Editing Big Four accounting firms

{{Short description|Largest global accounting networks}}
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[[File:Audit._Big_4_in_the_world.jpg | thumb | right]]
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The '''Big Four''' are the four largest [[professional services network]]s in the world: [[Deloitte]], [[Ernst & Young|EY]], [[KPMG]], and [[PwC]]. They are the four largest global [[accounting network]]s as measured by revenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bigfour.asp|title=What Are the Big 4 Accounting Firms?|website=Investopedia}}</ref>  The four are often grouped because they are comparable in size relative to the rest of the market, both in terms of revenue and workforce; they are considered equal in their ability to provide a wide scope of professional services to their clients; and, among those looking to start a career in professional services, particularly accounting, they are considered equally attractive networks to work in, because of the frequency with which these firms engage with [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] companies.

The Big Four all offer [[audit]], [[assurance services|assurance]], [[taxation]], [[management consulting]], [[Valuation (finance)|valuation]], [[market research]], [[actuarial]], [[corporate finance]], and [[legal services]] to their clients. A significant majority of the audits of [[Public company|public companies]], as well as many audits of [[Private company|private companies]], are conducted by these four networks.

Until the late 20th century, the market for professional services was dominated by eight networks which were nicknamed the "Big Eight". The Big Eight consisted of Arthur Andersen, Arthur Young, Coopers & Lybrand, Deloitte Haskins and Sells, Ernst & Whinney, Peat Marwick Mitchell, Price Waterhouse, and Touche Ross.

The Big Eight gradually reduced due to mergers between these firms, as well as the 2002 collapse of [[Arthur Andersen]], leaving four networks dominating the market at the turn of the 21st century. In the United Kingdom in 2011, it was reported that the Big Four account for the audits of 99% of the companies in the [[FTSE 100 Index]], and 96% of the companies in the [[FTSE 250 Index]], an index of the leading [[Market capitalization|mid-cap]] listing companies.<ref name="FTSE">{{Cite news |last=Christodoulou |first=Mario |date=2011-03-30 |title=U.K. Auditors Criticized on Bank Crisis |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703806304576232231353594682}}</ref> Such a high level of [[industry concentration]] has caused concern, and a desire among some in the investment community for the UK's [[Competition & Markets Authority]] (CMA) to consider breaking up the Big Four. In October 2018, the CMA announced it would launch a detailed study of the Big Four's dominance of the audit sector. In July 2020, the UK [[Financial Reporting Council]] told the Big Four that they must submit plans by October 2020 to separate their audit and consultancy operations by 2024.<ref name="BBC-6Jul2020">{{Cite news |date=6 July 2020 |title=Accountancy giants face revamp amid criticism |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-53307572 |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2025}}</onlyinclude>
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== Legal structure ==
None of the "firms" within the Big Four is actually a single firm; rather, they are [[professional services networks]]. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with the other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand, intellectual property, and quality standards. Each network has established a global entity to co-ordinate the activities of the network.

Until 2020, [[KPMG]]<ref name="kpmg_governance">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-12 |title=Governance – KPMG Global |url=https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/about/who-we-are/governance.html |access-date=2019-12-12 |publisher=KPMG |language=en-US}}</ref> was the only Big Four firm not registered as a UK private company, but rather the co-ordinating entity was a [[Swiss association]] (verein). However, KPMG International changed its legal structure from a verein to a [[co-operative]] under Swiss law in 2003,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handelsregister des Kantons Zug |url=http://hrazg.ch/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329094011/http://www.hrazg.ch/ |archive-date=29 March 2007}} (Registration Number CH-020.6.900.276-5)</ref> then to a UK limited company in 2020.<ref name=kpmg_governance /> For [[Deloitte]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Deloitte {{!}} Our global network of member firms |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/about-deloitte.html |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=Deloitte United States |language=en}}</ref> [[PwC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we are structured |url=https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/about/corporate-governance/network-structure.html |access-date=2019-12-12 |publisher=PwC |language=en-gx}}</ref> and [[Ernst & Young]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsroom |url=https://www.ey.com/en_uk/newsroom |access-date=2019-12-12 |website=ey.com |language=en-UK}}</ref> the co-ordinating entity is a UK [[limited company]]. Those entities ''do not'' themselves perform external professional services, nor do they own or control the member firms. Nevertheless, these networks colloquially are referred to as "firms" for the sake of simplicity and to reduce confusion with lay-people. These [[Accounting network|accounting]] and professional services networks are similar in nature to how [[law firm network]]s in the legal profession work.

In many cases, each member firm practices in a single country, and is structured to comply with the [[Primary and secondary legislation|regulatory]] environment in that country.

Ernst & Young also includes separate legal entities which manage its three geographic areas: the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and [[Europe, the Middle East and Africa|EMEIA]] (Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa) groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=EY – Global office locations and contact information |url=https://www.ey.com/en_us/locations |publisher=Ernst & Young Global Limited |access-date=9 December 2023 }}</ref> These entities coordinate services performed by local firms within their respective areas, but ''do'' ''not perform'' services or hold ownership in the local entities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Disclaimer |url=http://www.ey.com/GL/EN/home/legal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144034/https://www.ey.com/gl/en/home/legal |archive-date=2018-06-27 |access-date=2016-10-11 |publisher=Ernst & Young}}</ref> There are rare exceptions to this convention; in 2007, KPMG announced a merger of four internationally distinct member firms (in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) to form a single firm, [[KPMG#Recent history|KPMG Europe LLP]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lomas |first=Ulrika |date=26 June 2007 |title=KPMG Swiss Merger To Create Europe's Largest Accountancy Firm |url=https://www.tax-news.com/news/KPMG_Swiss_Merger_To_Create_Europes_Largest_Accountancy_Firm____27706.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508020405/https://www.tax-news.com/news/KPMG_Swiss_Merger_To_Create_Europes_Largest_Accountancy_Firm____27706.html |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 May 2021 |website=Tax-News |url-status=usurped |publisher=Wolters Kluwer}}</ref>

== History of mergers ==
Since the 1980s, numerous [[merger]]s and one major scandal involving Arthur Andersen, have reduced the number of major professional-services firms from eight to four.

=== Big Eight ===
The firms which came to be known as the "Big Eight" originated in various UK and US audit firms established in the 19th or early 20th centuries and later merged. The firms' initial international expansion was driven by the needs of British and American based [[Multinational corporation|multinationals]] for worldwide service. They expanded by forming local partnerships, or by forming alliances with local firms. [[Arthur Andersen]] was the exception: the firm originated in the United States, and then expanded internationally by establishing its own offices in other markets, including the United Kingdom.

In 1932, [[Fortune (magazine)|''Fortune'']] published an article listing the 15 largest American CPA firms by number of public corporation clients. At this point in time, Price, Waterhouse and Co. was far and away the most successful of the firms with more than double the clients compared to the firms in the second and third spots.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Certified Public Accountants |journal=Fortune |date=June 1932 |volume=5 |issue=6 |page=63}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 1932 Largest CPA Firms in the United States
|-
! Rank !! Firm !! Number of Clients !! Most Notable Client !! Today Part of
|-
| 1 || Price, Waterhouse and Co. || 146 || [[U.S. Steel]] || PwC
|-
| 2 || Haskins and Sells || 71 || [[General Motors]] || Deloitte
|-
| 3 || Ernst and Ernst || 71 || [[Chrysler]] || EY
|-
| 4 || Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co. || 56 || [[International Shoe]] || KPMG
|-
| 5 || Arthur Young and Co. || 49 || [[Swift and Company]] || EY
|-
| 6 || Lybrand, Ross Bros. and Montgomery || 48 || [[AT&T]] || PwC
|-
| 7 || Touche, Niven and Co. || 27 || [[Fox Film]] || Deloitte
|-
| 8 || Arthur Andersen and Co. || 24 || [[Montgomery Ward]] || N/A
|-
| 9 || Deloitte, Plender, Griffiths and Co. || 15 || [[American Sugar Refining Company]] || Deloitte
|-
| 10 || Barrow, Wade, Guthrie and Co. || 12 || [[Texas Gulf Sulphur]] || KPMG
|-
| 11 || Audit Co. of New York || 11 || [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth]] || PwC
|-
| 12 || Loomis, Suffern and Fernald || 10 || [[Adams Express]] || PwC
|-
| 13 || F. W. Lafrentz and Co. || 10 || [[Corn Products Refining Company|Corn Products]] || KPMG
|-
| 14 || Miller, Donaldson and Co. || 8 || [[American Chicle]] || Deloitte
|-
| 15 || Leslie, Banks and Co. || 7 || American Brake Shoe and Foundry || PwC
|-
| N/A || All others || 136 || N/A || N/A
|-
| N/A || Companies not reporting names of auditors || 355 || N/A || N/A
|-
| N/A || Total || 1,056 || N/A || N/A
|}

From the 1930s through the 1950s, audit firms expanded their national sizes and their service offerings. After the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]], numerous regulations were put into place by the federal government to ensure that investors were able to view accurate and detailed financial information. As a result of the fierce competition between themselves, many of the firms merged to further expand their practices and geographic reach. These mergers led to a few name changes as the firms embraced a larger identity. In 1947, Touche, Niven and Co. merged with George Bailey and Co. and Allen R. Smart and Co. to become Touche, Niven, Bailey and Smart (TNBS). In 1950, Barrow, Wade, Guthrie and Co. merged into Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co., which kept the more notable PMM name. In 1955, the Audit Co. of New York merged into Price, Waterhouse and Co., again keeping PW as the firm name. In 1958, two of the firms listed on ''Fortune'' list merged into larger firms: Loomis, Suffern and Fernald was assumed by Lybrand, Ross Bros. and Montgomery while Miller, Donaldson and Co. was assumed by Haskins and Sells. Finally, in 1960, TNBS merged with the Canadian accounting firm Ross to form Touche, Ross, Bailey and Smart (later simplified in 1969 to Touche Ross).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wooton |first1=Charles W. |last2=Wolk |first2=Carel M. |title=The Development of "The Big Eight" Accounting Firms in the United States, 1900 to 1990 |url=https://www.accountingin.com/accounting-historians-journal/volume-19-number-1/the-development-of-the-big-eight-accounting-firms-in-the-united-states-1900-to-1990/ |website=Accounting Information |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>

By 1960, business among the CPA firms had consolidated such that the top eight firms audited about 80% of all firms listed with the SEC. Around this time the term "Big Eight" came to be used to describe these CPA firms' dominance of the market. ''Fortune'' published an article in the same year listing these firms along with their number of partners, offices, and estimated gross revenues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wise |first1=T. A. |title=The Auditors Have Arrived: Part I |journal=Fortune |date=November 1960 |volume=62 |issue=5 |page=152}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Big Eight Firms in 1960
|-
! Rank !! Firm !! Number of Partners !! Number of Offices !! Est. Gross Revenue (millions USD)
|-
| 1 || Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co. || 190 || 60 || 45
|-
| 2 || Arthur Andersen and Co. || 171 || 28 || 40
|-
| 3 || Ernst and Ernst || 132 || 95 || 36
|-
| 4 || Price, Waterhouse and Co. || 101 || 40 || 35
|-
| 5 || Haskins and Sells || 176 || 36 || 33
|-
| 6 || Lybrand, Ross Bros. and Montgomery || 126 || 35 || 28
|-
| 7 || Arthur Young and Co. || 104 || 28 || 26
|-
| 8 || Touche, Ross, Bailey and Smart || 71 || 27 || 17
|}

In the following 20 years, the consolidation pattern continued. The two remaining firms from the top 15 in 1932 outside of the Big Eight in 1960 were merged in 1963 and 1967, respectively: F. W. Lafrentz and Co. with Main and Co. to form Main Lafrentz and Co. (later merging with Thomson, McLintock and Co., a British firm, to form McLintock Main Lafrentz International or MMLI in 1969) and Leslie, Banks and Co. into Lybrand, Ross Bros. and Montgomery. Six years later, in 1973, LRBM merged with the British Cooper Bros. and Co. to form Coopers and Lybrand. In 1978, Deloitte, Plender, Griffiths and Co. merged with Haskins and Sells to become Deloitte, Haskins and Sells and one year later Ernst and Ernst merged its practice with Whinney, Murray and Co. to become Ernst and Whinney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's in a name: Firms' simplified family trees on the web |url=https://www.icaew.com/library/historical-resources/guide-to-historical-resources/firm-histories/whats-in-a-name |website=icaew.com}}</ref>  As 1980 arrived, the Big Eight were known as the following:

* [[Arthur Andersen]]
* [[Ernst & Young|Arthur Young]]
* [[Coopers & Lybrand]]
* [[Deloitte, Haskins & Sells]]
* [[Ernst & Young|Ernst & Whinney]]
* [[KPMG|Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co.]]
* [[Price, Waterhouse and Co.]]
* [[Deloitte|Touche Ross]]

In the 1980s the Big Eight, each with global branding, adopted modern marketing and grew rapidly. They merged with many smaller firms. KPMG was the result of one of the largest of these mergers. In 1987, Peat Marwick merged with the Klynveld Main Goerdeler group (which included the aforementioned MMLI) to become KPMG Peat Marwick, rebranding in 1995 to simply KPMG.

=== Big Six ===
Competition among these firms intensified, and the Big&nbsp;Eight became the Big&nbsp;Six in 1989. In that year, Ernst & Whinney merged with Arthur Young to form Ernst & Young in June, and Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross to form Deloitte & Touche in August.

The Big Six after both mergers occurred were:

*Arthur Andersen
*Coopers & Lybrand
*Deloitte & Touche
*Ernst & Young
*KPMG
*Price Waterhouse

There has been some merging of ancestor firms, in some localities, which would aggregate brands belonging to the Big Four today, but in different combinations than the present-day names would otherwise suggest. For example, the United Kingdom local firm of Deloitte, Haskins & Sells merged instead with the United Kingdom firm of Coopers & Lybrand. The resulting firm was called Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte, and the local firm of Touche Ross kept its original name. It was not until the mid-1990s that both UK firms changed their names to match those of their respective international organizations. Meanwhile, in Australia, the local firm of Touche Ross merged instead with KPMG.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/article/0,1002,cid%253D12279,00.html|title=missing|access-date=2008-08-06|archive-date=2007-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129162108/http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/article/0,1002,cid%253D12279,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cowan |first=Alison Leigh |date=1989-12-05 |title=Deloitte, Touche Merger Done |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/05/business/deloitte-touche-merger-done.html}}</ref> It is for these reasons that the Deloitte & Touche international organization was known as DRT International (later DTT International), to avoid use of names which would have been ambiguous, as well as contested, in certain markets.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

=== Big Five ===
In July 1998, the Big Six became the Big&nbsp;Five when Price Waterhouse merged with Coopers & Lybrand to form PricewaterhouseCoopers.

The Big Five at this point in time were:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://big4accountingfirms.com/big-5-accounting-firms/|title=Big 5 Accounting Firms * (Deloitte, EY, KPMG, Pricewaterhouse...)}}</ref>

*Arthur Andersen
*Deloitte & Touche
*Ernst & Young
*KPMG
*PricewaterhouseCoopers

=== Big Four ===
Finally, the insolvency of Arthur Andersen stemming from their involvement in the [[Enron scandal|2001 Enron Scandal]] produced the Big Four:

*[[Deloitte|Deloitte & Touche]] (now known as Deloitte)
*[[Ernst & Young]] (now known as EY)
*[[KPMG]]
*[[PwC]]

The [[Enron]] collapse and ensuing investigation prompted scrutiny of the company's financial reporting and its long time auditor, Arthur Andersen. The company was indicted for obstruction of justice for shredding documents related to the audit of Enron. The resulting conviction, although [[Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States|later overturned]], doomed Arthur Andersen, because most clients dropped the firm, and the company was not allowed to take on new clients while they were under investigation. Most of Arthur Andersen's international practices were sold to members of what is now the Big Four – notably EY globally; Deloitte in the United Kingdom, Canada, Spain, and Brazil; and PwC in China and Hong Kong.

=== Big Four merger history ===
The Big Four were all derived from a series of global mergers. The charts below show year of formation through merger, or adoption of single brand name.

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|Deloitte}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |DTT|DTT=Deloitte&nbsp;Touche&nbsp;Tohmatsu&nbsp;(1989)<br />(''Deloitte&nbsp;&&nbsp;Touche'' until 1993)}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart|DHS| | | | | |TR|DHS=Deloitte&nbsp;Haskins<br />& Sells (1978)|TR=Touche Ross (1975)}}
{{Tree chart| |)|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|DC| |HS| |TR2| | |TC|DC=Deloitte & Co<br />(UK) (1845)|HS=Haskins & Sells<br />(US) (1895)|TR2=Touche Ross (1960)<br />(''Touche,&nbsp;Ross,&nbsp;Bailey<br />& Smart'' until 1969)|TC=Tohmatsu&nbsp;&&nbsp;Co<br />(Japan)&nbsp;(1968)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |,|-|-|-|v|^|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | |RC| |GAT| |TNBS|RC=Ross (Canada)|GAT=George A. Touche (UK)|TNBS=Touche,&nbsp;Niven,&nbsp;Bailey<br />& Smart (US) (1947)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |TN| |BS|TN=Touche Niven (1900)|BS=Bailey & Smart (1947)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|EY}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |EY|EY=Ernst&nbsp;&&nbsp;Young&nbsp;(EY)&nbsp;(1989)<br />(''Ernst & Young'' until 2013)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart| | | | |AY| | | | |EW|AY=Arthur Young (1985)|EW=Ernst & Whinney (EY) (1979)}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart|AYMM| |AYBP| |SY| |EE| |WSH|AYMM=Arthur&nbsp;Young,&nbsp;McLelland,<br />Moores & Co (1968)|AYBP=Arthur Young Broads<br />Paterson & Co (1923)|SY=Stuart & Young<br />(1894)|EE=Ernst & Ernst<br />(US) (1903)|WSH=Whinney, Smith &<br />Whinney&nbsp;(UK)&nbsp;(1849)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|KPMG}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |KPMG|KPMG=KPMG&nbsp;(1987)<br />(''KPMG&nbsp;Peat&nbsp;Marwick''<br />before 1995)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | |PM| | | | | | |KMG| |AN|PM=Peat&nbsp;Marwick&nbsp;(1925)<br />(originally&nbsp;''Peat<br />Marwick Mitchell'')|KMG=KMG&nbsp;(1979)<br />(officially&nbsp;''Klynveld<br />Main&nbsp;Goerdeler'')|AN=Armitage&nbsp;&&nbsp;Norton<br />(1869–1987)}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| | | |)|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart|WBP| |MM| |EG| |BA| |KK| |MML| |DTG|WBP=William Barclay<br />Peat (UK) (1870)|MM=Marwick Mitchell<br />(US) (1897)|EG=Edwin Gurthie<br />(1875–1955)|BA=Beevers & Adgie<br />(1849–1967)|KK=Klynveld Kraayenhof<br />(Netherlands) (1917)|MML=McLintock Main<br />Lafrentz (1964)|DTG=Deutsche&nbsp;Treuhand-Gesellschaft<br />(Germany) (1890)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |TM| |ML|TM=Thomson McLintock<br />(UK) (1877)|ML=Main Lafrentz<br />(US) (c.1880)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |MF| |GR|MF=Martin Farlow<br />(1882–1968)|GR=Grace Ryland<br />(1967–1969)}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GDT| |CJR|GDT=Grace, Darbyshire,<br />& Todd (1818)|CJR=CJ Ryland (1910)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

{{chart top|collapsed=yes|PwC}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | |PwC|PwC=PricewaterhouseCoopers&nbsp;(PwC)&nbsp;(1998)<br />(''PricewaterhouseCoopers'' until 2010)}}
{{Tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart|CL| |PW|CL=Coopers & Lybrand<br />(1973)|PW=Price Waterhouse<br />(US) (1849)}}
{{Tree chart| |)|-|-|-|.|}}
{{Tree chart|CB| |LRBM|CB=Cooper Brothers<br />(UK) (1854)|LRBM=Lybrand, Ross Bros,<br />Montgomery (US) (1898)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== Revenue comparison ==
In 2010, Deloitte, with its 1.8% growth, was able to outpace PricewaterhouseCoopers' 1.5% growth, gaining "first place" in revenue size, and became the largest firm in the professional services industry. In 2011, PwC re-gained first place with 10% revenue growth. In 2013, these two firms claimed the top two spots with only a $200 million revenue difference, that is, within half a percent. However, Deloitte saw faster growth than PwC over the next few years (largely due to acquisitions) and reclaimed the title of largest of the Big Four in Fiscal Year 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deloitte announces record revenue of US$36.8&nbsp;billion |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/ng/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/global-revenue-announcement-fy16.html |access-date=13 September 2020 |website=Deloitte |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930165423/https://www2.deloitte.com/ng/en/pages/about-deloitte/articles/global-revenue-announcement-fy16.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FY16 global revenues rise to record US$35.9&nbsp;billion as PwC looks to future |url=https://www.pwc.com/jp/en/press-room/pwc-fy2016-global-revenues161004.html |access-date=13 September 2020 |website=PwC}}</ref>

{{See also|Accounting network#Global ranking}}
It was estimated that the Big Four had about a 67% share of the global accountancy market in 2012, while most of the rest was divided among so called mid-tier players, such as [[BDO Global|BDO]], [[Crowe Global]] and [[Grant Thornton]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fleming |first=Sam |date=12 Feb 2014 |title=Accountants PwC, Deloitte, KPMG and EY face taming moves |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7d058f74-93d3-11e3-a0e1-00144feab7de |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/7d058f74-93d3-11e3-a0e1-00144feab7de |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank
! Firm
! Fiscal year<br />ending & {{Abbr|ref.|Reference/Citation}}
! Revenues<br />(US$)
! Revenue gap %<br />to next largest
! Revenue gap %<br />to top firm
! Employees
! Revenue<br />per employee
! Audit &<br />Assurance
! Tax &<br />Legal
! {{Abbr|Consulting<br />& Advisory|See Note}}
! Consulting<br />% of Total
|- <!-- use {{color|red|−5,890}} for any negative values -->
| 1st
| {{same}} [[Deloitte]]
| 2024-05-31<!-- FY ending --><ref name="Deloitte Current Year Revenue">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2024 |title=Deloitte 2024 Global Impact Report |url=https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/about/gir/global-report-full-version.pdf |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Deloitte |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222220920/https://www.deloitte.com/content/dam/assets-shared/docs/about/gir/global-report-full-version.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| $67.2 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $2.3 bn, 3.5%}})<!-- Revenues -->
| Top firm<br />(Top firm {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (firm above – current firm) / firm above = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap -->
| Top firm<br />(Top firm {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (top firm – current firm) / top firm = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap to #1 -->
| 460,300<br />({{small|{{increase}} 3,474, 0.8%}})<!-- Employees -->
| $145,992<br />({{small|{{increase}} $3,925, 2.8%}})<!-- Revenue per employee -->
| $12.8 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.5 bn, 4.1%}})<!-- Audit -->
| $11.3 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $1.0 bn, 9.7%}})<!-- Tax -->
| $43.3 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.8 bn, 1.9%}})<!-- Consulting -->
| 64.4%<br />({{small|{{decrease}} {{color|red|−1.1%}}}})<!-- Consulting % -->
<!-- REMINDER: remember to also update the dates (and categories if necessary) in the footnote under the table, it's easy to forget! -->
<!-- use ${{color|red|−7,037}} for any negative values -->
|-
| 2nd
| {{same}} [[PwC]]
| 2024-06-30<!-- FY ending --><ref name="PwC Current Year Revenue">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2024 |title=PwC global revenues rise to US$55.4 billion |url=https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/press-releases/2024/pwc-global-revenues-rise-to-us-55-4-billion.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=PwC |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222221440/https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/news-room/press-releases/2024/pwc-global-revenues-rise-to-us-55-4-billion.html}}</ref>
| $55.4 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $2.3 bn, 4.3%}})<!-- Revenues -->
| {{color|red|−18%}} vs Deloitte<br />({{color|red|−18%}} vs Deloitte {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (firm above – current firm) / firm above = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap -->
| {{color|red|−18%}}<br />({{color|red|−18%}} {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (top firm – current firm) / top firm = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap to #1 -->
| 370,000<br />({{small|{{increase}} 6,000, 1.6%}})<!-- Employees -->
| $149,730<br />({{small|{{increase}} $3,851, 2.6%}})<!-- Revenue per employee -->
| $19.5 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.8 bn, 4.3%}})<!-- Audit -->
| $12.6 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.8 bn, 6.8%}})<!-- Tax -->
| $23.3 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.7 bn, 3.1%}})<!-- Consulting -->
| 42.1%<br />({{small|{{decrease}} {{color|red|−0.5%}}}})<!-- Consulting % -->
<!-- REMINDER: remember to also update the dates (and categories if necessary) in the footnote under the table, it's easy to forget! -->
<!-- use ${{color|red|−7,037}} for any negative values -->
|-
| 3rd
| {{same}} [[Ernst & Young|EY]]
| 2024-06-30<!-- FY ending --><ref name="EY Current Year Revenue">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=EY reports global revenue of US$51.2b for fiscal year 2024 |url=https://www.ey.com/en_gl/newsroom/2024/10/ey-reports-global-revenue-of-51-point-2-billion-us-dollars-for-fiscal-year-2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=EY |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220233343/https://www.ey.com/en_gl/newsroom/2024/10/ey-reports-global-revenue-of-51-point-2-billion-us-dollars-for-fiscal-year-2024}}</ref>
| $51.2 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $1.8 bn, 3.6%}})<!-- Revenues -->
| {{color|red|−8%}} vs PwC<br />({{color|red|−7%}} vs PwC {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (firm above – current firm) / firm above = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap -->
| {{color|red|−24%}}<br />({{color|red|−24%}} {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (top firm – current firm) / top firm = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap to #1 -->
| 392,995<br />({{small|{{decrease}} {{color|red|−2,447}}, {{color|red|−0.6%}}}})<!-- Employees -->
| $130,282<br />({{small|{{increase}} $5,358, 4.3%}})<!-- Revenue per employee -->
| $17.3 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.9 bn, 5.5%}})<!-- Audit -->
| $12.1 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.8 bn, 7.1%}})<!-- Tax -->
| $21.8 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.1 bn, 0.5%}})<!-- Consulting -->
| 42.6%<br />({{small|{{decrease}} {{color|red|−1.3%}}}})<!-- Consulting % -->
<!-- REMINDER: remember to also update the dates (and categories if necessary) in the footnote under the table, it's easy to forget! -->
<!-- use ${{color|red|−7,037}} for any negative values -->
|-
| 4th
| {{same}} [[KPMG]]
| 2024-09-30<!-- FY ending --><ref name="KPMG Current Year Revenue">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Robust growth for KPMG as global revenues rise 5.1% to US$ 38.4 billion |url=https://kpmg.com/xx/en/media/press-releases/2024/12/robust-growth-for-kpmg-as-global-revenues-rise-5-percent-to-us-dollar-38-point-4-billion.html |access-date=22 December 2024 |publisher=KPMG |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222222127/https://kpmg.com/xx/en/media/press-releases/2024/12/robust-growth-for-kpmg-as-global-revenues-rise-5-percent-to-us-dollar-38-point-4-billion.html}}</ref>
| $38.4 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $2.0 bn, 5.5%}})<!-- Revenues -->
| {{color|red|−25%}} vs EY<br />({{color|red|−26%}} vs EY {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (firm above – current firm) / firm above = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap -->
| {{color|red|−43%}}<br />({{color|red|−44%}} {{Abbr|PY|in prior year}})<!-- FORMULA: (top firm – current firm) / top firm = diff % --><!-- Revenue gap to #1 -->
| 275,288<br />({{small|{{increase}} 1,864, 0.7%}})<!-- Employees -->
| $139,490<br />({{small|{{increase}} $6,364, 4.8%}})<!-- Revenue per employee -->
| $13.4 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.8 bn, 6.3%}})<!-- Audit -->
| $8.7 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.8 bn, 10.1%}})<!-- Tax -->
| $16.3 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $0.6 bn, 3.8%}})<!-- Consulting -->
| 42.4%<br />({{small|{{decrease}} {{color|red|−0.7%}}}})<!-- Consulting % -->
<!-- REMINDER: remember to also update the dates (and categories if necessary) in the footnote under the table, it's easy to forget! -->
<!-- use ${{color|red|−7,037}} for any negative values -->
|-
!scope="row" colspan="3" | Total
!| $212.2 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $8.4 bn, 4.1%}})<!-- Revenues -->
!| —<!-- Revenue gap -->
!| —<!-- Revenue gap to #1 -->
!| 1,498,583<br />({{small|{{increase}} 8,891, 0.6%}})<!-- Employees -->
!| $141,600<br />({{small|{{increase}} $4,794, 3.5%}})<!-- Revenue per employee -->
!| $63.0 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $3.0 bn, 5.0%}})<!-- Audit -->
!| $44.7 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $3.4 bn, 8.2%}})<!-- Tax -->
!| $104.7 bn<br />({{small|{{increase}} $2.2 bn, 2.1%}})<!-- Consulting -->
!| 49.3%<br />({{small|{{decrease}} {{color|red|−1.0%}}}})<!-- Consulting % -->
|}
<!-- use ${{color|red|−7,037}} for any negative values -->
{{smalldiv|'''Note:''' Consulting & Advisory includes the following service lines reported by each firm.  Further, columns may not cross-add due to rounding in numbers reported by each firm.
* Deloitte: Consulting, Financial Advisory, Risk Advisory (F2024 financial statement categories)
* PwC: Advisory (F2024 financial statement categories)
* EY: Consulting, Strategy and Transactions (F2024 financial statement categories)
* KPMG: Advisory (F2024 financial statement categories)
}}

=== Revenue comparison charts ===
'''Big Four Accounting Firm Revenues (US$ bn)'''
{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=350|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=$|yScaleType=log <!-- may need to change scale to "log" when the scale gets larger -->
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=$30 bn, $40 bn, $50 bn, $60 bn
|hannotatonsline=30, 40, 50, 60
|vAnnotatonsLabel=Great Recession starts, COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2008.17, 2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Revenue (US$ bn, log scale)
|x=                  2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1=27.0, 27.4, 26.1, 26.6, 28.8, 31.3, 32.4, 34.2, 35.2, 36.8, 38.8, 43.2, 46.2, 47.6, 50.2, 59.3, 64.9, 67.2
|y2Title=PwC|     y2=25.2, 28.2, 26.2, 26.6, 29.2, 31.5, 32.1, 34.0, 35.4, 35.9, 37.7, 41.3, 42.5, 43.0, 45.1, 50.3, 53.1, 55.4
|y3Title=EY|      y3=21.1, 24.5, 21.4, 21.3, 22.9, 24.4, 25.8, 27.4, 28.7, 29.6, 31.4, 34.8, 36.4, 37.2, 40.0, 45.4, 49.4, 51.2
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4=19.8, 22.7, 20.1, 20.6, 22.7, 23.0, 23.4, 24.8, 24.4, 25.9, 26.4, 29.0, 29.8, 29.2, 32.1, 34.6, 36.4, 38.4
}}

'''Revenue gap to largest firm (%)'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=225|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=%|yScaleType=linear
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=−10%, −20%, -30%, -40%
|hannotatonsline=-0.10, -0.20, -0.30, -0.40
|vAnnotatonsLabel=Great Recession starts, COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2008.17, 2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Revenue gap to largest firm (%)
|x=                    2007,  2008,  2009,  2010,  2011,  2012,  2013,  2014,  2015,  2016,  2017,  2018,  2019,  2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1=  0.00, -0.03,  0.00,  0.00, -0.01, -0.01,  0.00,  0.00, -0.01,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00
|y2Title=PwC|     y2= -0.07,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00,  0.00, -0.01, -0.01,  0.00, -0.02, -0.03, -0.04, -0.08, -0.10, -0.10, -0.15, -0.18, -0.18
|y3Title=EY|      y3= -0.22, -0.13, -0.18, -0.20, -0.22, -0.23, -0.20, -0.20, -0.19, -0.20, -0.19, -0.19, -0.21, -0.22, -0.20, -0.23, -0.24, -0.24
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4= -0.27, -0.20, -0.23, -0.23, -0.22, -0.27, -0.28, -0.27, -0.31, -0.30, -0.32, -0.33, -0.35, -0.39, -0.36, -0.42, -0.44, -0.43
<!-- Formula: (Firm Revenue – Largest Firm Revenue) / Largest Firm Revenue
Example, KPMG 2021: ($32.1 KPMG - $50.2 Deloitte) / $50.2 Deloitte = -36%
-->
}}

'''Revenue gap to largest firm (US$ bn)'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=225|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=$|yScaleType=linear
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=−$5 bn, −$10 bn, −$15 bn, -$20 bn
|hannotatonsline=-5, -10, -15, -20
|vAnnotatonsLabel=Great Recession starts,COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2008.17, 2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Revenue gap to largest firm (US$ bn)
|x=                  2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014,  2015,  2016,  2017,  2018,  2019,  2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1=   0, -0.8, -0.1,    0, -0.4, -0.2,    0,    0,  -0.2,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0,     0
|y2Title=PwC|     y2=-1.8,    0,    0,    0,    0,    0, -0.3, -0.2,     0,  -0.9,  -1.1,  -1.9,  -3.7,  -4.6,  -5.1,  -9.0, -11.8, -11.8
|y3Title=EY|      y3=-5.9, -3.7, -4.8, -5.3, -6.3, -7.1, -6.6, -6.8,  -6.7,  -7.2,  -7.4,  -8.4,  -9.8, -10.4, -10.2, -13.9, -15.5, -16.0
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4=-7.2, -5.5, -6.1, -6.0, -6.5, -8.5, -9.0, -9.4, -11.0, -10.9, -12.4, -14.2, -16.4, -18.4, -18.1, -24.7, -28.5, -28.8
<!-- Formula: (Firm Revenue – Largest Firm Revenue)
Example, KPMG 2021: ($32.1 KPMG - $50.2 Deloitte) = $-18.1
-->
}}

'''Total Employees'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=225|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=%|yScaleType=linear
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=100k, 200k, 300k, 400k, 500k
|hannotatonsline=100000, 200000, 300000, 400000, 500000
|vAnnotatonsLabel=Great Recession starts, COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2008.17, 2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Total Employees
|x=                      2007,  2008,   2009,   2010,   2011,   2012,   2013,   2014,   2015,   2016,   2017,   2018,   2019,   2020,   2021,   2022,   2023,   2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1= 150000, 165000, 169000, 170000, 182000, 193000, 200000, 210000, 225400, 244400, 263900, 286200, 312028, 334800, 345374, 411951, 456826, 460300
|y2Title=PwC|     y2= 146700, 146700, 163000, 162000, 169000, 180000, 184000, 195000, 208100, 223468, 236235, 250930, 276005, 284000, 295000, 328000, 364000, 370000
|y3Title=EY|      y3= 130000, 135000, 144441, 140964, 152000, 167000, 175000, 190000, 212000, 231000, 247570, 260000, 284000, 298965, 312250, 365399, 395442, 392995
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4= 123300, 137000, 135000, 137835, 138000, 152000, 155000, 162000, 173965, 188982, 197263, 207050, 219281, 227000, 236000, 265000, 273424, 275288
<!-- Formula: N/A
-->
}}

'''Audit & Assurance Revenue (US$ bn)'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=175|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=$|yScaleType=log <!-- may need to change scale to "log" when the scale gets larger -->
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=$10 bn, $12.5 bn, $15 bn, $17.5 bn
|hannotatonsline=10, 12.5, 15, 17.5
|vAnnotatonsLabel=COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Audit & Assurance Revenue (US$ bn, log scale)
|x=                  2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1=10.1,  9.8,  9.4,  9.4, 10.2, 10.2,  9.9, 10.5, 11.4, 12.3, 12.8
|y2Title=PwC|     y2=15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 16.0, 17.1, 17.4, 17.6, 17.1, 18.0, 18.7, 19.5
|y3Title=EY|      y3=11.3, 11.3, 11.3, 11.6, 12.6, 12.6, 12.8, 13.6, 14.4, 16.4, 17.3
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4=10.5, 10.0, 10.1, 10.4, 11.2, 11.2, 11.1, 11.5, 11.9, 12.6, 13.4
}}

'''Tax Revenue (US$ bn)'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=175|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=$|yScaleType=log <!-- may need to change scale to "log" when the scale gets larger -->
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=$6 bn, $8 bn, $10 bn, $12 bn
|hannotatonsline=6, 8, 10, 12
|vAnnotatonsLabel=COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Tax Revenue (US$ bn, log scale)
|x=                  2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1= 6.5,  6.7,  6.9,  7.3,  7.9,  8.3,  8.7,  8.9,  9.9, 10.3, 11.3
|y2Title=PwC|     y2= 8.8,  8.9,  9.1,  9.5, 10.4, 10.7, 10.7, 11.0, 11.6, 11.8, 12.6
|y3Title=EY|      y3= 7.2,  7.5,  7.8,  8.2,  9.0,  9.5,  9.8, 10.5, 11.3, 11.3, 12.1
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4= 5.3,  5.3,  5.6,  5.8,  6.3,  6.6,  6.5,  7.0,  7.4,  7.9,  8.7
}}

'''Consulting & Advisory Revenue (US$ bn)'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=175|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=$|yScaleType=log <!-- may need to change scale to "log" when the scale gets larger -->
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=$10 bn, $20 bn, $30 bn, $40 bn
|hannotatonsline=10, 20, 30, 40
|vAnnotatonsLabel=COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Consulting & Advisory Revenue (US$ bn, log scale)
|x=                  2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1=17.6, 18.8, 20.5, 22.2, 25.1, 27.8, 29.2, 31.0, 38.1, 42.5, 43.3
|y2Title=PwC|     y2=10.0, 11.2, 11.5, 12.2, 13.8, 14.4, 14.7, 17.0, 20.7, 22.6, 23.3
|y3Title=EY|      y3= 8.8,  9.8, 10.5, 11.6, 13.2, 14.3, 14.6, 15.9, 19.7, 21.7, 21.8
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4= 9.1,  9.1,  9.7, 10.2, 11.5, 12.0, 11.7, 13.7, 15.4, 15.7, 16.3
}}

'''Consulting % of Total Revenue'''

{{GraphChart
|width=800|height=225|type=line|legend=Firm Name|xGrid=y|yGrid=y|yAxisFormat=%|yScaleType=linear
|colors=#86BC24,#D85604,#FFDB00,#00338D
<!-- These are the official corporate colours for each firm as follows:
Deloitte Green #86BC24: https://www.schemecolor.com/deloitte-logo-colors.php
PwC Dark Orange #D85604: https://www.schemecolor.com/pricewaterhousecoopers-pwc-logo.php
EY Yellow #FFDB00: https://www.schemecolor.com/ernst-young-logo-colors.php
KPMG Blue #00338D: https://en.calameo.com/read/005748021d8b1f63106dd (KPMG is not found on schemecolor)
-->
|hannotatonslabel=25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%
|hannotatonsline=0.25, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70
|vAnnotatonsLabel=Great Recession starts, COVID-19 pandemic starts
|vAnnotatonsLine=2008.17, 2020
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yaxistitle=Consulting % of Total Revenue
|x=                    2014,  2015,  2016,  2017,  2018,  2019,  2020,  2021,  2022,  2023,  2024
|y1Title=Deloitte|y1= 0.515, 0.533, 0.557, 0.571, 0.581, 0.600, 0.611, 0.615, 0.641, 0.653, 0.642
|y2Title=PwC|     y2= 0.295, 0.317, 0.320, 0.324, 0.334, 0.339, 0.342, 0.377, 0.412, 0.426, 0.421
|y3Title=EY|      y3= 0.322, 0.343, 0.355, 0.369, 0.379, 0.393, 0.392, 0.398, 0.434, 0.439, 0.426
|y4Title=KPMG|    y4= 0.365, 0.373, 0.382, 0.386, 0.397, 0.403, 0.399, 0.425, 0.444, 0.434, 0.424
<!-- Formula: Firm Consulting Revenue / Firm Total Revenue
Example, KPMG 2021: $13.7  / $32.2 = 42.5%
-->
}}

== Criticism ==
{{See also|Accounting scandals}}

=== Audit quality and ethics ===

A 2019 analysis by [[Public Company Accounting Oversight Board]] (PCAOB) in the United States observed that the big four accounting firms bungled almost 31% of their audits since 2009. In another project study on government oversight, it was seen that while the auditors colluded to present audit reports that pleased their clients, the times they did not resulted in a loss of business. Despite this large-scale collusion in audits, the PCAOB in its 16-year history has only made 18 enforcement cases against the "big four". Although these auditors have failed audits in 31% of cases (808 cases in total), they have only faced action by PCAOB in 6.6% of the cases. KPMG at that point had never been fined despite having the worst audit failure rate of 36.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Haldevang |first=Max de |title=Big Four accounting firms bungle a third of US audits but are rarely fined |url=https://qz.com/1705744/big-four-accounting-firms-are-bungling-a-third-of-us-audits/ |access-date=2019-09-19 |website=Quartz |date=10 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

As per the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) none of the Big Four – Deloitte, EY, KPMG, and PwC managed to surpass the 90% target of its audits. The inefficiency in audit was resulting in a loss of investors' money, people's pension plans, stakeholders' livelihoods and was putting a question mark on the credibility of audited financial statements. "At a time when the future of the audit sector is under the microscope, the latest audit quality results are not acceptable," said Stephen Haddrill, the FRC's Chief executive. Multiple ethics scandals and questionable practices across the globe led to multi-million dollar fines and subsequent settlements by all the Big Four firms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2020 |title=21 Scandals, Settlements and Corporate Crimes of Big 4 Accounting Firms in 2019 |url=https://facelesscompliance.com/7604/21-scandals-settlements-and-corporate-crimes-of-big-4-accounting-firms-in-2019 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |website=facelesscompliance.com}}</ref>

Despite repeated sanctions from regulators, the Big Four have seen continued challenges to audit quality and ethics as the 2020 decade comes to a close.
#In May 2018, KPMG was accused of being "complicit" in signing off [[Carillion]]'s "increasingly fantastical figures" before Carillion ultimately collapsed.<ref name="Davies-16May2018">{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Rob |date=16 May 2018 |title='Recklessness, hubris and greed' – Carillion slammed by MPs |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/may/16/recklessness-hubris-and-greed-carillion-slammed-by-mps |access-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221071907/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/may/16/recklessness-hubris-and-greed-carillion-slammed-by-mps |archive-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
#In January 2020, PwC faces allegations of potential conflict of interest in its audit of [[Sonangol Group|Sonangol]], given its dual roles of both auditor and consultant.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Garside |first1=Juliette |last2=Inman |first2=Phillip |date=23 January 2020 |title=PwC under growing scrutiny as scandal engulfs Isabel dos Santos |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/pwc-growing-scrutiny-isabel-dos-santos-scandal-luanda-leaks-angola |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221071733/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/pwc-growing-scrutiny-isabel-dos-santos-scandal-luanda-leaks-angola |archive-date=21 December 2020}}</ref>
#In September 2020, Deloitte was fined £15&nbsp;million (US$19.4&nbsp;million) by the FRC for failing to apply sufficient professional skepticism in its audits of [[HP Autonomy|Autonomy]]'s 2009 to 2011 financial statements prior to Autonomy's acquisition by [[Hewlett-Packard]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohn |first=Michael |date=17 September 2020 |title=Deloitte fined £15M in U.K. for Autonomy audits |publisher=Accounting Today |url=https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/deloitte-fined-15m-in-u-k-for-autonomy-audits |access-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104808/https://www.accountingtoday.com/news/deloitte-fined-15m-in-u-k-for-autonomy-audits |archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
#In June 2020, EY was accused of poor auditing for failing to discover that [[Wirecard scandal|€1.9&nbsp;billion in cash was missing at Wirecard AG]], precipitating [[Wirecard|Wirecard's]] collapse and eventual sale to Santander Bank for €100&nbsp;million in November 2020.<ref name="FinTimNov2020">{{Cite news |last1=Storbeck |first1=Olaf |last2=Dombey |first2=Daniel |date=16 November 2020 |title=Santander buys Wirecard's core European business for €100m |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e7c38f82-f54c-431f-890e-17adbaa530d1 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e7c38f82-f54c-431f-890e-17adbaa530d1 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=EY chairman admits 'regret' over Wirecard failure |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/professional-services/ey-chairman-admits-regret-over-wirecard-failure-20200916-p55w77 |access-date=2020-12-18 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Seidenstuecker |first=Jörn Poltz, Hans |date=2020-12-04 |title=German prosecutors probe EY auditors over Wirecard collapse |language=en |agency=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/wirecard-accounts-ey-idUSKBN28E29Z |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-22 |title=Wirecard Woes Mount for Ernst & Young as Clients Cut Auditor |language=en |publisher=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-22/wirecard-woes-mount-for-ernst-young-as-clients-leave-auditor |access-date=2020-12-18}}</ref>

=== Tax avoidance ===
According to Australian taxation expert George Rozvany, the Big Four are "the masterminds of multinational [[tax avoidance]] and the architects of tax schemes which cost governments and their taxpayers an estimated {{US$|1 trillion}} a year". At the same time they are advising governments on [[tax reform]]s, they are advising their multinational clients on how to avoid taxes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-11 |title='Tax avoidance' masters revealed |publisher=The NEWDAILY |url=http://thenewdaily.com.au/money/finance-news/2016/07/11/architects-global-tax-avoidance-revealed/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-18 |title='Big Four' audit firms never examined over illegal tax plans |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/emb-0000-big-four-audit-firms-never-examined-over-illegal-tax-plans-a6818126.html |quote=Regulators fail to act as they are dominated by the companies they are supposed to police, say critics}}</ref>

The [[PwC tax scandal]] is one example where PwC sold advice to clients on tax avoidance, and did so using information obtained from PwC tax experts consulting for the Australian Tax Office and Department of Treasury.

=== Market concentration and alleged collusion amongst the Big Four ===
In the wake of [[industry concentration]] and the occasional firm failure, the issue of a credible alternative industry structure has been raised.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |title=Too Big to Fail: Moral Hazard in Auditing and the Need to Restructure the Industry Before it Unravels |ssrn=928482}}</ref> The limiting factor on the expansion of the Big Four to include additional firms, is that although some of the firms in the next tier have become quite substantially large, or have formed international networks, effectively all large public companies insist on having an audit performed by a Big Four network. This creates the complication that smaller firms have no way to compete well enough to make it into the top end of the market.

Documents published in June 2010 show that some UK companies' [[Contractual term|banking covenants]] required them to use one of the Big Four. This approach from the lender prevents firms in the next tier from competing for audit work for such companies. The [[British Bankers' Association]] said that such clauses are rare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big-Four-only clauses are rare: BBA |url=http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2264992/big-four-clauses-rare-bba |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621014525/http://www.accountancyage.com/accountancyage/news/2264992/big-four-clauses-rare-bba |archive-date=2010-06-21 |website=accountancyage.com}}</ref> Current discussions in the UK consider outlawing such clauses.

In February 2011, the [[Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement|Irish Director of Corporate Enforcement]] Paul Appleby said that auditors "report surprisingly few types of company law offences to us", with the so-called "big four" auditing firms reporting the least often to his office, at just 5% of all reports.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 February 2011 |title=Appleby and Revenue query work of auditors |publisher=Independent.ie |editor-last=Oliver |editor-first=Emmet |url=https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/appleby-and-revenue-query-work-of-auditors-26705531.html |access-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026202021/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/appleby-and-revenue-query-work-of-auditors-26705531.html |archive-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>

In 2011, the [[House of Lords]] of United Kingdom completed an inquiry into the financial crisis, and called for an [[Office of Fair Trading]] investigation into the dominance of the Big Four.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2011 |title=Auditors criticised for role in financial crisis |work=Financial Times |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/358b366e-59fa-11e0-ba8d-00144feab49a.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/358b366e-59fa-11e0-ba8d-00144feab49a.html |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In September 2019, [[Bloomberg News]] reported that The Big Four controlled 95% of the FTSE 250 audit market by client numbers and 96% by market capitalization in August 2019, according to Adviser Rankings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kapoor |first=Michael |date=September 1, 2019 |title=Big Four Still Dominate U.K. Large-Company Audits, Survey Shows |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://news.bloombergtax.com/financial-accounting/big-four-still-dominate-u-k-large-company-audits-survey-shows}}</ref>

In 2018, an Australian parliamentary committee was told that the heads of the Big Four firms have met regularly for dinner. The revelation was among issues which led to an inquiry by the [[Australian Competition & Consumer Commission]] into possible collusion in the selling of audit and other services. However, Ernst & Young told the inquiry that the dinners, which were held once or twice a year, were to discuss industry trends and issues of corporate culture such as inclusion and diversity.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tadros |first1=Edmund |last2=McIlroy |first2=Tom |date=15 February 2019 |title=Big four left guessing over dinner guests |page=10 |work=[[Australian Financial Review]]}}</ref>

The January 2018 collapse of the UK construction and services company [[Carillion]] raised further questions about the Big Four, all of which had advised the company before its liquidation. On 13 February 2018, the Big Four were described by [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) and chair of the [[Work and Pensions Select Committee]] [[Frank Field (British politician)|Frank Field]] as "feasting on what was soon to become a carcass" after collecting fees of £72m for Carillion work during the years leading up to its collapse.<ref name="Davies-13Feb2018">{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Rob |date=13 February 2018 |title=Carillion: accountants accused of 'feasting' on company |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/feb/13/carillion-accountants-accused-of-feasting-on-company |access-date=13 February 2018}}</ref> The final report of a Parliamentary inquiry into the collapse of Carillion, published on 16 May 2018,<ref name="Davies-16May2018" /> accused the Big Four accounting firms of being a "cosy club", with KPMG singled out for its "complicity" in signing off on Carillion's "increasingly fantastical figures" and internal auditor Deloitte accused of failing to identify, or ignoring, "terminal failings". The report recommended the Government refer the statutory audit market to the [[Competition and Markets Authority]] (CMA), urging consideration of breaking up the Big Four.<ref name="Davies-16May2018" /> In September 2018, [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Business Secretary]] [[Greg Clark]] announced he had asked the CMA to conduct an inquiry into competition in the audit sector,<ref name="Busby-29Sep2018">{{Cite news |last=Busby |first=Mattha |date=29 September 2018 |title=Audit sector faces inquiry as minister points to deficiencies |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/29/uk-mulls-audit-sector-reform-after-minister-admits-deficiencies |access-date=29 September 2018}}</ref> and on 9 October 2018, the CMA announced it had launched a detailed study.<ref name="CMA-9Oct2018">{{Cite web |title=CMA launches immediate review of audit sector |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-launches-immediate-review-of-audit-sector |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=Gov.uk}}</ref> In July 2020, the UK [[Financial Reporting Council]] told the Big Four that they must submit plans by October 2020 to separate their audit and consultancy operations by 2024.<ref name="BBC-6Jul2020" />

== See also ==
* [[Accounting network]]
* Other "Big" industries
** [[Big Four (banking)]]
** [[Big Oil]]
** [[Big Soda]]
** [[Big Tech]]
** [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)]]
** [[Big Three (management consultancies)]]
** [[Big Tobacco]]
* [[Consulting firm]]
* [[Corporate services]]
* [[LuxLeaks]]
* [[Panama Papers]]
* [[Professional services network]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.deloitte.com/ }} – [[Deloitte]]
* {{Official website|http://www.ey.com}} – [[Ernst & Young]] (EY)
* {{Official website|http://www.kpmg.com/ }} – [[KPMG]]
* {{Official website|http://www.pwc.com}} – [[PwC]]

{{Big4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Four Auditors}}
[[Category:Accounting firms]]
[[Category:Tax avoidance]]
[[Category:Anti-corporate activism]]