Editing Beorn

{{Short description|Fictional character created by J.R.R. Tolkien}}
{{for multi|the fossil tardigrade|Beorn leggi|similar names|Bjorn}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox character
|name        = Beorn
|series      = [[J. R. R. Tolkien|Tolkien]] 
|race        = [[Shapeshifting|Skin-Changer]]
|lbl24       = Book(s)
|data24      = ''[[The Hobbit]]'' (1937)
}}
'''Beorn''' is a character created by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], and part of his [[Middle-earth]] [[legendarium]]. He appears in ''[[The Hobbit]]'' as a "[[shapeshifting|skin-changer]]",<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1937|loc=ch. 7 "Queer Lodgings"}}</ref> a man who could assume the form of a great black [[bear]]. His descendants or kinsmen, a group of [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]] known as the '''Beornings''', dwell in the upper Vales of Anduin, between [[Mirkwood]] and the [[Misty Mountains]], and are counted among the Free Peoples of Middle-earth who oppose [[Sauron]]'s forces during the [[War of the Ring]]. Like the powerful medieval heroes [[Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] and [[Bödvar Bjarki]], whose names both mean "bear", he exemplifies the [[Northern courage in Middle-earth|Northern courage]] that Tolkien made a central virtue in ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.

== Appearances ==

[[File:Beorn by JMKilpatrick.jpg|thumb|upright|''Beorn'', by J. M. Kilpatrick, 2013]]

Beorn lives in a wooden house on his pasture-lands between the [[Misty Mountains]] and [[Mirkwood]], to the east of the [[Anduin]]. His household includes an animal retinue (with horses, dogs, sheep, and cows); according to [[Gandalf]], Beorn does not eat his cattle, nor hunt wild animals. He grows large areas of [[clover]] for his [[Honeybee|bees]].<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T/> Gandalf believes that Beorn is either a descendant of the bears who had lived in the [[Misty Mountains]] before the arrival of the giants, or a descendant of the men who had lived in the region before the arrival of the dragons or Orcs from the north.<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T/>

He is of immense size and strength for a man and retains these attributes in bear-form. He has black hair (in either form) and a thick black beard and broad shoulders. While not a "giant" outright, Beorn's human form is of such great size that the three and a half foot tall [[Bilbo Baggins|Bilbo]] judges that he could have easily walked between Beorn's legs without touching his body. When Bilbo meets him, Beorn has "great bare arms and legs with knotted muscles", and wears "a tunic of wool down to his knees."<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T/> Beorn names the large rock by the [[River Anduin]] the Carrock; he had created the steps that led from its base to its flat top.<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T/>

Beorn receives Gandalf, [[Bilbo Baggins]] and [[List of The Hobbit characters#Thorin's company|thirteen Dwarves]] and aids them in their quest to reclaim their kingdom beneath the [[Lonely Mountain]]. He is convinced of their trustworthiness after going out and confirming their tale of encountering the [[Orc (Middle-earth)|Goblins]] of the Misty Mountains and Gandalf's slaying of their leader, the Great Goblin. As well as giving the group much-needed supplies and lodging, Beorn provides them with vital information about what path to take while crossing Mirkwood.<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T/>

[[File:Rolfs sidste kamp - Louis Moe (17009) - cropped.png|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Bödvar Bjarki]] fights in bear form in his last battle. Lithograph by [[Louis Moe]], 1898]]

Later, hearing of a vast host of Goblins on the move, Beorn arrives at the Lonely Mountain in time to strike the decisive blow in the Battle of Five Armies. In his bear form he kills the Goblin leader, Bolg, and his bodyguards. Without direction, the Goblin army is scattered, forming easy pickings for the other armies of [[Man (Middle-earth)|Men]], [[Elf (Middle-earth)|Elves]], Dwarves, and [[Eagle (Middle-earth)|Eagles]]. Beorn often leaves his home for hours or days at a time, for purposes not completely explained.<ref name="Hobbit Queer Lodgings" group=T/> It is said that "Beorn indeed became a great chief afterwards in those regions and ruled a wide land between the mountains and the wood; and it is said that for many generations the men of his line had the power of taking bear's shape and some were grim men and bad, but most were in heart like Beorn, if less in size and strength."<ref name="Hobbit Return Journey" group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1937|loc=ch. 18 "The Return Journey"}}</ref>

In the years between the Battle of Five Armies and the [[War of the Ring]], Beorn emerges to become a leader of the woodmen living between the Anduin river and the fringes of Mirkwood.<ref name="Hobbit Return Journey" group=T/> As stated by Glóin in ''[[The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', the Beornings "keep open the High Pass and the Ford of Carrock."<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1954a|loc=book 2, ch. 1 "Many Meetings"}}</ref> In the events leading up to the War of the Ring, the Beornings assist [[Aragorn]], who was taking [[Gollum]] to Mirkwood so that [[Gandalf]] could find out what Gollum knew about the [[One Ring]], to cross the Anduin.<ref group=T>{{harvnb|Tolkien|1980|loc="The Hunt for the Ring"}}</ref>

== Analysis ==

=== Bear-like warrior ===

{{further|Beowulf in Middle-earth}}

[[File:Bronsplåt 2 fr Torslunda sn, Öland (Stjerna, Hjälmar och svärd i Beovulf (1903) sid 103).jpg|thumb|Beorn has been likened to a [[berserker]], a warrior fighting in a trance-like state of fury.<ref name="Lewis 2007"/> Illustrated is a [[Vendel era]] [[Torslunda plates|helmet plate]] from [[Öland]], [[Sweden]], depicting the god [[Odin]] guiding a berserker.]]

In naming his character, Tolkien used ''beorn'', an [[Old English]] word for "man" and "warrior" (with implications of "freeman" and "nobleman" in [[Anglo-Saxon]] society).<ref>See definition: {{Cite web|url=http://www.bosworthtoller.com/003757 |title=BEORN |work=[[An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary]] (Online) |last1=Bosworth |first1=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Bosworth |last2=Toller |first2=T. Northcote |location=Prague |publisher=[[Charles University]]}}, cognate to the [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] ''björn''</ref> The name is cognate with the [[Scandinavia]]n ''Björn'' or Bjørn, meaning ''bear''; and the figure of Beorn can be related to the traditional Northern heroes [[Bödvar Bjarki]] and [[Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]], both of whose names also mean "bear".{{sfn|Shippey|2001|pages=31-32}}{{sfn|Shippey|2005|page=77}} The name Beorn survives in the name of the Scottish town [[Bo'ness#Toponymy|Borrowstounness]], which is derived from the Old English ''Beornweardstun'' ("the town with Beorn as its guardian").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hanks |first1=Patrick |last2=Hodges |first2=Flavia |last3=Mills |first3=A. D. |last4=Room |first4=Adrian |title=The Oxford Names Companion |date=2002 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-860561-4 |page=951}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ross |first=David |title=Scottish Place-Names |page=15 |publisher=[[Birlinn (publisher)|Birlinn]] |isbn=<!--no ISBN--> |oclc=213108856 }}</ref> The Tolkien scholar [[Tom Shippey]] comments that Beorn exemplifies the heroic [[Northern courage in Middle-earth|Northern courage]] that Tolkien later made a central virtue in his larger novel, ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', as he is ferocious, rude, and cheerful, characteristics that reflect his huge inner self-confidence.{{sfn|Shippey|2005|pp=91–92}} 

Paul W. Lewis, writing in ''[[Mythlore]]'', calls Beorn "essentially a [[berserker]] in battle", alluding to the Old Norse warriors who fought in a trance-like state of fury. The term means "bear-shirt"; its Old Norse form, ''hamrammr'', was taken by Tolkien to mean "skin-changer", and he gave Beorn this capability.<ref name="Lewis 2007">{{cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Paul W. |year=2007 |title=Beorn and Tom Bombadil: A Tale of Two Heroes |journal=[[Mythlore]] |volume=25 |issue=3 |at=Article 13 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol25/iss3/13 }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
|+ Paul W. Lewis's analysis of Beorn and other bear-names for warriors known to Tolkien<ref name="Lewis 2007"/>
|-
! Name or term !! Language !! Literal meaning !! Description
|-
|Beorn ||Old English ||"Bear" ||Man as strong as a bear, warrior, chieftain; cf modern Scandinavian names Björn, Bjørn
|-
|[[Beowulf (hero)|Beowulf]] ||Old English ||"Bees' wolf" = honey-eater, bear ||Hero of the epic poem ''[[Beowulf]]''
|-
|[[Bödvar Bjarki]] ||Old Norse ||"Warlike little-bear" ||Hero of ''[[Hrólfs saga kraka]]''; a skin-changer, bear by day, a man by night
|-
|[[berserker]] ||Old English ||"Bear-shirt" ||Warrior who fights in a trance-like state of fury
|-
|''hamrammr'' ||Old Norse ||Taken by Tolkien as "Skin-changer" ||Were-bear, berserker
|}

=== Distinctive loner ===

Beorn's name for the large rock in the River Anduin, the Carrock, on the other hand, is not Germanic – whether Norse or English – but Brittonic, related to [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''[[wikt:carreg|carreg]]'', "a stone".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erat |first1=Vanessa |last2=Rabitsch |first2=Stefan |chapter="Croeso i Gymru"–where they speak Klingon and Sindarin: An essay in appreciation of conlangs and the land of the red dragon |title=The Polyphony of English Studies: A Festschrift for Allan James |publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag |year=2017 |page=197 |isbn=978-3-8233-9140-1 }}</ref> The medievalist [[Marjorie Burns]] notes the tension between "British" and Norse in Tolkien's handling of his materials. This is one of many instances of what Clyde S. Kilby called "contrasistency" – Tolkien's apparently intentional "doubleness" or switching between opposite viewpoints. Burns comments that Beorn's story and character embody tensions "between forest and garden, home and wayside, comradeship and solitude, risk and security" and in her view most strongly between "freedom and obligation", not to mention bear and man.<ref name="Burns 1990">{{cite journal |last=Burns |first=Marjorie |author-link=Marjorie Burns |title=J. R. R. Tolkien: The British and the Norse in Tension |journal=Pacific Coast Philology |volume=25 |issue=1/2 (November 1990) |date=1990 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.2307/1316804 |jstor=1316804 }}</ref> Burns calls Beorn one of

{{quote|the most striking of Tolkien's individuals ... his innate, one-of-a-kind loners, the honorable isolationists, who dwell in secluded domains and ... are distinctive, free, self-reliant but respectful of other lives and hostile only to those deserving hostility.<ref name="Burns 1990"/>}}

The Tolkien scholar Justin Noetzel compares Beorn to [[Tom Bombadil]] in ''The Lord of the Rings'', another one-of-a-kind figure strongly attached to the place where he lives. Both have "an intimate connection with the natural world", using this to help their visitors, protecting them from local dangers, whether wolves and goblins, or [[Old Man Willow]] and the [[Barrow-wight]].<ref name="Noetzel 2014">{{cite book |last1=Noetzel |first1=Justin T. |editor1-last=Eden |editor1-first=Bradford Lee |title='The Hobbit' and Tolkien's Mythology |date=2014 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |pages=161–180 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3euBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |chapter=Beorn and Bombadil: Mythology, Place and Landscape in Middle-earth|isbn=9781476617954 }}</ref>

=== Norse and English ===

[[File:Gawain and the Green Knight.jpg|thumb|upright|Beorn has been likened to [[Bertilak]], the Green Knight encountered by Sir Gawain on his journey north.<ref name="Burns 1990"/> Painting from [[Pearl Manuscript|the manuscript]] of ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''.]]

Burns writes that Beorn's character, too, contains a complex tension between Norse and English. As a skin-changer he is evidently [[Paganism|pagan]] and Norse; but his vegetarianism, reluctance to use metal, home-loving nature and flower garden all look more compatible with Christianity and Englishness, without being those things specifically. Burns comments that he is thus<ref name="Burns 1990"/>

{{quote|in the best Tolkienian tradition, a being of two extremes: both ruthless and kind, a bear and man, a
homebody and wanderer, a berserker and pacifist in one.<ref name="Burns 1990"/>}}

Burns states that this blending of wild Norse with civilised English can be seen in [[Middle English literature]] such as ''[[Sir Gawain and the Green Knight]]''. Gawain meets a big rugged Beorn-like shape-changer, [[Bertilak]] (the Green Knight), who lives in a castle in an oak forest, and speaks with Christian courtesy. She calls ''Sir Gawain''{{'}}s oaks "entirely [[druid]]ic", suggesting [[Celtic mythology]] or [[Arthurian legend]]. But she notes that "the oak was sacred to [the Norse god] [[Thor]]", allowing Tolkien to assemble Celtic and Norse elements in his composite Middle-earth. Further, she writes, Beorn's home has an almost diagrammatic set of circles of "mixed English and Nordic characteristics": at the centre the Nordic hall; the "[[The Shire|Shire]]-like flower garden" and courtyard; a wider yard (Norse ''gaard'') with its outbuildings; a "high thorn-hedge" in English style; a "belt of tall and very ancient oaks" (English or Norse) and fields of flowers; little English-like hills and valleys with oaks and elms; "wide grass-lands, and a river running through it all", which remind Burns of Iceland; and finally "the mountains", evidently Norse.<ref name="Burns 1990"/>

<gallery mode=packed heights=350px>
File:Beorn Circles.svg|Diagram of [[Marjorie Burns]]'s analysis of mixed Norse and English influence on Beorn's dwelling-place<ref name="Burns 1990"/>
</gallery>

==Adaptations==

=== Film ===
[[File:Persbrandt_as_Beorn_in_Jackson's_Hobbit.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikael Persbrandt]] portrayed Beorn in [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''Hobbit'' films with a "primitive energy" and an accent that was "perfect for the role".<ref name="Löwenskiold 2012"/>]]

The Swedish actor [[Mikael Persbrandt]] portrays Beorn in [[Peter Jackson]]'s ''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'' and in its sequel ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies|The Battle of the Five Armies]].''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moviezine.se/artikel/11182-persbrandt-aringker-tillbaka-for-mera-hobbit |title=Persbrandt åker tillbaka för mera "Hobbit" |trans-title=Persbrandt goes back for more "Hobbit" |last=Dunerfors |first=Alexander |work=MovieZine |access-date=10 December 2015 |language=sv}}</ref> In the DVD commentary, the production team explain that they normally ensured that all characters had accents from the British Isles, but they made an exception for Beorn by letting Persbrandt use his natural Swedish accent. They reasoned that Beorn should have a distinctive and foreign-sounding accent, since he is the last survivor of an isolated race.<ref>''[[The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug]]'', DVD Commentary.</ref> Jackson stated that many actors were auditioned for the role, but that Persbrandt captured Beorn's primitive energy. [[Richard Armitage (actor)|Richard Armitage]], who played [[Thorin Oakenshield]], said that Persbrandt had a fantastic voice, and that his accent was perfect for the role.<ref name="Löwenskiold 2012">{{cite news |last=Löwenskiold |first=Ebba |title=Persbrandt hyllas för sin roll i "Hobbit" |trans-title=Persbrandt is praised for his role in ''The Hobbit'' |url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/persbrandt-hyllas-for-sin-roll-i-hobbit/ |work=[[Expressen]] |date=10 December 2012 |language=sv |quote=Richard Armitage (Thorin): - Han har en fantastisk röst - för mig är rösten 80 procent av en karaktär. Hans accent var perfekt för rollen.}}</ref>

=== Games ===

In the [[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|2003 video game adaptation of ''The Hobbit'']], the original encounter with Beorn at his lodge is omitted. Nevertheless, he shows up at the Battle of Five Armies to kill Bolg. Beorn only appears in bear form in the game.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hobbit Cheats |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/the-hobbit/cheats/ |publisher=Games Radar |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref>

The Beornings appear as trainable units in ''[[The Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring]]'' (2003). The Beornings were added as a playable class to the [[massively multiplayer online role-playing game]] ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'' in Update 15 (November 2014). One can play as a male or a female Beorning, and can transform into a bear after building up sufficient wrath during combat. Grimbeorn's Lodge in the [[Vales of Anduin]] is a starter area for the Beorning class, and Grimbeorn makes a brief appearance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Dan |title=Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2003/11/04/lord-of-the-rings-war-of-the-ring-review |publisher=IGN |access-date=24 March 2021 |date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==

===Primary===

{{reflist|group=T|30em}}

===Secondary===
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==

* {{cite book |last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |title=[[J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century]] |date=2001 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0261-10401-3 }} 
* {{cite book |last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |title=[[The Road to Middle-Earth]] |date=2005 |edition=Third |orig-year=1982 |publisher=Grafton ([[HarperCollins]]) |isbn=978-0261102750 }}
* {{ME-ref|TH}}
* {{ME-ref|FOTR}}
* {{ME-ref|UT}}

{{Hobbit}}
{{The Lord of the Rings}}
{{Middle-earth}}

[[Category:The Hobbit characters]]
[[Category:Fictional bears]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1937]]
[[Category:Fictional shapeshifters]]
[[Category:Middle-earth Men]]
[[Category:Fantasy film characters]]

[[pl:Lista postaci Śródziemia#Beorn]]