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{{Short description|Star in the constellation Orion}} {{other uses}} {{Starbox begin}} {{Starbox image | image = {{Location mark |image=Orion IAU.svg |float=center |alt= |label= |position=right |width=250 |mark=Red circle.svg |mark_width=12 |mark_link=Bellatrix |x=522|y=552 }} | caption = Location of γ Orionis (circled) }} {{Starbox observe | epoch = J2000 | constell = [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]] | pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛ|l|ə|t|r|ɪ|k|s}} {{IPAc-en|b|E|'|l|ei|t|r|I|k|s}}<ref name=Kunitzsch/> | ra = {{RA|05|25|07.86325}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | dec = {{DEC|+06|20|58.9318}}<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | appmag_v = 1.64<ref name=aj76_1058/> {{nowrap|(1.59 - 1.64<ref name=gcvs/>)}} }} {{Starbox character | class = B2III<ref name=walborn/> or B2V<ref name=levenhagen/> | b-v = −0.21<ref name=aj76_1058/> | u-b = −0.86<ref name=aj76_1058/> | variable = Suspected<ref name=gcvs/> }} {{Starbox astrometry | radial_v = +18.2<ref name=gcsrv/> | prop_mo_ra = −8.11<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | prop_mo_dec = −12.88<ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | parallax = 12.92 | p_error = 0.52 | parallax_footnote = <ref name=aaa474_2_653/> | absmag_v = −2.78<ref name=lamers/> }} {{Starbox detail | mass = {{val|8.6|0.3}}<ref name=tetzlaff/> | radius = 6.4<ref name=Cazorla2017/> | rotational_velocity = 52<ref name=Simon-Diaz_Herrero_2014/> | metal_fe = −0.07<ref name=challouf/> | luminosity = 7,410<ref name=Cazorla2017/> | gravity = 3.60<ref name=aaa515_A74/> | temperature = {{val|22339|602|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Wu2011/> | age_myr = {{val|25.2|2.7}}<ref name=tetzlaff/> }} {{Starbox catalog | names = {{odlist| name=Bellatrix | B=γ Orionis, Gamma Ori, γ Ori | name2=BenAnna<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kjopenstjerne.no/starregistry/IPC-4UV-9QY-QE5 |title=Starling Star Registry}}</ref> |name4=Amazon Star<ref name=allen1963/> | F=24 Ori | name3=Al Najīd<ref name=allen1963/> | HR=1790 | BD=+06°919 | HD=35468 | SAO=112740 | FK5=201 | HIP=25336 | NSV=1972 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/> }} {{Starbox reference | Simbad = Bellatrix }} {{Starbox end}} '''Bellatrix''' is the third-brightest [[star]] and a candidate [[binary star]] in the [[constellation]] of [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]], positioned 5° west of the red supergiant [[Betelgeuse]] (Alpha Orionis). It has the [[Bayer designation]] '''γ Orionis''', which is [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] to '''Gamma Orionis'''. With a slightly [[Variable star|variable]] magnitude of around 1.6, it is typically the [[list of brightest stars|25th-brightest star]] in the [[night sky]]. According to [[parallax]] measurements by the [[Hipparcos]] spacecraft, Bellatrix is located at a distance of 250{{±|10}} [[light-years]]. == Nomenclature == [[File:OrionCC.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bellatrix is a bright star in the constellation of Orion (top right).]] The traditional name ''Bellatrix'' is from the [[Latin (language)|Latin]] ''bellātrix'' "female warrior". It first appeared in the works of [[Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi]] and [[John of Seville|Johannes Hispalensis]], where it originally referred to [[Capella]], but was transferred to Gamma Orionis by the Vienna school of astronomers in the 15th century, and appeared in contemporary reprints of the ''[[Alfonsine tables]]''.<ref name=Kunitzsch86/> In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[IAU Working Group on Star Names|Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN"/> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1"/> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included ''Bellatrix'' for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN"/> The designation of Bellatrix as γ Orionis ([[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] to Gamma Orionis) was made by [[Johann Bayer]] in 1603. The "gamma" designation is commonly given to the third-brightest star in each constellation. ==Standard star== Bellatrix has been used as both a photometric and spectral standard star, but both characteristics have been shown to be unreliable. In 1963, Bellatrix was included with a set of bright stars used to define the [[UBV photometric system|UBV magnitude system]]. These are used for comparison with other stars to check for variability, and so by definition, the [[apparent magnitude]] of Bellatrix was set to 1.64.<ref name=johnson/> However, when an all-sky [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometry]] survey was carried out in 1988, this star was suspected to be variable. It was measured ranging in apparent magnitude from 1.59 to 1.64,<ref name=ibvs4028_1/> and appears to be a low amplitude, possibly irregular variable.<ref name=Krisciunas1994/> ==Physical properties== [[File:1e9m comparison Gamma Orionis, Algol B, the Sun, and smaller - antialiased no transparency.png|thumb|left|From left to right, the stars Bellatrix, the Sun, and [[Algol|Algol B]]]] The spectral types for O and early B stars were defined more rigorously in 1971 and Bellatrix was used as a standard for the B2 III type.<ref name=walborn/> The expected brightness of Bellatrix from this spectral type is about one magnitude brighter than calculated from its apparent magnitude and Hipparcos distance.<ref name=schroder/> Analysis of the observed characteristics of the star indicate that it should be a B2 [[main sequence]] star, not the giant that it appears from its spectral type.<ref name=levenhagen/> Close analysis of high resolution spectra suggest that it is a spectroscopic binary composed of two similar stars less luminous than a B2 giant.<ref name=nieva/> Bellatrix is a massive star with about 8.6 times the mass<ref name=tetzlaff/> and 6.4 times the radius of the Sun.<ref name=Cazorla2017/> As a massive star, this star will [[stellar evolution|evolve faster]] than the Sun, currently it has an estimated age of approximately 25 million years.<ref name=tetzlaff/> The [[hydrogen]] should be exhausted in seven million years, after that Bellatrix will expand and cool. It may end its life in a [[supernova]].<ref name="kaler" /> The [[effective temperature]] of the outer envelope of this star is {{val|22000|u=K|fmt=commas}},<ref name=aaa515_A74/> which is considerably hotter than the 5,772 K on the Sun. This high temperature gives this star the blue-white hue that occurs with [[B-type star]]s.<ref name=csiro/> It shows a [[projected rotational velocity]] of around 52 km/s.<ref name=Simon-Diaz_Herrero_2014/> ==Companions== Bellatrix was thought to belong to the [[Orion OB1 association]] of stars that share a common motion through space, along with the stars of [[Orion's Belt]]: [[Alnitak]] (Zeta Orionis), [[Alnilam]] (Epsilon Orionis), and [[Mintaka]] (Delta Orionis). However, this is no longer believed to be the case, as Bellatrix is now known to be much closer than the rest of the group.<ref name=kaler/> It is not known to have a stellar companion,<ref name=mnras389_2_869/> although researchers Maria-Fernanda Nieva and Norbert Przybilla raised the possibility it might be a spectroscopic binary.<ref name=nieva/> A 2011 search for nearby companions failed to conclusively find any objects that share a [[proper motion]] with Bellatrix. Three nearby candidates were all found to be background stars.<ref name=apj736_2_89/> Some researchers suspected that Bellatrix was a member of the [[32 Orionis|32 Orionis group]]. They proposed that the 32 Ori group should instead be termed the Bellatrix Cluster on the basis that the sky position and distance of Bellatrix are similar to those of the 32 Ori group.<ref name=Buoy_Alves_2015/> The [[proper motion]] of Bellatrix deviates significantly from the mean motion of the group, leaving its membership in question. However, it may be possible to reconcile membership if the divergent velocity is the result of an unseen companion. For example, a face-on orbit with a [[black hole]] companion orbiting {{val|100|ul=AU|p=~}} from the star with a period measured in centuries could account for the discrepancy.<ref name=Bell_et_al_2017/> ==Etymology and cultural significance== Bellatrix was also called the [[Amazons|Amazon Star]], which Richard Hinckley Allen proposed came from a loose translation of the Arabic name ''Al Najīd'', the Conqueror.<ref name=allen1963/> A c.1275 Arabic celestial globe records the name as المرزم "the lion".<ref name=bernhard1830/> Bellatrix is one of the four [[navigational stars]] in Orion that are used for [[celestial navigation]].<ref name=bennett2011/> In the 17th century catalogue of stars in the ''Calendarium'' of [[Al Achsasi al Mouakket]], this star was designated ''Menkib al Jauza al Aisr'', which was translated into [[Latin]] as ''Humerus Sinister Gigantis'' (The Left Shoulder of the Giant).<ref name=knobel1895/> The [[Wardaman people]] of northern Australia know Bellatrix as ''Banjan'', the sparkling pigment used in ceremonies conducted by Rigel the Red Kangaroo Leader in a songline when Orion is high in the sky. The other stars of Orion are his ceremonial tools and entourage. Betelgeuse is ''Ya-jungin'' "Owl Eyes Flicking", watching the ceremonies.<ref name=harney2003/> To the [[Inuit astronomy|Inuit]], the appearance of Betelgeuse and Bellatrix high in the southern sky after sunset marked the beginning of spring and lengthening days in late February and early March. The two stars were known as ''Akuttujuuk'' "those (two) placed far apart", referring to the distance between them, mainly to people from North Baffin Island and Melville Peninsula.<ref name=inuit/> ==See also== * [[List of brightest stars]] * [[List of nearest bright stars]] * [[Historical brightest stars]] ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=schroder>{{cite journal|bibcode=2004A&A...428..149S|arxiv=astro-ph/0408370|title=On the Hipparcos parallaxes of O stars|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=428|pages=149–157|last1=Schröder|first1=S. E.|last2=Kaper|first2=L.|last3=Lamers|first3=H. J. G. L. M.|last4=Brown|first4=A. G. A.|year=2004|issue=1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20047185|s2cid=55115943}}</ref> <ref name=Wu2011>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Wu | first1=Yue | last2=Singh | first2=H. P. | last3=Prugniel | first3=P. | last4=Gupta | first4=R. | last5=Koleva | first5=M. | title=Coudé-feed stellar spectral library - atmospheric parameters | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=525 | page=A71 |date=January 2011 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015014 | bibcode=2011A&A...525A..71W |arxiv = 1009.1491 | s2cid=53480665 }}</ref> <ref name=Cazorla2017>{{Cite journal |last=Cazorla |first=Constantin |last2=Nazé |first2=Yaël |date=2017-12-01 |title=B stars seen at high resolution by XMM-Newton |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=608 |pages=A54 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731562 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1712.02968 }}</ref> <ref name=levenhagen>{{cite journal|bibcode=2006MNRAS.371..252L|arxiv=astro-ph/0606149|title=Spectroscopic analysis of southern B and Be stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=371|pages=252–262|last1=Levenhagen|first1=R. S.|last2=Leister|first2=N. V.|issue=1|year=2006|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10655.x|doi-access=free |s2cid=16492030}}</ref> <ref name=walborn>{{cite journal|bibcode=1971ApJS...23..257W|title=Some Spectroscopic Characteristics of the OB Stars: An Investigation of the Space Distribution of Certain OB Stars and the Reference Frame of the Classification|journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement|volume=23|pages=257|last1=Walborn|first1=Nolan R. | author1-link=Nolan R. Walborn |year=1971|doi=10.1086/190239|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=aaa474_2_653>{{cite journal | first=F. | last=van Leeuwen |date=November 2007 | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv = 0708.1752 | s2cid=18759600 }}</ref> <ref name=aj76_1058>{{cite journal | last1=Crawford | first1=D. L. | last2=Barnes | first2=J. V. | last3=Golson | first3=J. 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L.|year=1963}}</ref> <!--<ref name="WGSN2018">{{cite web |last1=Division C: Working Group on Star Names |title=Triennial Report: 2016 - 2018 |url=https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/wg-starnames-triennial-report-2015-2018.pdf |access-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823174756/https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/wg-starnames-triennial-report-2015-2018.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> --> <ref name=Buoy_Alves_2015>{{Cite journal | title=Cosmography of OB stars in the solar neighbourhood | last1=Bouy | first1=H. | last2=Alves | first2=J. | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=584 | pages=A26 | date=December 2015 | bibcode=2015A&A...584A..26B | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527058 | issn=0004-6361 | s2cid=123265789 | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Bell_et_al_2017>{{cite journal | title=A stellar census of the nearby, young 32 Orionis group | display-authors=1 | last1=Bell | first1=Cameron P. 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A comprehensive study of nearby early B-type stars and implications for stellar and Galactic evolution and interstellar dust models|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=539A|pages=143–63|arxiv=1203.5787|bibcode=2012A&A...539A.143N|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201118158|s2cid=119206639}}</ref> <ref name=bernhard1830>{{cite journal | last = Dorn | first = Bernhard | date = July 1830 | title = Description of the Celestial Globe belonging to Major-General Sir John Malcolm, G.C.B., K.L.S., &c. &c., deposited in the Museum of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | journal = Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 371–392 | doi = 10.1017/S0950473700000513 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1807366 }}</ref> <ref name=knobel1895>{{cite journal | last=Knobel | first=E. B. | title=Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=55 | issue=8 | page=429 |date=June 1895 | bibcode=1895MNRAS..55..429K | doi=10.1093/mnras/55.8.429| doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=harney2003>{{cite book | last1 = Harney | first1 = Bill Yidumduma | last2 = Cairns | first2 = Hugh C. | title = [[Dark Sparklers]] | publisher = Hugh C. Cairns | location = Merimbula, New South Wales | pages=139–40 | date = 2004 | orig-year = 2003 | edition = Revised | isbn = 0-9750908-0-1}}</ref> <ref name=inuit>{{cite book |title = The Arctic sky: Inuit astronomy, star lore, and legend |url = https://archive.org/details/arcticskyinuitas0000macd/page/52 |url-access = registration |last = MacDonald |first = John |publisher =[[Royal Ontario Museum]]/Nunavut Research Institute |location = Toronto, Ontario/Iqaluit, NWT |date = 1998 |isbn = 9780888544278 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/arcticskyinuitas0000macd/page/52 52–54, 119] }}</ref> }} ==External links== {{wiktionary|bellatrix}} * [https://sl.voxastro.org/library/UVES-POP/details/?star=Bellatrix Spectrum of Bellatrix] * [[Navigational stars|Navigational Stars]] {{Stars of Orion}} {{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}} {{Sky|05|25|07.9|+|06|20|59|800}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bellatrix}} <!-- Properties --> [[Category:B-type giants]] [[Category:Suspected variables]] <!-- Other --> [[Category:Orion (constellation)]] [[Category:Bayer objects|Orionis, Gamma]] [[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|1790]] [[Category:Durchmusterung objects]] [[Category:Flamsteed objects|Orionis, 24]] [[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|035468]] [[Category:Hipparcos objects|025336]] [[Category:Stars with proper names]]
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