Editing Bernold of Constance

{{Short description|German chronicler (c.1054–1100)}}
{{more references|date=June 2023}}
'''Bernold of Constance''' (c. 1054&ndash;[[Schaffhausen]], September 16, 1100) was a chronicler and writer of tracts, and a defender of the [[Gregorian reforms|Church reforms]] of [[Pope Gregory VII]].

==Life==

He was educated at [[Konstanz|Constance]] under the renowned teacher [[Bernard of Constance]]. He attended the [[Lenten Synod]] of Rome, in 1079, at which [[Berengarius of Tours]] retracted his errors. Remaining in Italy till 1084, he likely attended the [[Council of Piacenza]], on the proceedings of which he is the main authority. From his writings comes the well known statement that ambassadors of the Byzantine Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos|Alexius I]] appeared at Piacenza to drum support for the military campaigns against the Seljuq Turks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somerville |first=Robert |date=2011 |title=Pope Urban II's Council of Piacenza: Introduction |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/26300/chapter-abstract/194553385 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=academic.oup.com}}</ref> This possibly led to the [[First Crusade]], the matter however remains unclear.

Once more at Constance, he attended the ordination of bishop Gebhard and was ordained priest himself by the papal legate. In 1086 he went with Bishop Gebhard as counsellors to Herman, contender for the Imperial crown, at the [[Battle of Pleichfeld]]. About the same time, he entered first the Benedictine [[Sankt Blasien Abbey in the Black Forest|Abbey of St Blasien]] in the [[Black Forest]] and then, in 1091, the [[Kloster Allerheiligen, Schaffhausen|Abbey of All Saints]] nearby in Schaffhausen, where he died.

==Works==

He wrote seventeen surviving tracts which are mostly [[apologetics]] for the pope's policy, defences of papal supremacy or vindications of men who advocated or enforced it in Germany. Chief among these are: ''De prohibendâ sacerdotum incontinentiâ'' (against married clergy); ''De damnatione schismaticorum'' and ''Apologeticus super excommunicationem Gregorii VII'' (justifying [[excommunication]] of schismatics and of [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor]] and his partisans).

Of broader interest is Bernold's chronicle, ''Chronicon,'' the latter part of which is a terse record of contemporary events by a knowing and intelligent observer in the extreme Papal camp. The chronicle covers the years AD 1054-1000, with the earlier years being composed of brief summaries until the AD 1070’s, the remaining yearly annals are much longer and expansive. The chronicle mostly focuses on Papal court politics and the rivalry with the German clergy/nobility. Important current events like warfare, famines and deaths of public figures are also briefly recounted.

Bernold was the author of ''Micrologus de ecclesiasticis observationibus'' (c. 1085), a lengthy commentary on the papal liturgy that became an important medieval liturgical treatise. Thanks to him, the German church was provided with a fairly common [[sacramentary]] throughout the Empire. The form of the mass given in ''Micrologus'' was established for [[Hungary]], too, about 1100, by order of the local bishops.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last1=Autenrieth|first1=Johanne|title=Bernold von Konstanz. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB)|date=1955|publisher=Duncker & Humblot|location=Berlin|isbn=3-428-00183-4|page=127|url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd119422352.html#ndbcontent|accessdate=26 October 2017|language=de}}

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02512c.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Bernold of Constance

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernold of Constance}}
[[Category:1050s births]]
[[Category:1100 deaths]]
[[Category:Chroniclers from the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:11th-century German historians]]
[[Category:11th-century Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:German Benedictines]]
[[Category:11th-century Christian monks]]
[[Category:11th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:People from Schaffhausen]]