn|White|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}
* The [[Heart of Wales line|Central Wales Line]] was said to have been kept open because it passed through so many [[marginal constituency|marginal constituencies]] that no-one dared to close it.{{sfn|White|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}
* The [[Tamar Valley Line]], between [[Gunnislake railway station|Gunnislake]] and [[Plymouth railway station|Plymouth]], was kept open because the local road network was poor, with no direct route from the towns served to Plymouth.<ref>{{cite book|title=1963: That Was the Year That Was|first=Andrew|last=Cook|publisher=The History Press|page=35|year=2013|isbn=978-0-752-49231-5}}</ref>
* The [[Marshlink line]] between [[Ashford International railway station|Ashford]] and [[Hastings railway station|Hastings]] remained open because of problems running a replacement bus service with the existing network.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1970/nov/26/rye-ashford-area-public-transport#S5CV0807P0_19701126_CWA_206|title=Rye-Ashford Area (Public Transport)|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|date=26 November 1970|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
* Other routes (or parts of routes) planned for closure that survived include the [[Settle–Carlisle line|Settle-Carlisle line]], [[East Suffolk line|Ipswich–Lowestoft]], the [[Hope Valley line]], the [[Buxton line]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.railengineer.uk/2013/03/21/derailed-the-complicity-dividend/ |title=Rail Engineer article – Derailed: The complicity dividend |access-date=4 August 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116173648/http://www.railengineer.uk/2013/03/21/derailed-the-complicity-dividend/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Avocet line, Ayr–Stranraer, Glasgow–Kilmarnock, Glasgow–Edinburgh via Shotts, Barrow–Whitehaven,  Middlesbrough–Whitby, York–Harrogate, Leeds/Bradford–Ilkley, Nottingham–Lincoln, Boston–Skegness, Birkenhead–Wrexham, Liverpool–Southport (and other Merseyside commuter routes), Bury-Manchester, Leicester–Peterborough, [[St Ives Bay Line|St Erth–St Ives]], and [[Island Line, Isle of Wight|Ryde–Shanklin]].

The Beeching Report was intended to be the first stage in the rail network's contraction.{{sfn|Loft|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} As a result, some lines it had not recommended for closure were subsequently shut down, such as the [[Woodhead line]] between Manchester and Sheffield in 1981, after the decline of the freight traffic (mostly coal) on which it had relied.{{sfn|Haywood|2016|pp=210–251}} Many surviving lines were rationalised, including reduction to single track and consolidation of signals.{{sfn|DfT|2007|p=69}} Most of the Oxford–Cambridge [[Varsity Line]] closed despite its strategic location serving [[Milton Keynes]], Britain's largest "new town".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-44979593|title=East West Rail link second phase plans submitted|work=BBC News|date=27 July 2018|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref> Kinross-shire, and Fife especially, suffered closures not included in the Report, including the main line from Edinburgh to Perth. [[King's Lynn]] was to have remained at the centre of routes towards [[Norwich]], [[Hunstanton]] and [[Wisbech]], all of which closed.

With a few exceptions, after the early 1970s proposals to close other lines were met with vociferous public opposition and were shelved.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Critical analysis==

=== Disposals of land and structures ===
{{more citations needed section|date=August 2016}}
[[File:Standlynch - The Beeching Belle - geograph.org.uk - 938812.jpg|thumb|A demolition train during the dismantling of the [[Salisbury and Dorset Junction Railway|Salisbury and Dorset Line]] in 1965]]
[[File:Wednesbury Town railway station 2003.jpg|thumb|Both [[Wednesbury Town railway station]] and the [[South Staffordshire Railway]] were closed, and were still in ruins in 2003.]]

Beeching's reports made no recommendations about the handling of land after closures. British Rail operated a policy of disposing of land that was surplus to requirements. Many bridges, cuttings and embankments have been removed and the land sold for development. Closed station buildings on remaining lines have often been demolished or sold for housing or other purposes. Increasing pressure on land use meant that protection of closed trackbeds, as in other countries, such as the US [[Rail Bank]] scheme, which holds former railway land for possible future use, was not seen to be practical.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/route/ |title=Route Selection – East West Rail<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728034956/http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/route/ |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many redundant structures from closed lines remain, such as bridges over other lines and drainage culverts. They often require maintenance as part of the rail infrastructure while providing no benefit. Critics of Beeching argue that the lack of recommendations on the handling of closed railway property demonstrates that the report was short-sighted. On the other hand, retaining a railway on these routes, which would obviously have increased maintenance costs, might not have earned enough to justify that greater cost. As demand for rail has grown since the 1990s, the failure to preserve the routes of closed lines, such as the one between Bedford and Cambridge, which was closed despite Beeching recommending its retention, has been criticised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/route/ |title=Route Selection – East West Rail<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728034956/http://www.eastwestrail.org.uk/route/ |archive-date=28 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Acceptance of rail subsidies===
By 1968, the railways were still losing money and Beeching's approach appeared to many to have failed. It has been suggested that by closing almost a third of the network Beeching achieved a saving of just £30 million, whilst overall losses were running in excess of £100 million per year.{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} However, the precise savings from closures are impossible to calculate.{{sfn|Gourvish|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} The Ministry of Transport subsequently estimated that rail operating costs had been cut by over £100 million in the wake of the Beeching Report but that much of this had been swallowed up by increased wages. Some of the branches closed acted as feeders to the main lines, and that feeder traffic was lost when the branches closed; the financial significance of this is debatable, for over 90% of the railways' 1960 traffic was carried on lines which remained open ten years later.{{sfn|Loft|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}

Whatever the figures, towards the end of the 1960s it became increasingly clear that rail closures were not bringing the rail system out of deficit and were unlikely ever to do so.{{sfn|White|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} Transport minister [[Barbara Castle]] decided that some rail services, which could not pay their way but had a valuable social role, should be subsidised. Legislation allowing this was introduced in the [[Transport Act 1968]]. Section 39 made provision for a subsidy to be paid by the Treasury for a three-year period. This was later repealed in the Railways Act 1974. Whether these subsidies affected the size of the network is questionable: the criteria for reprieving loss-making lines had not altered, merely the way their costs appeared in the railways accounts—previously their contribution to the railways' overall loss was hidden in the total deficit.{{sfn|Loft|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}

===Replacement buses and proposed alternatives===
The "[[bustitution]]" policy that replaced rail services with buses also failed. In many cases the replacement bus services were slower and less convenient than the trains they were meant to replace, and so were unpopular.{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} Replacement bus services were often run between the (now disused) station sites (some of which were some distance from the population centres they served), thus losing any potential advantage over the closed rail service. Most replacement bus services lasted less than two years before they were removed due to a lack of patronage,<ref name=serpell/> leaving large parts of the country with no public transport.

The assumption at the time{{citation needed|date=May 2010}} was that car owners would drive to the nearest railhead (which was usually the junction where the closed branch line would otherwise have taken them) and continue their journey onwards by train. In practice, having left home in their cars, people used them for the whole journey. Similarly for freight: without branch lines, the railways' ability to transport goods "door to door" was dramatically reduced. As in the passenger model, it was assumed that lorries would pick up goods and transport them to the nearest railhead, where they would be taken across the country by train, unloaded onto another lorry and taken to their destination. The development of the [[motorway]] network, the advent of [[containerisation]], improvements in lorries and the economic costs of having two [[Break bulk cargo|break-bulk points]] combined to make long-distance road transport a more viable alternative.

Many of the closed lines had run at only a small deficit. Some lines such as the [[Sunderland station|Sunderland]]-to-West Hartlepool line cost only £291 per mile to operate.{{sfn|White|1986|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} Closures of such small-scale loss-making lines made little difference to the overall deficit.

Possible changes to [[light railway]]-type operations were attacked by Beeching, who rejected all proposals for cost savings that would not make a route profitable: "Similarly, consideration of the cost figures will show that thinning out the trains, or thinning out the stations, would not make a service self-supporting even if it had no adverse effect on revenue".{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=18}} There is little in the Beeching report recommending general economies (in administration costs, working practices and so on). For example, a number of the stations that were closed were fully staffed 18 hours a day, on lines controlled by multiple [[Victorian era]] signalboxes (again fully staffed, often throughout the day). Operating costs could have been reduced by reducing staff and removing redundant services on these lines while keeping the stations open. This has since been successfully achieved by British Rail and its successors on lesser-used lines that survived the cuts, such as the [[East Suffolk Line]] from Ipswich to Lowestoft, which survives as a "basic railway".{{sfn|Henshaw|1994|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}

The [[Marshlink line]] between {{rws|Ashford International}} and {{rws|Hastings}}, threatened with closure in the Beeching Report, is now seen as important due to the opening of the Channel Tunnel and [[High Speed 1]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kent-business/county-news/new-seaside-service-in-five-15153/ |title=High speed service to run between Ashford and Hastings from London after Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin attends rail summit |work=Kent Business |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=8 March 2015}}</ref> Traffic on the single-track [[Golden Valley Line]] between Kemble and [[Swindon railway station|Swindon]] and the [[Cotswold Line]] between Oxford and Worcester has increased significantly, and double track has now been reinstated on the Golden Valley Line, partly to facilitate a diversionary route during electrification and other works on the Severn tunnel line.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

===The people and the politics===
The Conservatives increased their Commons majority in the [[1959 United Kingdom general election|general election of 8 October 1959]], their first with [[Harold Macmillan]] as Prime Minister. [[Ernest Marples]], previously [[Postmaster General of the United Kingdom|Postmaster General]], was made Transport Minister two weeks later in a cabinet reshuffle; Macmillan noted that the Northern working-class boy who had won a [[scholarship]] to a [[grammar school]] was one of only two "self-made men" in his cabinet.{{sfn|Merriman|2007|p=153}}

Marples had a background with a successful road construction company. When opening the [[M1 motorway]], he said: "This motorway starts a new era in road travel. It is in keeping with the bold scientific age in which we live. It is a powerful weapon to add to our transport system." His association with the high-profile construction company [[Marples Ridgway]] became a matter of concern to both the public and politicians. As is customary, he resigned as a director of the company in 1951 on becoming a junior minister, but he only disposed of his shares in the company in 1960 after the company won a contract to build the [[Hammersmith Flyover]], when questions were asked both in the media and also in the Commons on 28 January 1960;<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jan/28/ministers-of-the-crown-private-interests#column_373 |chapter=Ministers of the Crown (Private Interests) |title=Hansard |publisher=House of Commons |date=28 January 1960 |at=Vol. 616 c. 372 |quote=Mr R. Mellish: ... Is [Mr. R. A. Butler] aware that there has been a Press report, which I am unable to confirm or deny, that the Minister of Transport was in fact the senior partner of a firm of contractors which has obtained a contract worth £250,000 and that we understand, according to this Press report, that the right hon. Gentleman is now trying to dispose of the shares he has. In a case of this kind, does not the right hon. Gentleman think it most improper, at any rate, that any Minister of the Crown should be associated with any company with which such a contract is placed?}}</ref> he made a statement to the House later that day confirming that the sale of shares was in hand and would be completed "very soon", noting that as part of the agreement he could be required to buy the shares from the purchaser at the original price after he ceased to hold office, if so desired by the purchaser.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/jan/28/personal-statement#column_381 |chapter=Personal Statement |title=Hansard |publisher=House of Commons |date=28 January 1960 |at=Vol. 616 cc. 380–381 |quote=The Minister of Transport (Mr. Ernest Marples): ... When I became Minister of Transport, last October, I realised that there was a risk of a conflict of interest appearing to arise in consequence of my holding a controlling interest in the company. I immediately took steps to effect a sale of my shares. It has taken some time to arrange this as the company is a private one engaged in long-term contracts in civil engineering, but I hope that it will be completed very soon. Then I shall have no financial interest in the company. But I think that I should tell the House that the prospective purchasers have required me to undertake to buy the shares back from them at the price they are to pay if they ask me to do so after I have ceased to hold office. I myself have no option to buy the shares back. I have not, of course, had anything whatsoever to do with any tenders put in by the company while I have been a member of the Government.}}</ref> While it was reported that he sold the shares to his wife, she denied in a newspaper interview, that any transaction had taken place. It was reported that he had transferred his shares into an Overseas Trust.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In July 1964, Marples Ridgway and Partners Limited<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1964/nov/11/marples-ridgway-partners-limited |chapter=Marples, Ridgway & Partners Limited |title=Hansard |publisher=House of Commons |date=11 November 1964 |at=Vol 701 c. 64W}}</ref> were awarded a £4.1 million contract for the "Hendon Urban Motorway" extension of the M1,<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1967/apr/21/m1 |chapter=M1 |title=Hansard |publisher=House of Commons |date=21 April 1967 |at=Vol. 745 c. 173W}}</ref> in the same year that the company was taken over by the Bath and Portland Group.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1389135/Reginald-Ridgway.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1389135/Reginald-Ridgway.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Reginald Ridgway |work=The Telegraph |date=29 March 2002}}{{cbignore}}</ref> There was no evidence of any wrongdoing on anyone's part in this or any of the other contracts awarded to the company during his term of office, but it did lead to a sense of unease, not least within the railway sector.{{sfn|EcoLogics|2010|loc="A more critical interpretation is that after Macmillan named Marples as Minister of Transport, Britain’s transport policy swerved to the right, and became motivated by the kind of conflict of interest that Thompson notes can be loosely regarded as a form of corruption (9). Actually, in this case it may well have been a rather tight form of corruption. At the time that he was named minister, Marples owned 64,000 of the 80,000 shares of Marples Ridgeway, a civil engineering firm that specialised in building roads"}}

In April 1960, Sir [[Ivan Stedeford]] established an advisory group known as the Stedeford Committee at the request of Harold Macmillan to report on the state of the British Transport Commission and to make recommendations.<ref name=advisory>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1960/apr/06/british-transport-commission-advisory |chapter=British Transport Commission (Advisory Group) |title=Hansard |publisher=House of Commons |date=6 April 1960 |at=Vol. 621 cc. 393–394 |quote=In accordance with the statement which my right hon. Friend the Prime Minister made on 10th March, I have now appointed the body which will advise me and the British Transport Commission. It will be composed as follows: Chairman: Sir Ivan Stedeford, K.B.E., Chairman and Managing Director, Tube Investments Ltd. Members: Mr. C. F. Kearton, O.B.E., Joint Managing Director, Courtaulds, Dr. R. Beeching, A.R.C.S., B.Sc, Ph.D., Technical Director of I.C.I., Mr. H. A. Benson, C.B.E., F.C.A., partner in Cooper Bros., chartered accountants. The Treasury and the Ministry of Transport will also be represented. The task of the advisory body will be to examine the structure, finance and working of the organisations at present controlled by the Commission and to advise the Minister of Transport and the British Transport Commission, as a matter of urgency, how effect can best be given to the Government's intentions as indicated in the Prime Minister's statement.}}</ref> Sir [[Frank Ewart Smith|Ewart Smith]], a retired former Chief Engineer at [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI), was asked by Ernest Marples to become a member of an advisory group; Smith declined but recommended Richard Beeching in his place, a suggestion that Marples accepted.{{sfn|Hardy|1989|pp=44–48}} Beeching, who held a [[PhD]] in physics, had been appointed to the main board of ICI at the age of 43. The board consisted of senior figures in British businesses, and none of the board had previous knowledge or experience of the railway industry.<ref name=advisory/> Stedeford and Beeching clashed on a number of issues,{{sfn|Dudley|Richardson|2000|pp=48–49}} but the future size of the railway system was not one of them. For all the suspicion it aroused, the committee had little to say on this and the government was already convinced of the need to reduce the size of the rail network.{{sfn|Loft|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} In spite of questions being asked in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], Sir Ivan's report was not published at the time. In December 1960 questions were asked in the Lords about this "secret" and "under-the-counter" study group, criticising the continued withholding of the report and its recommendations.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1960/dec/07/problems-of-transportation |chapter=Problems of Transportation |title=Hansard |publisher=House of Lords |date=7 December 1960 |at=Vol. 227 cc. 74–78 |quote=Lord Morrison of Lambeth: ... There has been appointed a highly secret, "under-the-counter" study group of the railways, the Stedeford Advisory Group. Now do not let it be thought that I have any prejudice against Sir Ivan Stedeford. I have a great respect for him: I think he is a very able business man. Indeed, I exercised some influence in getting him appointed as a Governor of the British Broadcasting Corporation, where he did good work. I have no prejudice; but I do not like the way the Government have handled it. They have never published the terms of reference, and I cannot believe that there are not any. They are refusing to publish the Report. In fact, they do not wholly admit that there is a Report; but there are recommendations, and they have not been published...}}</ref> It was later suggested that Stedeford had recommended that the government should set up another body "to consider the size and pattern of the railway system required to meet current and foreseeable needs, in the light of developments and trends in other forms of transport ... and other relevant considerations".{{sfn|EcoLogics|2010|loc="First, Marples decided to 'disappear' the Stedeford report—or at any rate, any recommendations he put forward (there appears to be some debate as to whether an actual report was produced). As noted by Henshaw, 'The findings of the Stedeford Committee remained such a well kept secret that even Barbara Castle was unable to see them on becoming Minister of Transport in 1966' (22). In fact, we now know that Stedeford actually proposed that the government should set up another body whose task it would be '... to consider the size and pattern of the railway system required to meet current and foreseeable needs, in the light of developments and trends in other forms of transport ... and other relevant considerations'"}}

Marples then appointed Beeching as Chairman of the British Transport Commission in March 1961.<ref name="Chairman" /> He would receive the same yearly salary that he was earning at ICI, the controversial sum of £24,000 (£{{Inflation|UK|024|1961}},000 in {{Inflation-year|UK}} terms), £10,000 more than Sir [[Brian Robertson, 1st Baron Robertson of Oakridge|Brian Robertson]], the previous chairman of the BTC, £14,000 more than Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and two-and-a-half times higher than the salary of any head of a nationalised industry at the time. At that time the government was seeking outside talent to sort out the huge problems of the railway network, and he was confident that he could make the railways pay for themselves, but his salary, at 35 times that of many railway workers, has been described as a "political disaster".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/rear-window-fat-cats-the-man-who-was-paid-pounds-24000-a-year-1593954.html |title=The man who was paid £24,000 a year |work=The Independent |quote="Is ''this'' man—or any man—worth £450 a week?" the Daily Sketch demanded to know. The Daily Express asked: "Is ''this'' the way to run a country?". The Daily Mail reassuringly observed "Dr Beeching rides the storm", while the Mirror calmly stuck to the facts. These were that Dr Richard Beeching, technical director of ICI, had been appointed head of the British Railways Board at a salary of £24,000 per annum ... Whatever the logic, politically it was a disaster. |first=M. |last=Celmins |date=30 July 1995}}</ref>

The [[Transport Act 1962]] dissolved the [[British Transport Commission]] (BTC), which had overseen the railways, canals and road freight transport and established the [[British Railways Board]], which took over on 1 January 1963, with Dr Beeching as its first chairman. The Act put in place measures that simplified the process of closing railways by removing the need for the pros and cons of each case to be heard in detail. It was described as the "most momentous piece of legislation in the field of railway law to have been enacted since the [[Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854]]".{{sfn|Kahn-Freund|1963|p=174}}

The [[1964 United Kingdom general election|general election in October 1964]] returned [[Labour Government 1964–1970|a Labour government]] under Prime Minister [[Harold Wilson]] after 13 years of Conservative government. During the election campaign Labour had promised to halt rail closures if elected, but it quickly backtracked, and later oversaw some of the most controversial closures. Tom Fraser was appointed Minister of Transport, but was replaced by Barbara Castle in December 1965. Castle published a map in 1967,<ref>[http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_NetworkForDevelopment1967.pdf 1967 Network for Development report and map]</ref> ''[[Network for Development]]'', showing the railway system "stabilised" at around 11,000 route miles (17,700&nbsp;km).{{sfn|Loft|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}}

Section 39 of the [[Transport Act 1968]] made provision for grants to be paid in relation to loss-making lines and services,<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Section 39: Grants for unremunerative passenger services |title=Transport Act 1968 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |place=London |pages=58–60 (in work pp. 66–68) |chapter-url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/73/pdfs/ukpga_19680073_en.pdf#page=66 |id=1968 c. 73 |quote=If, in the case of any place or places to and from which railway passenger services are for the time being provided by the Railways Board, the Minister is satisfied (a) that those services are unremunerative; and (b) that it is desirable for social or economic reasons that railway passenger services to and from the place or places in question should for the time being continue to be provided either in the same or in some different form or manner; and (c) that because of the unremunerative nature of the services which the Minister is satisfied are desirable for those reasons (hereafter in this section referred to as "the required services") the Board cannot reasonably be expected to provide them without assistance under this section, then, subject to the provisions of this section, the Minister may from time to time with the consent of the Treasury undertake to make grants to the Board in respect of the provision of the required services for such period not exceeding three years at a time as the Minister may think fit.}}</ref> but many of the services and railway lines that would have qualified had already been closed. A number of branch lines and local services were saved by this legislation.<ref>{{cite magazine |title= |magazine=The Railway Magazine |date=January 1969 |volume= |issue= |page=}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2023}}

After 1970, when the Conservatives were [[1970 United Kingdom general election|returned to power]], serious thought was given to a further programme of closures, but this proved politically impossible.{{sfn|Loft|2013|p=}}{{page needed|date=June 2023}} In 1982, under the government of [[Margaret Thatcher]], Sir [[David Serpell]], a civil servant who had worked with Beeching, compiled the [[Serpell Report]] which said that a profitable railway could be achieved only by closing much of what remained.<ref name=serpell>{{cite web |author=Garry Keenor |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docSummary.php?docID=29 |title=Railway Finances – Report of a Committee chaired by Sir David Serpell KCB CMG OBE |publisher=The Railways Archive |access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> The report's infamous "Option A" proposed greatly increasing fares and reducing the rail network to a mere {{convert|1630|miles}}, leaving only {{convert|22|miles}} of railway in Wales (a section of the [[South Wales Main Line]] from the [[Severn Tunnel]] to {{rws|Cardiff Central}}) and none in Somerset, Devon or Cornwall. The [[Midland Main Line]] was planned to close, leaving Leicester and Derby without a rail link, while the East Coast Main Line, part of the key London/Edinburgh link, was intended to be cut north of Newcastle. The report was published on 20 January 1983 and received an immediate backlash from the media. It was quietly shelved in the run up to the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983 election]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://railuk.com/rail-news/the-fall-and-rise-of-britains-railways-part-5/|title=The fall and rise of Britain's railways: Part 5|magazine=Rail UK|date=2 October 2013|access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=The 'bad news' report that helped build today's railway|url=https://www.railnews.co.uk/news/2008/09/01-serpell-report-feature.html|magazine=Rail News|date=1 September 2008|access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Ian Hislop]] comments that history has been somewhat unkind to "Britain's most hated civil servant", by forgetting that Beeching proposed a much better bus service that ministers never delivered, and that in some ways he was used to do their "dirty work for them". Hislop describes him as "a technocrat [who] wasn't open to argument to romantic notions of rural England or the warp and weft of the train in our national identity. He didn't buy any of that. He went for a straightforward profit and loss approach and some claim we are still reeling from that today".<ref name=Hated>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7644630.stm |title=Britain's most hated civil servant |work=BBC News |date=1 October 2008}}</ref> Beeching was unrepentant about his role in the closures: "I suppose I'll always be looked upon as the axe man, but it was surgery, not mad chopping".{{sfn|Davies|1982|p=11}}

On 7 June 2019, former Minister for Transport [[Andrew Adonis]] delivered a speech on "Reversing Beeching".<ref>{{cite web |title=Andrew Adonis – 2019 Speech to the IPPR on Reversing Beeching |url=http://www.ukpol.co.uk/andrew-adonis-2019-speech-to-the-ippr-on-reversing-beeching/ |website=UKPOL |date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

== Reopenings ==
{{Main|History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date}}
[[File:Rail modal share.png|thumb|Rail modal share 1952–2015<ref name="tsgb0101">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/482670/tsgb0101.xls |title=Table TSGB0101: Passenger transport by mode, annual from 1952 |publisher=Department for Transport |format=ODS |date=15 December 2022 |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>]]
[[File:GBR rail passengers by year 1830-2023.png|thumb|Rail passengers in Great Britain 1829–2021]]

Since the Beeching cuts, road traffic levels have grown significantly. As well, since [[Privatisation of British Rail|privatisation]] in the mid-1990s, there have been record levels of passengers on the railways owing to a preference to living in smaller towns and rural areas, and in turn commuting longer distances{{sfn|DfT|2007|p=70}} (although [[Impact of the privatisation of British Rail|the cause of this is disputed]]). A few of the railway closures have been reversed. However, despite the considerable increase in railway journeys since the mid-1990s, rail transport's share of the total passenger transport market remains below that of the early 1960s, with road overwhelmingly the dominant mode: rail's market share was 13% in 1961, 6% in 1991 and 2001, and 10% in 2014.<ref name="tsgb0101" />

Some [[List of Beeching Cuts service reopenings|closed stations have reopened]], and passenger services have been restored on a few lines where they had been removed.

===Heritage railways===
{{further|List of British heritage and private railways}}
Some lines closed under the Beeching cuts have reopened as private heritage railways. Some examples are [[East Lancs Railway]], [[Great Central Railway (heritage railway)]], [[Mid Hants Railway]], [[North Yorkshire Moors Railway]], [[North Norfolk Railway]] and [[West Somerset Railway]].

==In popular culture==
[[Flanders and Swann]], writers and performers of satirical songs, wrote a lament for lines closed by the Beeching cuts entitled "[[Slow Train (Flanders and Swann song)|Slow Train]]" (1963). Michael Williams' book ''On the slow train'' takes its name from the Flanders and Swann song. It celebrates 12 of the most beautiful and historic journeys in Britain, some of which were saved from the Beeching cuts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/michael-williams-so-much-pain-in-our-love-of-the-train-1934744.html |title=Michael Williams: So much pain in our love of the train |newspaper=The Independent |date=3 April 2010 |access-date=14 February 2011}}</ref> It perpetuated the myth that the Beeching cuts were concerned solely with sleepy rural branch lines, but they actually also concerned well-used "industrial" and commuter lines.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The [[BBC]] TV comedy series ''[[Oh, Doctor Beeching!]]'', broadcast from 1995 to 1997, was set at a small fictional branch-line railway station threatened with closure under the Beeching cuts.

In the satirical magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', the "Signal Failures" column on railway issues is written under the pseudonym "Dr. B. Ching".

The lyrics of the [[I Like Trains]] song "The Beeching Report" criticise Dr Beeching and the Beeching cuts.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Closures by year==
[[File:Rugby Central station remains2.jpg|thumb|The remains of [[Rugby Central railway station|Rugby Central Station]] on the former [[Great Central Railway]]]]
[[File:Abandoned Railway Cutting in Otley.jpg|thumb|An abandoned stone bridge spans the route of the [[Otley and Ilkley Joint Railway]] through [[Otley]], which was closed in 1965.]]

The list below shows over {{convert|7000|mi}} of closures:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Total length closed
|-
| 1950 || {{convert|150|mi}}
|-
| 1951 || {{convert|275|mi}}
|-
| 1952 || {{convert|300|mi}}
|-
| 1953 || {{convert|275|mi}}
|-
| 1954 to 1957 || {{convert|500|mi}}
|-
| 1958 || {{convert|150|mi}}
|-
| 1959 || {{convert|350|mi}}
|-
| 1960 || {{convert|175|mi}}
|-
| 1961 || {{convert|150|mi}}
|-
| 1962 || {{convert|780|mi}}
|-
| colspan=2| '''Beeching report published'''
|-
| 1963 || {{convert|324|mi}}
|-
| 1964 || {{convert|1058|mi}}
|-
| 1965 || {{convert|600|mi}}
|-
| 1966 || {{convert|750|mi}}
|-
| 1967 || {{convert|300|mi}}
|-
| 1968 || {{convert|400|mi}}
|-
| 1969 || {{convert|250|mi}}
|-
| 1970 || {{convert|275|mi}}
|-
| 1971 || {{convert|23|mi}}
|-
| 1972 || {{convert|50|mi}}
|-
| 1973 || {{convert|35|mi}}
|}

After this period, "residual" Beeching closures took place: [[Bridport Railway|Bridport to Maiden Newton]] in 1975,{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=107}} [[Alston line|Alston to Haltwhistle]] in 1976,{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=129|loc=Section 6 – Passenger Services under Consideration for Withdrawal before the Formulation of the Report}} and Woodside to Selsdon in 1983.{{sfn|Beeching|1963a|p=130}}

== See also ==
* [[List of closed railway stations in Britain]]
* [[List of closed railway lines in the United Kingdom]]
* [[List of heritage railway stations in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Specified local lines]], similar legislation undertaken in Japan

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Reshaping of British Railways |volume=1 (Report) |last=Beeching |first=R. |date=1963a |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_Beech001a.pdf}}
*{{cite book |title=The Reshaping of British Railways |volume=2 (Maps) |last=Beeching |first=R. |date=1963b |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |place=London |url=https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_Beech001b.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1963.tb00706.x |doi-access=free |title=Transport Act, 1962 |journal=Modern Law Review |date=March 1963 |first=O. |last=Kahn-Freund |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=174–184 |jstor=1093306}}
*{{cite book |title=The Development Of The Major Railway Trunk Routes |last=Beeching |first=R. |date=1965 |publisher=British Railways Board |place=London |url=https://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BRB_Beech002.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last=Allen |first=G. F. |title=British Rail after Beeching |date=1966 |publisher=Ian Allan |place=London |oclc=9588701 |ol= |url=https://archive.org/details/britishrailwaysa0000gfre/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Joy |first=S. |title=The Train That Ran Away: A Business History of British Railways 1948–1968 |date=1973 |publisher=Ian Allan |place=London |isbn=978-0-7110-0428-3 |oclc=798136 |ol=5475331M |url=https://archive.org/details/trainthatranaway0000joys/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Daniels |first1=G. |last2=Dench |first2=L. A. |title=Passengers No More |date=1973 |edition=2nd |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |isbn=978-0-7110-0438-2 |oclc=2554248}}
*{{cite book |last=Davies |first=H. |title=A Walk Along the Tracks |date=1982 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |place=London |isbn=978-0-297-78042-7 |oclc=9153859 |ol=3083752M |url=https://archive.org/details/walkalongtracks0000davi_m5z5/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Gourvish |first=T. R. |title=British Rail 1948–1973: A Business History |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26480-8 |oclc=13497977 |ol=2716555M |url=https://archive.org/details/britishrailways10000gour/page/n7/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=White |first=H. P. |title=Forgotten Railways |date=1986 |publisher=David St John Thomas |place=Newton Abbot |isbn=978-0-946537-13-6 |oclc=16277028 |ol=2327878M |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenrailway0000whit/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Hardy |first=R. H. N. |title=Beeching: Champion of the Railway? |date=1989 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=London |isbn=978-0-7110-1855-6 |oclc=20417982 |hdl=2027/uva.x001649812}}
*{{cite book |last=Henshaw |first=D. |title=The Great Railway Conspiracy |edition=2nd |date=1994 |publisher=Leading Edge Press and Publishing  |place=Hawes |isbn=978-0-948135-48-4 |oclc=34588034 |ol=932338M |url=https://archive.org/details/greatrailwaycons0000hens_z1z7/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last1=Dudley |first1=G. |last2=Richardson |first2=J. J. |title=Why Does Policy Change: Lessons from British Transport Policy 1945–1999 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |place=London |isbn=978-0-415-16918-9 |oclc=44914294 |doi=10.4324/9780203645871}}
*{{cite book |author=Department for Transport |title=Delivering a Sustainable Railway |date=2007 |publisher=The Stationery Office |place=Norwich |isbn=978-0-10-171762-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/deliveringsustai0000grea/mode/2up |url-access=registration |ref={{harvid|DfT|2007}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Merriman |first1=P. |title=Driving Spaces: A Cultural-Historical Geography of England's M1 Motorway |date=2007 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |place=Malden |isbn=978-1-4443-5547-5 |oclc=86172956 |ol=17855975M |url=https://archive.org/details/drivingspacescul0000merr/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |last=Wolmar |first=C. |title=On the Wrong Line |date=2005 |publisher=Aurum |place=London |isbn=978-1-85410-998-9 |oclc=56643155}}
*{{cite web |title=Financial Scandal, Corruption and Censorship: Part 3 |author=EcoLogics |date=2010 |url=http://ecologics.wordpress.com/2010/02/17/financial-scandal-corruption-and-censorship-part-3/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916055454/http://ecologics.wordpress.com/2010/02/17/financial-scandal-corruption-and-censorship-part-3/ |archive-date=16 September 2013}}
*{{cite book |last1=Faulkner |first1=R. |last2=Austin |first2=C. |title=Holding the line: How Britain's Railways were saved |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford Publishing Company |place=Shepperton |isbn=978-0-86093-647-3 |oclc=805015184}}
*{{cite book |last=Clough |first=D. |title=Dr Beeching's Remedy: A Cure for a Century of the Railway's Ills |date=2013 |publisher=Ian Allan |place=Hersham |isbn=978-0-7110-3542-3 |oclc=818450710}}
*{{cite book |last=Loft |first=C. |title=Last Trains: Dr Beeching and the Death of Rural England |date=2013 |publisher=Biteback Publishing |place=London |isbn=978-1-84954-500-6 |oclc=813392581}}
*{{cite book |last=Haywood |first=R. |title=Railways, Urban Development and Town Planning in Britain: 1948–2008 |date=2016 |orig-date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |place=London |isbn=978-1-317-07164-8 |oclc=948604876 |doi=10.4324/9781315603568}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Beeching rail closures}}
* [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1963/apr/29/railways Commons debate on the Beeching Report] 29 April 1963, discussing the problematic financial implications of Beeching to councils on the provision of more roads and to industry.
* [https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1963/may/02/the-beeching-report-on-british-railways A further Commons debate on Beeching Report], 2 May 1963
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6P82BLcnyA Colour film of one of the closed "branch" lines in operation]
* [http://www.timmonet.co.uk/html/body_beeching.htm Website about Beeching cuts in more detail]
* [http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/ Before and after photo collection of closed stations, with commentaries]

{{British Rail}}

[[Category:1963 in rail transport]]
[[Category:1963 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Beeching closures]]
[[Category:History of British Rail]]
[[Category:History of rail transport in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Transport policy in the United Kingdom]]