Editing Binary code

{{Short description|Encoding for data, using 0s and 1s}}
{{For|the binary form of computer software|Machine code}}
[[Image:Wikipedia in binary.gif|thumb|The word 'Wikipedia' represented in [[ASCII]] binary code, made up of 9 bytes (72 bits).]]
A '''binary code''' represents [[plain text|text]], [[instruction set|computer processor instructions]], or any other [[data]] using a two-symbol system. The two-symbol system used is often "0" and "1" from the [[binary number|binary number system]]. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits, also known as [[bit]]s, to each character, instruction, etc. For example, a binary [[string (computer science)|string]] of eight bits (which is also called a byte) can represent any of 256 possible values and can, therefore, represent a wide variety of different items.

In computing and telecommunications, binary codes are used for various methods of [[encoding]] data, such as [[character string]]s, into bit strings. Those methods may use fixed-width or [[variable-length code|variable-width]] strings. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a [[binary number]], is usually displayed in code tables in [[octal]], [[decimal]] or [[hexadecimal]] notation. There are many [[character sets]] and many [[character encoding]]s for them.
[[File:Binary to Hexadecimal or Decimal.jpg|thumb|Binary to Hexadecimal or Decimal]]

A [[bit string]], interpreted as a binary number, can be [[binary number#Decimal|translated into a decimal number]]. For example, the [[letter case|lower case]] ''a'', if represented by the bit string <code>01100001</code> (as it is in the standard [[ASCII]] code), can also be represented as the decimal number 97.

==History of binary codes==
{{further|Binary number#History}}
 {{Disputed section|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bernhard Christoph Francke.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gottfried Leibniz]]]]

=== Invention ===
The modern binary number system, the basis for binary code, is an invention by [[Gottfried Leibniz]] in 1689 and appears in his article ''Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire (''English: ''Explanation of the Binary Arithmetic'') which uses only the characters 1 and 0, and some remarks on its usefulness. Leibniz's system uses 0 and 1, like the modern binary numeral system. Binary numerals were central to Leibniz's intellectual and theological ideas. He believed that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of ''[[creatio ex nihilo]]'' or creation out of nothing.<ref name="on">{{cite book |author1=Yuen-Ting Lai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9dOmVt81UAC&pg=PA149 |title=Leibniz, Mysticism and Religion |publisher=Springer |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7923-5223-5 |pages=149–150}}</ref><ref name="lnz">Leibniz G., Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, Die Mathematische Schriften, ed. C. Gerhardt, Berlin 1879, vol.7, p.223; Engl. transl.[http://www.leibniz-translations.com/binary.htm]</ref> In Leibniz's view, binary numbers represented a fundamental form of creation, reflecting the simplicity and unity of the divine.<ref name="lnz" /> Leibniz was also attempting to find a way to translate logical reasoning into pure mathematics. He viewed the binary system as a means of simplifying complex logical and mathematical processes, believing that it could be used to express all concepts of arithmetic and logic.<ref name="lnz" />

=== Previous Ideas ===
Leibniz explained in his work that he encountered the ''[[I Ching]]'' by [[Fu Xi]]<ref name="lnz" /> that dates from the 9th century BC in China,<ref name="HackerMoore2002">{{cite book |author1=Edward Hacker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5hLpfFiMCQC&pg=PR13 |title=I Ching: An Annotated Bibliography |author2=Steve Moore |author3=Lorraine Patsco |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-93969-0 |page=13}}</ref> through French Jesuit [[Joachim Bouvet]] and noted with fascination how its [[hexagram (I Ching)|hexagrams]] correspond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111, and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical visual binary [[mathematics]] he admired.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aiton|first=Eric J.|title=Leibniz: A Biography|year=1985|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-85274-470-3|pages=245–8}}</ref><ref name="smith" /> Leibniz saw the hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own religious belief.<ref name="smith">{{cite book|author1=J.E.H. Smith|title=Leibniz: What Kind of Rationalist?: What Kind of Rationalist?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da_oP3sJs1oC&pg=PA4153|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-8668-7|page=415}}</ref> After Leibniz ideas were ignored, the book had confirmed his theory that life could be simplified or reduced down to a series of straightforward propositions. He created a system consisting of rows of zeros and ones. During this time period, Leibniz had not yet found a use for this system.<ref name="Gottfried Leibniz">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/leibniz.htm|title=Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 - 1716)|website=www.kerryr.net}}</ref> The binary system of the ''I Ching'' is based on the duality of [[yin and yang]].<ref name="scientific">{{cite book|author1=Jonathan Shectman|title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 18th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsbChdIiflsC&pg=PA29|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=978-0-313-32015-6|page=29}}</ref> [[Slit drum]]s with binary tones are used to encode messages across Africa and Asia.<ref name="scientific" /> The Indian scholar [[Pingala]] (around 5th–2nd centuries BC) developed a binary system for describing [[prosody (poetry)|prosody]] in his ''Chandashutram''.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sanchez|first1=Julio|last2=Canton|first2=Maria P.|title=Microcontroller programming: the microchip PIC|year=2007|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-0-8493-7189-9|page=37}}</ref><ref>W. S. Anglin and J. Lambek, ''The Heritage of Thales'', Springer, 1995, {{ISBN|0-387-94544-X}}</ref>

[[Mangareva]] people in [[French Polynesia]] were using a hybrid binary-[[decimal]] system before 1450.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Andrea |last2=Beller |first2=Sieghard |date=16 December 2013 |title=Mangarevan invention of binary steps for easier calculation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=1322–1327 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1309160110 |pmc=3910603 |pmid=24344278 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the 11th century, scholar and philosopher [[Shao Yong]] developed a method for arranging the hexagrams which corresponds, albeit unintentionally, to the sequence 0 to 63, as represented in binary, with yin as 0, yang as 1 and the [[least significant bit]] on top. The ordering is also the [[lexicographical order]] on [[sextuple]]s of elements chosen from a two-element set.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=James A. |date=January 1996 |title=Leibniz' Binary System and Shao Yong's "Yijing" |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=59–90 |doi=10.2307/1399337 |jstor=1399337}}</ref>

[[File:George Boole color.jpg|thumb|upright|[[George Boole]]]]In 1605 [[Francis Bacon]] discussed a system whereby letters of the alphabet could be reduced to sequences of binary digits, which could then be encoded as scarcely visible variations in the font in any random text.<ref name="Bacon1605" /> Importantly for the general theory of binary encoding, he added that this method could be used with any objects at all: "provided those objects be capable of a twofold difference only; as by Bells, by Trumpets, by Lights and Torches, by the report of Muskets, and any instruments of like nature".<ref name="Bacon1605">{{Cite web|last=Bacon|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Bacon|title=The Advancement of Learning|url=http://home.hiwaay.net/~paul/bacon/advancement/book6ch1.html|year=1605|volume=6|location=London|pages=Chapter 1}}</ref>

=== Boolean Logical System ===
[[George Boole]] published a paper in 1847 called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic, now known as [[Boolean algebra (logic)|Boolean algebra]]. Boole's system was based on binary, a yes-no, on-off approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.<ref name="Boolean operations">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/boolean.htm|title=What's So Logical About Boolean Algebra?|website=www.kerryr.net}}</ref> This system was not put into use until a graduate student from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], [[Claude Shannon]], noticed that the Boolean algebra he learned was similar to an electric circuit. In 1937, Shannon wrote his master's thesis, ''[[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]]'', which implemented his findings. Shannon's thesis became a starting point for the use of the binary code in practical applications such as computers, electric circuits, and more.<ref name="Claude Shannon">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/shannon.htm|title=Claude Shannon (1916 - 2001)|website=www.kerryr.net}}</ref>

==Other forms of binary code==
{{Main|List of binary codes}}
{{original research|section|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Bagua-name-earlier.svg|thumb|Daoist Bagua]]
The bit string is not the only type of binary code: in fact, a binary system in general, is any system that allows only two choices such as a switch in an electronic system or a simple true or false test.

===Braille===
[[Braille]] is a type of binary code that is widely used by the blind to read and write by touch, named for its creator, Louis Braille. This system consists of grids of six dots each, three per column, in which each dot has two states: raised or not raised. The different combinations of raised and flattened dots are capable of representing all letters, numbers, and punctuation signs.

===Bagua {{anchor|BaGua}}===
The ''[[bagua]]'' are diagrams used in ''[[feng shui]],'' [[Taoist]] [[cosmology]] and ''[[I Ching]]'' studies. The ''ba gua'' consists of 8 trigrams; ''bā'' meaning 8 and ''guà'' meaning divination figure. The same word is used for the 64 guà (hexagrams). Each figure combines three lines (''yáo'') that are either broken ([[Yin and yang|''yin'']]) or unbroken (''yang''). The relationships between the trigrams are represented in two arrangements, the primordial, "Earlier Heaven"  or "Fuxi" ''bagua'', and the manifested, "Later Heaven", or "King Wen" ''bagua''.<ref name='wilhelm'>{{cite book |last=Wilhelm |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Wilhelm (sinologist) |others=trans. by [[Cary F. Baynes]], foreword by [[C. G. Jung]], preface to 3rd ed. by [[Hellmut Wilhelm]] (1967) |title=The I Ching or Book of Changes |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1950 |location=Princeton, NJ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbU9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA266 |isbn=978-0-691-09750-3 |pages=266, 269}}</ref> (See also, the [[King Wen sequence]] of the 64 hexagrams).

===Ifá, Ilm Al-Raml and Geomancy{{anchor|Ifá}}===
The [[Ifá]]/Ifé system of divination in African religions, such as of [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], and [[Ewe people|Ewe]], consists of an elaborate traditional ceremony producing 256 oracles made up by 16 symbols with 256 = 16 x 16. An initiated priest, or [[Babalawo]], who had memorized oracles, would request sacrifice from consulting clients and make prayers. Then, divination nuts or a pair of chains are used to produce random binary numbers,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olupona |first=Jacob K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781 |title=African Religions: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-979058-6 |location=Oxford |pages=45 |oclc=839396781}}</ref> which are drawn with sandy material on an "Opun" figured wooden tray representing the totality of fate.

Through the spread of [[Islamic]] culture, Ifé/Ifá was assimilated as the "Science of Sand" (ilm al-raml), which then spread further and became "Science of Reading the Signs on the Ground" ([[Geomancy]]) in Europe.

This was thought to be another possible route from which computer science was inspired,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eglash|first=Ron|date=June 2007|title=The fractals at the heart of African designs|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/ron_eglash_the_fractals_at_the_heart_of_african_designs/up-next#t-13472|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.ted.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727161435/https://www.ted.com/talks/ron_eglash_the_fractals_at_the_heart_of_african_designs/up-next |archive-date=2021-07-27 }}</ref> as Geomancy arrived at Europe at an earlier stage (about 12th Century, described by [[Hugo of Santalla|Hugh of Santalla]]) than [[I Ching]] (17th Century, described by [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]).

==Coding systems==
[[File:2D Binary Index.svg|thumb|An example of a recursive [[binary space partitioning]] [[quadtree]] for a 2D index]]

===ASCII code===
The [[American Standard Code for Information Interchange]] (ASCII), uses a 7-bit binary code to represent text and other characters within computers, communications equipment, and other devices. Each letter or symbol is assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example, lowercase "a" is represented by <code>1100001</code> as a bit string (which is decimal 97).

===Binary-coded decimal===
[[Binary-coded decimal]] (BCD) is a binary encoded representation of integer values that uses a 4-bit [[nibble]] to encode decimal digits. Four binary bits can encode up to 16 distinct values; but, in BCD-encoded numbers, only ten values in each nibble are legal, and encode the decimal digits zero, through nine. The remaining six values are illegal and may cause either a machine exception or unspecified behavior, depending on the computer implementation of BCD arithmetic.

BCD arithmetic is sometimes preferred to floating-point numeric formats in commercial and financial applications where the complex rounding behaviors of floating-point numbers is inappropriate.<ref name="Cowlishaw_GDA">{{cite web |first=Mike F. |last=Cowlishaw |author-link=Mike F. Cowlishaw |title=General Decimal Arithmetic |orig-year=1981, 2008 |publisher=IBM |date=2015 |url=http://speleotrove.com/decimal/<!-- http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/ --> |access-date=2016-01-02}}</ref>

==Early uses of binary codes==
* 1875: [[Émile Baudot]] "Addition of binary strings in his ciphering system," which, eventually, led to the ASCII of today.
* 1884: The [[Linotype machine]] where the matrices are sorted to their corresponding channels after use by a binary-coded slide rail.
* 1932: [[C. E. Wynn-Williams]] "Scale of Two" counter<ref name="Glaser">{{Harvnb|Glaser|1971}}</ref>
* 1937: [[Alan Turing]] electro-mechanical binary multiplier
* 1937: [[George Stibitz]] [[Excess three code|"excess three" code]] in the [[George Stibitz#Computer|Complex Computer]]<ref name="Glaser"/>
* 1937: [[Atanasoff–Berry Computer]]<ref name="Glaser"/>
* 1938: [[Konrad Zuse]] [[Z1 (computer)|Z1]]

==Current uses of binary==
Most modern computers use binary encoding for instructions and data. [[CD]]s, [[DVD]]s, and [[Blu-ray Disc]]s represent sound and video digitally in binary form. Telephone calls are carried digitally on long-distance and mobile phone networks using [[pulse-code modulation]], and on [[voice over IP]] networks.

==Weight of binary codes==
The weight of a binary code, as defined in the table of [[constant-weight code]]s,<ref>[http://www.research.att.com/~njas/codes/Andw/ Table of Constant Weight Binary Codes]</ref> is the [[Hamming weight]] of the binary words coding for the represented words or sequences.

==See also==
* [[Binary number]]
* [[List of binary codes]]
* [[Binary file]]
* [[Unicode]]
* [[Gray code]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160923014940/http://www.baconlinks.com/docs/BILITERAL.doc Sir Francis Bacon's BiLiteral Cypher system]}}, predates binary number system.
* {{MathWorld |urlname=Error-CorrectingCode |title=Error-Correcting Code}}
* [http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/codes/binary.html Table of general binary codes]. An updated version of the tables of bounds for small general binary codes given in {{citation |author1=M.R. Best |author2=A.E. Brouwer |author3=F.J. MacWilliams |author4=A.M. Odlyzko |author5=N.J.A. Sloane |title=Bounds for Binary Codes of Length Less than 25 |journal=IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory |volume=24 |year=1978 |pages=81–93 |doi=10.1109/tit.1978.1055827|citeseerx=10.1.1.391.9930 }}.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170423014446/http://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~litsyn/tableand/ Table of Nonlinear Binary Codes]. Maintained by Simon Litsyn, E. M. Rains, and N. J. A. Sloane. Updated until 1999.
* {{Cite book | last = Glaser | first = Anton | title = History of Binary and other Nondecimal Numeration | publisher = Tomash | year = 1971 | chapter = Chapter VII Applications to Computers | isbn = 978-0-938228-00-4}} cites some pre-ENIAC milestones.
* [https://www.amazon.it/01010011-01100101-01100111-01110010-01110100/dp/B0CHD5Q8W1/ref=sr_1_1?qid=1694173977&refinements=p_27:%22Luigi+Usai%22&s=books&sr=1-1&ufe=app_do:amzn1.fos.9d4f9b77-768c-4a4e-94ad-33674c20ab35 First book in the world fully written in binary code]: (<abbr>IT</abbr>) Luigi Usai, ''01010011 01100101 01100111 01110010 01100101 01110100 01101001'', Independently published, 2023, <nowiki>ISBN 979-8-8604-3980-1</nowiki>. <small>URL consulted September 8, 2023</small>.

[[Category:Computer data]]
[[Category:English inventions]]
[[Category:Encodings]]
[[Category:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]
[[Category:2 (number)]]