Editing Benjamin Graham

{{short description|American financial analyst, investor, and professor (1894–1976)}}
{{other people||Ben Graham (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox economist
| name             = Benjamin   Graham
| school_tradition =
| color            =
| image            = Benjamin Graham (1894-1976) portrait on 23 March 1950.jpg
| caption          = Graham reading an edition of ''[[Moody's Manual]]'', 1950
| birth_name=Benjamin Grossbaum
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1894|05|09}}
| birth_place      = London, England, UK
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1976|09|21|1894|05|08}}
| death_place      = [[Aix-en-Provence]], France
| nationality      = American
| institution      = [[Columbia Business School|Columbia University]]<br />[[University of California, Los Angeles]]
| influences       =
| contributions    = [[Security Analysis (book)|''Security Analysis'']] (1934)<br />''[[The Intelligent Investor]]'' (1949)<br />[[Benjamin Graham formula]]
| awards           =
| signature        = <!-- file name only -->
| repec_prefix =  | repec_id =
|education=[[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}

'''Benjamin Graham''' ({{IPAc-en|g|r|æ|m}}; [[Given name|né]] '''Grossbaum'''; May 9, 1894 – September 21, 1976)<ref name="NYTimes-obit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/23/archives/benjamin-graham-securities-expert-author-and-financier-dead-at-82.html |title=Benjamin Graham, Securities Expert |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |last=Cray |first=Douglas W. |date=September 23, 1976 |access-date=August 21, 2021 |archive-date=August 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821090934/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/23/archives/benjamin-graham-securities-expert-author-and-financier-dead-at-82.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Memoirs-p1">{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Benjamin |title=Benjamin Graham, the Memoirs of the Dean of Wall Street |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZqZAAAAIAAJ&q=1894 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |date=1996 |access-date=August 21, 2021 |page=1 |isbn=9780070242692 |quote=Remembered or not, I ''was'' born on May 9, 1894, at 87 Aberdeen Road in London, England, and my original name was Benjamin Grossbaum. |archive-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401183939/https://books.google.com/books?id=EZqZAAAAIAAJ&q=1894 |url-status=live }}</ref> was a British-born American [[financial analyst]], [[economist]], [[accountant]], [[investor]] and [[professor]]. He is widely known as the "father of [[value investing]]",<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/eight-lessons-from-benjamin-graham-2013-2|title=8 Brilliant Lessons From The Investor That Taught Warren Buffett Everything He Knows|newspaper=Business Insider|access-date=2017-02-21|language=en|archive-date=2017-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221110151/http://www.businessinsider.com/eight-lessons-from-benjamin-graham-2013-2|url-status=live}}</ref> and wrote two of the discipline's founding texts: [[Security Analysis (book)|''Security Analysis'']] (1934) with [[David Dodd]], and ''[[The Intelligent Investor]]'' (1949). His investment philosophy stressed independent thinking, emotional detachment, and careful [[security analysis]], emphasizing the importance of distinguishing the price of a stock from the value of its underlying business.

After graduating from [[Columbia University]] at age 20, Graham started his career on Wall Street, eventually founding Graham–Newman Corp., a successful [[mutual fund]]. He also taught investing for many years at [[Columbia Business School]], where one of his students was [[Warren Buffett]]. Graham later taught at the [[UCLA Anderson School of Management|Anderson School of Management]] at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].

Graham laid the groundwork for value investing at mutual funds, hedge funds, diversified holding companies, and other investment vehicles. He was the driving force behind the establishment of the profession of [[security analysis]] and the [[Chartered Financial Analyst]] designation.<ref>Jason Zweig and Rodney N. Sullivan, "Benjamin Graham: Building a Profession: Classic Writings of the Father of Security Analysis," 2010, pages 1-7, 9.</ref> He also advocated the creation of [[Index fund|index funds]] decades before they were introduced.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jasonzweig.com/another-note-on-benjamin-graham-and-index-funds/ | title=Another Note on Benjamin Graham and Index Funds | date=6 April 2015 | access-date=23 December 2023 | archive-date=23 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223162921/https://jasonzweig.com/another-note-on-benjamin-graham-and-index-funds/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout his career, Graham had many notable disciples who went on to earn substantial success as investors, including [[Irving Kahn]] and [[Warren Buffett]], who described Graham as the second most influential person in his life after his own father.<ref name="WarrenBuffetPreface">Warren Buffett, "Preface to the Fourth Edition", in Benjamin Graham, "The Intelligent Investor", 4 ed., 2003.</ref> Among other well-known investors influenced by Graham were [[Charles D. Ellis]], [[Mario Gabelli]], [[Seth Klarman]], [[Howard Marks (investor)|Howard Marks]], [[John Neff]] and Sir [[John Templeton]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Berryessa |first1=Norman |last2=Kirzner |first2=Eric |title=Global Investing: The Templeton Way |date=1988-12-22 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]] |page=125 |isbn=978-1556238734}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Graham was born Benjamin Grossbaum on May 9, 1894, in [[London|London, England]],<ref name="Memoirs-p1"/><ref>The Motley Fool. [http://www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/investing-strategy/2009/04/17/investment-greats-ben-graham.aspx Investment Greats: Ben Graham] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526222116/http://www.fool.co.uk/news/investing/investing-strategy/2009/04/17/investment-greats-ben-graham.aspx |date=2011-05-26 }}. April 17, 2009.</ref> to Jewish parents.<ref name=Memoirs> he wrote in his ''Memoirs'' that, "I must confess here that I feel little emotional loyalty to the Jewish people from whom I sprang." Graham, Benjamin; Chatman, Seymour Benjamin. ''Benjamin Graham: The Memoirs of the Dean of Wall Street'', pp. 63–64. McGraw-Hill, 1996. {{ISBN|0-07-024269-0}}</ref> On his mother's side, he was the great-grandson of Rabbi [[Yaakov Gesundheit]] and a cousin of neuroscientist [[Ralph Waldo Gerard]].<ref name=Carlen2012>Joe Carlen (2012) The Einstein of Money: The Life and Timeless Financial Wisdom of Benjamin Graham, Prometheus, {{ISBN|1616145579}}</ref> He moved with his family to [[New York City]] when he was one year old. The family changed his name from Grossbaum to Graham to assimilate into American society and avoid anti-Semitic and anti-German sentiments.<ref name=Carlen2012/>

After his death of his father, who owned a successful porcelain shop, and the [[Panic of 1907]], the family fell into poverty. That experience helped shape Graham's lifelong quest for investment values.<ref name=Carlen2012/> Graham excelled as a student, graduating as [[salutatorian]] of his class at Columbia, finishing his studies in three-and-a-half years after entering at age 16. Before the end of his senior year, the college offered him teaching positions in three different departments: mathematics, English, and philosophy.<ref name="Zweig note" /> Graham chose instead to help support his widowed mother by taking a job on [[Wall Street]], where he later ran private partnerships and, starting in 1936, the Graham-Newman fund.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Graham |first=Benjamin |title=The Intelligent Investor, Rev. Ed: The Definitive Book on Value Investing |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-06-055566-5 |location=New York |pages=xii |language=en}}</ref> Early on, Graham made a name for himself with "The Northern Pipeline Affair", an early case of [[shareholder activism]] involving [[John D. Rockefeller]].<ref>Bloomberg, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-17/how-benjamin-graham-revolutionized-shareholder-activism.html How Benjamin Graham Revolutionized Shareholder Activism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811155223/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-17/how-benjamin-graham-revolutionized-shareholder-activism.html |date=2013-08-11 }}. May 17th, 2013.</ref> Graham's research indicated Northern Pipeline Co. held vast cash and bond assets that he believed were not being put to good use and bought enough shares to force a [[proxy vote]] to distribute these assets to shareholders.

Later, Graham patented two innovative hand-held calculators, wrote a Broadway play called "Baby Pompadour," <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/12/28/118515942.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 | title=Baby Talk | work=The New York Times | access-date=2023-12-23 | archive-date=2024-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401183941/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/12/28/118515942.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0 | url-status=live }}</ref> and taught himself Spanish so he could translate a major Uruguayan novel, [[Mario Benedetti]]’s The Truce, into English. (By the end of his life, Graham knew at least seven languages.)<ref name="Zweig note">{{cite web |last1=Zweig |first1=Jason |title=A Note on Benjamin Graham |url=https://jasonzweig.com/a-note-on-benjamin-graham/ |website=JasonZweig.com |date=3 August 2004 |publisher=Jason Zweig |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223134158/https://jasonzweig.com/a-note-on-benjamin-graham/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Investment and academic career ==
His first book ''Security Analysis'', which he co-authored with [[David Dodd]], was published in 1934.<ref>New York Times, August 16, 1998
Gretchen Morgenson – Market Watch
MARKET WATCH; A Time To Value Words of Wisdom"
… ''Security Analysis'' by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd."</ref><ref>New York Times, January 2, 2000
Business Section
Humbling Lessons From Parties Past By BURTON G. MALKIEL
"BENJAMIN GRAHAM, co-author of "Security Analysis,"long ago put his finger on the most dangerous words in an investor's vocabulary: "This time is different."
Burton G. Malkiel is an economics professor at Princeton University and the author of "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" (W.W. Norton).</ref><ref>Amazon: Editorial Reviews
https://www.amazon.com/Security-Analysis-Benjamin-Graham/dp/1932378073 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103300/http://www.amazon.com/Security-Analysis-Benjamin-Graham/dp/1932378073 |date=2016-03-04 }}
"Security Analysis is the bible of fundamental analysis. Originally published in 1934, the tome systematically lays bare the science of security analysis."</ref><ref>About.com Investing for Beginners
[https://archive.today/20131101235524/http://beginnersinvest.about.com/cs/productreviews/gr/112702a.htm]
"Benjamin Graham's Security Analysis has been called the "Bible" of investing."</ref><ref>AbeBooks.com
http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/security-analysis/author/benjamin-graham/sortby/1/n/200000080/page-1/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104025942/http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/security-analysis/author/benjamin-graham/sortby/1/n/200000080/page-1/ |date=2013-11-04 }}
"Just as value investing never goes out of style, neither does the value investor's bible, 'Security Analysis,' by Benjamin Graham and David L. Dodd, which has withstood the test of time as well or better than any investment book ever published."</ref> In ''Security Analysis'', he proposed a clear definition of investment that was distinguished from what he deemed speculation. It read, "An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and a satisfactory return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative."<ref>Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, ''Security Analysis'', 1st ed., 1934, page 54.</ref>

[[Warren Buffett]] describes ''The Intelligent Investor'' (1949) as "the best book about investing ever written."<ref  name="WarrenBuffetPreface" /> Graham exhorted the stock market participant to first draw a fundamental distinction between [[investment]] and [[speculation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drexler |first=Kateri M. |title=Icons of Business: An Encyclopedia of Mavericks, Movers, and Shakers |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-313-33864-9 |location=Westport, CT |pages=62 |language=en}}</ref> 
[[File:Theintelligentinvestor.jpg|thumb|An early copy of Graham's ''Intelligent Investor'']]
Graham wrote that the owner of stocks should regard them first and foremost as conferring part ownership in a business. With that perspective in mind, the stock owner should be unconcerned with erratic fluctuations in stock prices, since in the short term the [[stock market]] behaves like a voting machine, but in the long term it acts like a weighing machine (i.e. its true value will be reflected in its stock price in the long run). 

Graham distinguished between defensive and enterprising investors. The defensive investor seeks to minimize the time and effort -- and, above all, the worry -- of investing. So the defensive investor seldom trades, renouncing the attempt to forecast market behavior and security prices, instead holding for the long term.  The enterprising investor, in contrast, is one who has more time, interest, and can devote the effort to original analysis seeking exceptional buys in the market.<ref>Benjamin Graham, ''The Intelligent Investor'', 4th ed., 2003, Chapter 4.</ref> Graham recommended that enterprising investors devote substantial time and effort to analyze the financial state of companies. When a company is available at a discount to its [[Intrinsic value (finance)|intrinsic value]], a "[[margin of safety (financial)|margin of safety]]" exists, which makes it suitable for investment.

Graham wrote that "investment is most intelligent when it is most businesslike." By that he meant that investing, like running a business, is a systematic effort to maximize the likelihood of earning a reasonable return and to minimize the probability of suffering a severe loss. Thinking for yourself is vital: "You are neither right nor wrong because the crowd disagrees with you," Graham wrote. "You are right because your data and reasoning are right."<ref>The Intelligent Investor p.&nbsp;524 (Revised Ed 2006)</ref>  

Graham's favorite metaphor is that of [[Mr. Market]], a fellow who turns up every day at the investor's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Usually, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but occasionally it is ridiculous. The investor is free either to agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or to ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price. The investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as determining the value of the shares that the investor owns. The investor should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. The investor is best off concentrating on how the underlying businesses perform, not on how Mr. Market behaves.<ref>Benjamin Graham, "The Intelligent Investor", 4 ed., 2003, Chapter 8.</ref>

Graham was critical of the corporations of his day for obfuscated and irregular [[financial reporting]] that made it difficult for investors to discern the true state of the business's finances. He was an advocate of [[dividend]] payments to shareholders rather than businesses hoarding all of their profits as [[retained earnings]]. He also criticized those who advised that some types of stocks were a good buy at any price, because of the prospect of potentially unlimited earnings growth, without a thorough analysis of the business's actual financial condition. These observations remain relevant today.<ref>The Economist, [https://www.economist.com/node/21557499 Benjamin Graham: Figuring it out] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001248/http://www.economist.com/node/21557499 |date=2018-02-05 }}. July 7th, 2012.</ref>

Graham's investment performance was approximately a ~20% annualized return over 1936 to 1956. The overall market performance for the same time period was 12.2% annually on average.<ref>Benjamin Graham, The Intelligent Investor, 4th ed., 2003, pages xii and 532.</ref> Even so, both Buffett and [[Berkshire Hathaway]] vice chairman [[Charlie Munger]] have said they consider Graham's methods necessary but not sufficient for success in contemporary investing, because Graham placed too little emphasis on the potential for future growth.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jasonzweig.com/a-fireside-chat-with-charlie-munger/ | title=A Fireside Chat with Charlie Munger | date=15 September 2014 | access-date=23 December 2023 | archive-date=23 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223170410/https://jasonzweig.com/a-fireside-chat-with-charlie-munger/ | url-status=live }}</ref> As Buffett told journalist [[Carol Loomis]] in 1988 for [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]], "Boy, if I had listened only to Ben [and not also to [[Charlie Munger]]], would I ever be a lot poorer."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://fortune.com/1988/04/11/warren-buffett-inside-story/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831010741/https://fortune.com/1988/04/11/warren-buffett-inside-story/ | archive-date=2023-08-31 | title=The Inside Story of Warren Buffett (Fortune, 1988) }}</ref>

Graham's largest gain was from [[GEICO]], in which the firm Graham-Newman purchased a 50% interest in 1948 for $712,500. To comply with a regulatory limitation, Graham-Newman was ordered by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] to distribute its GEICO stock to the fund's investors.  An investor who owned 100 shares of the Graham-Newman fund in 1948 (worth $11,413) and who held on to the GEICO distribution would have had $1.66 million by 1972.<ref>Benjamin Graham, The Intelligent Investor, 4th ed., 2003, annotations by Jason Zweig, pages 532-533.</ref> Graham-Newman Corp. closed in 1956 when Graham retired from active investing. GEICO was eventually acquired in whole by Berkshire Hathaway in 1996,<ref>{{cite web|title=74. Geico (Berkshire Hathaway)|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eihl45flg/74-geico-berkshire-hathaway/|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=August 8, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150827114308/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/eihl45flg/74-geico-berkshire-hathaway/|archive-date=August 27, 2015}}</ref> having previously been saved by Buffett and [[John J. Byrne]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://members.forbes.com/forbes/2000/0724/6603098a.html |title=See Jack Run |first=John |last=Gorham |work=Forbes |date=July 24, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629125337/https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2000/0724/6603098a.html |archive-date=June 29, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Graham married three times and had four children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: 'Einstein of Money' details life of Buffett's mentor |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/review-einstein-money-details-life-buffetts-mentor/story?id=17037538 |publisher=ABC News |date=August 19, 2012 |access-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226095743/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/review-einstein-money-details-life-buffetts-mentor/story?id=17037538 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On September 21, 1976, Graham died in [[Aix-en-Provence]], France, at the age of 82.<ref name="NYTimes-obit"/>

==Legacy==
His contributions spanned numerous fields, primarily fundamental value investing.

Graham is considered the "father of value investing."<ref name=":0" /> His two books, [[Security Analysis (book)|''Security Analysis'']] and ''[[The Intelligent Investor]],'' defined his investment philosophy,  especially what it means to be a value investor. His most famous student is [[Warren Buffett]], who is consistently ranked among the wealthiest persons in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett|title=Warren Buffett|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=5 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105085138/https://www.forbes.com/profile/warren-buffett/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Buffett, Graham used to say that he wished every day to do something foolish, something creative, and something generous.<ref>Buffett, Warren E.: "Benjamin Graham", ''Financial Analyst Journal'', November/December 1976.</ref> And Buffett noted, Graham excelled most at the last.<ref>''Financial Analysts Journal'', November/December 1976. (Reprinted on page x of the preface to revised Fourth Addition of The Intelligent Investor.)</ref>

While many value investors have been influenced by Graham, his most notable investing disciples include [[Charles Brandes]], [[William J. Ruane]], [[Irving Kahn]], and [[Walter J. Schloss]]. In addition, Graham's thoughts on investing have influenced hedge-fund managers [[Bill Ackman]], [[Seth Klarman]],  [[Whitney Tilson]], and [[Nancy Zimmerman]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/08/seth-klarman-video-conference-with-the-ben-graham-centre-for-value-investing-2009/|title=Seth Klarman - Video Conference with the Ben Graham Centre for Value Investing [2009]|date=2016-08-27|newspaper=ValueWalk|access-date=2017-02-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401183953/https://www.valuewalk.com/seth-klarman-video-conference-with-the-ben-graham-centre-for-value-investing-2009/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-12-books-that-bill-ackman-has-his-analysts-read-2012-7|title=These Are The 12 Books That Bill Ackman Has All His Analysts Read|newspaper=Business Insider|access-date=2017-02-21|language=en|archive-date=2017-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054357/http://www.businessinsider.com/these-are-the-12-books-that-bill-ackman-has-his-analysts-read-2012-7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>James K. Glassman (March 2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=awUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=%22whitney+tilson%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG4Kja8vqKAxWllokEHWsgEz84WhDoAXoECAwQAg#v=onepage&q=%22whitney%20tilson%22&f=false "My 10 stocks for 2006"], ''Kiplinger's Personal Finance''.</ref><ref>Mark Sellers (February 23 2007). [https://www.ft.com/content/0d999ff2-c371-11db-9047-000b5df10621 "Focus on the downside and the upside will take care of itself"], ''The Financial Times''.</ref> While some of Graham's investing concepts are now regarded as superseded or outdated, most are still recognized as important, and ''Security Analysis'' or ''The Intelligent Investor'' are required reading for new hires at many investment firms around the world.<ref name=Carlen2012/>

Graham also made contributions to [[Economics|economic theory]]. Most notably, he proposed a new basis for both U.S. and global currency as an alternative to the [[gold standard]].<ref>Bloomberg, [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-28/benjamin-graham-s-clever-idea-for-averting-currency-wars.html Benjamin Graham's Clever Idea for Averting Currency Wars] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511004025/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-28/benjamin-graham-s-clever-idea-for-averting-currency-wars.html |date=2014-05-11 }}. February 28, 2013.</ref> Graham regarded this currency theory as his most important professional work; it gained renewed attention decades after his death in the aftermath of the [[2008 financial crisis]].<ref name=Carlen2012/>

==Bibliography==
===Books===
* ''[[Security Analysis (book)|Security Analysis]]'', editions 1934,<ref>Graham and Dodd. 1934. ''Security Analysis: Principles and Technique'', 1E. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.</ref> 1940,<ref>Graham and Dodd. 1940. ''Security Analysis: Principles and Technique'', 2E. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.</ref> 1951<ref>Graham et al. 1951. ''Security Analysis: Principles and Technique'', 3E. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc.</ref> and 1962<ref>Graham et al. 1962. ''Security Analysis: Principles and Technique'', 4E. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.</ref> and 1988<ref>Graham and Dodd. 1988. ''Security Analysis: Principles and Technique'', 5E. McGraw-Hill Professional</ref> and 2008<ref>Graham and Dodd. 2008. ''Security Analysis: Principles and Technique'', 6E. McGraw-Hill Professional</ref> {{ISBN|978-0-07-159253-6}}
* ''[[The Intelligent Investor]]'', editions 1949,<ref>Benjamin Graham. 1949. ''The Intelligent Investor'', 1E. Harper&Brothers, New York, 264 pp</ref> reprinted in 2005; 1959,<ref>Benjamin Graham. 1959. ''The Intelligent Investor'', 2E revised. Harper&Brothers, New York, 292 pp</ref> 1965,<ref>Benjamin Graham. 1965. ''The Intelligent Investor'', 3E revised. Harper's, New York, 332 pp</ref> 1973<ref>Benjamin Graham. 1973. ''The Intelligent Investor'', 4E revised. Harper&Row, Publishers, New York, 340 pp</ref> with many reprints since
* {{cite book |title = Storage and Stability: A Modern Ever-normal Granary |place=  New York |publisher=  McGraw Hill |year = 1937 |isbn =0-07-024774-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/storagestability0000unse/page/n6/mode/1up |url-access = registration |via = [[Internet Archive]]}}
* ''The Interpretation of Financial Statements'', 1937, 2nd Edition
* {{cite book |title = World Commodities and World Currency |place= New York & London |publisher = McGraw-Hill Book Company |year =1944 |isbn =0-07-024806-0 |url = https://archive.org/details/worldcommodities0000grah  | url-access = registration |via = [[Internet Archive]]}}
* ''Benjamin Graham, The Memoirs of the Dean of Wall Street'' (1996) {{ISBN|978-0-07-024269-2}}<ref>Graham and Ed. Chatman. 1996. ''Benjamin Graham, the memoirs of the dean of Wall Street''. New York: McGraw Hill.</ref>

===Papers===
* {{cite journal |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|year=1917 |title=Some Calculus Suggestions by a Student |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=265–271 |doi= 10.2307/2973181 |author2=Graham, Benjamin|jstor=2973181}}
* {{cite journal |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|year=1943 |title=The Critique of Commodity-Reserve Currency: A Point-by-Point Reply |journal=The Journal of Political Economy |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=66–69 |doi= 10.1086/255988 |jstor=1826594 |s2cid=154929745 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|year=1946 |title=The Undistributed Profits Tax and The Investor |journal=The Yale Law Journal |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi= 10.2307/791630|author2=Graham, Benjamin |jstor=791630|url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3826&context=ylj }}
* {{cite journal |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|year=1947 |title=Money as Pure Commodity |journal=American Economic Review |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=304–307 |jstor=1821137}}
* {{cite journal |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|year=1947 |title=National Productivity: Its Relationship to Unemployment-in-Prosperity |journal=American Economic Review |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=384–396 |jstor=1821149}}
* {{cite journal |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|year=1962 |title=Some Investment Aspects of Accumulation Through Equities |journal=The Journal of Finance |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=203–214 |doi= 10.2307/2977419|author2=Graham, Benjamin |jstor=2977419}}
* {{cite book |chapter=The Commodity-Reserve Currency Proposal Reconsidered |title=In Search of Monetary Constitution |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofmoneta0000yeag |chapter-url-access=registration |last=Graham|first=Benjamin|editor=Yeager, Leland B.|year=1962 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofmoneta0000yeag/page/184 184–214] }}
* [https://jasonzweig.com/a-rediscovered-masterpiece-by-benjamin-graham/ "Securities in an Insecure World," speech by Benjamin Graham, 15 November 1963]

==See also==
* [[Warren Buffett]] & [[Charlie Munger]], two investors notable for their adherence to [[value investing]]
* [[Benjamin Graham formula]]
* [[Valuation using discounted cash flows]]
* [[Gordon model]]

==References==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the<ref> and </ref> tags and the{{Reflist}} tag below -->
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

* [http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/finance/bgraham/index.html The Rediscovered Benjamin Graham – selected writings of the wall street legend], by [[Janet Lowe]].
* [http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/your_columbians/benjamin_graham.html Columbia University biography by Jason Zweig]	
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080403122827/http://www4.gsb.columbia.edu/valueinvesting Heilbrunn Center at the Columbia Business School]
* [https://jasonzweig.com/a-note-on-benjamin-graham/ JasonZweig.com, "A Note on Benjamin Graham"]
* [https://jasonzweig.com/lessons-and-ideas-from-benjamin-graham/]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname= Benjamin Graham}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Benjamin}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:Social scientists from New York City]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:Critics of Marxism]]
[[Category:American financial analysts]]
[[Category:American finance and investment writers]]
[[Category:American financiers]]
[[Category:American investors]]
[[Category:American money managers]]
[[Category:American people of English-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American stock traders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New York City]]
[[Category:British emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:English Jews]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American economists]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Shareholder-rights activists]]
[[Category:Anti-Marxism]]
[[Category:Jewish anti-communists]]