Editing Biographical evaluation

{{short description|Islamic religious studies to distinguish reliable from unreliable hadith}}
{{redirect|Rijal|Nepalese surname|Rijal (surname)}}
{{Hadith |studies}}
'''Biographical evaluation''' ({{langx|ar|عِلْمُ الرِّجال|ʿilm ar-rijāl}}; literally meaning'' 'Knowledge of Men', ''but more commonly understood as the ''Science of Narrators)'' refers to a discipline of [[Islam]]ic religious studies within [[hadith terminology]] in which the narrators of [[hadith]] are evaluated. Its goal is to establish the credibility of the narrators, using both historic and religious knowledge, in order to distinguish [[Hadith terminology#Sahih|authentic]] and [[Hadith terminology#Hasan|reliable]] hadiths from [[Hadith terminology#Da`if|unreliable]] hadiths.<ref name="Muqaddimah 101">''Muqadimah Ibn al-Salah'', by Ibn al-Salah, edited by 'Aishah bint 'Abd al-Rahman, p. 101, ''Dar al-Ma'arif'', Cairo.</ref> '''{{Transliteration|ar|ʿIlm ar-rijāl}}''' is synonymous with what is commonly referred to as '''{{Transliteration|ar|al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl}}''' (discrediting and accrediting) – the criticism and declared acceptance of hadith narrators.{{NoteTag|Al-[[al-Suyuti|Suyūṭī]] mentioned in the chapter of ''Tadrib al-Rawi'' entitled 'Recognizing the trustworthy, reliable narrators and those who are weak and unreliable': "''al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʻdīl'' is permissible..."<ref name= "tadrib" />}}<ref name= "tadrib">''Tadrib al-Rawi'', vol. 2, p. 495, ''Dar al-'Asimah'', first edition, 2003.</ref>

== Significance ==
{{quote box |align = right |width = 29% |quote = [[Ali ibn al-Madini]], an early authority on the subject, said, "Knowing the narrators is half of knowledge."<ref name="Siyar al-`Alam" />}}

In his ''[[Introduction to the Science of Hadith]]'', [[Ibn al-Salah]], a renowned hadith specialist, explained the importance of the study of hadith narrators. Introducing the chapter entitled, 'Recognizing the trustworthy, reliable narrators and those who are weak and unreliable,' Ibn al-Salah said, "This is from the most distinguished and noble types (of hadith study) as it results in recognizing the authenticity of a hadith or its weakness."<ref name="Muqaddimah 654-5">''Muqadimah Ibn al-Salah'', by Ibn al-Salah, published with ''Muhasin al-Istilah'' by al-Bulqini, edited by 'Aishah bint 'Abd al-Rahman, p. 654, ''Dar al-Ma'arif'', Cairo.</ref> He then explained that any criticism directed at a narrator was permissible due to the "maintenance of the [[Sharia]]h, purging it of any mistakes or misinformation".<ref name="Muqaddimah 654-5"/>

Stressing the importance of biographical evaluation, [[Ali ibn al-Madini]], an early authority on the subject, said, "Knowing the narrators is half of knowledge."{{NoteTag|The other half of knowledge, according to Ibn al-Madini, is "having understanding of the meanings of hadith".<ref name="Siyar al-`Alam" />}}<ref name="Siyar al-`Alam">''Siyar 'Alam al-Nubala’'', by [[al-Dhahabi]], vol. 11, p. 48, ''Mu'assasah al-Risalah'', Beirut, 11th edition, 2001.</ref>

== History ==
{{quote box |align=right |width=29% |quote=The following [[Qur'an]]ic verse established a general principal in '''biographical evaluation''':<ref name="Ilm R 18-20">''ʻIlm al-rijāl wa Ihimmiyyatuh'', by al-Mu'allimee, pp. 18–20, Dar al-Rayah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1996.</ref> "O you who believe, if a wrongdoer should approach you conveying information, then verify that so as not to fall into ignorance thus regretting what you have done."<ref name="Quran">The [[Qur'an|Quran]], ''Surah al-Hujarat'', 6th verse.</ref>}}

===Time of the Companions===
While many [[Sahaba|Companions]] narrated hadith, according to [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] there were six who were the most prolific narrators of them, who lived long lives enabling them narrate to a large extent. They were: [[Abu Hurairah|Abu Huraira]], [[Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab|Abdullah ibn Umar]], [[Aisha]], [[Jabir ibn Abd-Allah|Jabir ibn Abdullah]], [[`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas|Ibn Abbas]] and [[Anas ibn Malik]] with [[Abu Hurairah|Abu Huraira]] being the most prolific of them.<ref name="Muqaddimah 492">''Muqadimah Ibn al-Salah'', by Ibn al-Salah, edited by 'Aishah bint 'Abd al-Rahman, p. 492, ''Dar al-Ma'arif'', Cairo.</ref> According to Ibn al-Salah the most prolific narrators from the Companions was Abu Huraira followed by Ibn Abbas.<ref name="Muqaddimah 492"/>

In spite of the Companions' efforts in narrating their hadith, there was no need for them to evaluate each other's narrating capabilities or trustworthiness. This is because, as [[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]] said, that Allah and his Prophet declared the Companions to be upright and trustworthy, and, therefore, there is no need to investigate their reliability, however, one must investigate the condition of those after them.<ref>''Al-Kifayah'', by al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, p. 46, ''Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah'', Beirut, Lebanon, 1988; this edition is apparently based upon the original Indian printing.</ref> However, there are many established narrations originating from the Companions praising some of the [[Tabi'un]] with some criticism of specific individuals from them.<ref name="Ilm R 18-20"/> and al-Baghdadi's stance is contrary to modern approaches like [[historical criticism]].

===After the Companions===
As for the [[Tabi'un]], the generation following the Companions, their praise of narrators was plentiful, while disparagement from them was seldom. Those narrators who were criticized from the Followers were not criticized for [[Hadith terminology#Mawdo`|fabricating hadith]], but, instead, due to heresy, such as the [[Kharijites]], or due to weak memory or due to their condition as narrators being unknown.<ref name="Ilm R 18-20"/>

Evaluating the narrators of hadith began in the generation following that of the Companions based upon the statement of [[Ibn Sirin|Muhammad Ibn Sirin]], "They did not previously inquire about the [[Science of hadith#The sanad and the matn|''isnad'']]. However, after the turmoil occurred they would say, 'Name for us your narrators.' So the people of the [[Sunnah]] would have their hadith accepted and the people of [[Bid‘ah|innovation]] would not."<ref>Reported by Muslim in the introduction to his [[Sahih Muslim|''Sahih'']], vol. 1, p. 8.</ref> The ''turmoil'' referred to is the conflicting ideology of the [[Shia Islam|Shias]] after the passing of the Prophet, and later the Kharijites that had emerged at the time of the third Sunni [[Caliph]] [[Uthman ibn Affan]]'s assassination and the social unrest of the Kharijites in opposition to the succeeding rulers, [[Ali]] and [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]].<ref>This is the explanation provided by al-Qurtubi in ''al-Mufhim'', vol. 1, pgs. 122-3 as quoted in ''Qurrah Ayn Al-Muhtaj'', vol. 2, pg 58.</ref> The death of Uthman was in the year 35 after the migration.<ref>''Al-Bidayah wa Al-Nihayah'', by [[Ibn Kathir]], vol. 10, p. 323, ''Dar Alam al-Kutub''.</ref>

In the following generation, [[Tabi' al-Tabi'in]], and afterward, the weak, unacceptable narrators increased in number, necessitating that a group of scholars clarify the condition of the narrators and distinguishing any narrations that were not [[Hadith terminology#Sahih|authentic]].<ref name="Ilm R 18-20"/>

====Early specialists====
According to Ibn al-Salah, quoting an early religious authority, the first to specialize in the study of hadith narrators was [[Shuʿba Ibn al-Ḥajjāj]], followed by Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Qattan and then [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]] and [[Yahya ibn Ma'in]].<ref name="Muqaddimah 101"/> Al-Bulqini added some names to the aforementioned: [[Ali ibn al-Madini]] and 'Amr ibn 'Ali al-Fallas, and then mentioned [[Malik ibn Anas]] and [[Hisham ibn Urwah]] as having preceded them in evaluating narrators.<ref name="Muqaddimah 654-5"/>

== Overview ==
{{quote box |align=right |width=29% |quote=The grounds upon which a narrator is subject to criticism are numerous some relating to moral uprightness and others to precision.}}

===Narrator criteria===
A hadith is subject to criticism on the basis of two matters. The first relates to the continuity of the hadith's [[Science of hadith#The sanad and the matn|chain of narration]]; if there is [[Hadith terminology#Categories of discontinuity|discontinuity]] between two or more narrators, that hadith is criticized on this basis as discussed in depth in the [[hadith terminology]] article. The second relates to criticism of a narrator, or more, in the chain of narration of a particular hadith.<ref>''Nuzhah al-Nathar'', by Ibn Ḥajr, published as ''an-Nukat'', p. 108, ''Dar Ibn al-Jawzi'', Dammam, Saudi Arabia, sixth edition, 2001.</ref>

Hadith narrators are evaluated in light of two qualities in determining the overall grading of a hadith. These qualities are derived from the definition of a hadith that is [[Hadith terminology#Sahih|''sahih'']] constituting two of its five conditions. The first, uprightness (''al-ʻadālah''), is defined as the ability an individual possesses to adhere to moralistic decorum (''al-taqwā'') and maintaining proper social graces (''al-murūʼah''). The second, precision (''al-ḍabṭ''), is of two types, the first is pertaining to memorization and the second to writing. Precision in memorization (''ḍabṭ al-ṣadr'') refers to the ability to retain the specified information, recalling and conveying it at will. Precision in writing (''ḍabṭ al-kitāb'') is the preservation of the written information from the time it was heard until its transmission.<ref>''Nuzhah al-Nathar'', p. 83.</ref>

===Grounds for criticism===
The grounds upon which a narrator is subject to criticism are numerous some relating to moral uprightness and others to precision. [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Ḥajr]] identified and enumerated ten qualities in which a narrator could be criticized. Five relate to trustworthiness and the other five to precision; however, he presented these ten qualities in order according to severity:
# A narrator intentionally lying, claiming a statement to be a Prophetic hadith when it is not. The inclusion of a narrator of a hadith as such renders that hadith [[Hadith terminology#Maw.E1.B8.8D.C5.AB.CA.BB|fabricated (''Mawḍūʻ'')]].
# An accusation of fabricating a hadith. This would be due a narration that clearly contradicts established religious principles originating from the direction (as it pertains to that hadith's chain of narration) of that individual. Or, that a narrator is known to lie in his ordinary speech but not while narrating hadith.
# Plenitude of mistakes in a narrator's hadith.
# Lack of attention to accuracy.
# The commission of wrongdoing by statement or action as long as it does not constitute apostasy.
# Misconception due to narrating on the basis of misunderstanding.
# Contradiction of that narrator's hadith of another established narrator.
# Unspecification of that narrator's standing in their narrating capabilities.
# [[Bid‘ah|Heresy]], being the belief in an innovated matter that contradicts the established religious practice originating with the Prophet due to a misconception, not obstinateness.
# Poor memory, differing from number three above in that the mistakes of that narrator outnumber instances in which they are correct.<ref>''Nuzhah al-Nathar'', pgs. 116–17.</ref>

===Methods of evaluation===
Hadith scholars of the past employed various methods by which to evaluate the narrating abilities of a narrator. From these means are the following:
# Observing that narrator's religiosity and asking others about it.
# Requesting the narrator in question to narrate from a particular living scholar and then returning to that scholar and comparing his narrations with those of the narrator under examination.
# If the narrator narrates from a deceased scholar, inquiring when he, the narrator in question, was born, when he met that scholar and where and then comparing the dates provided in his response to the recognized dates of that scholars death and travels. So, perhaps, the dates provided by the narrator may contradict the established dates, for example, claiming that he heard from a particular scholar after the recognized death of that scholar.
# Comparing the narrations of the narrator with those of narrators of established reliability, comparing them seeking any distinctions that might be unique to that narrator, in particular, while contradicting the others.
# Examination of the narrations either written or memorized by that narrator after the passage of time observing any discrepancies with their initial narrations.<ref>''Ilm al-rijāl wa Ihimmiyyatuh'', pp. 22–4.</ref>
# Deliberately altering the wording of a hadith or more for the purpose of examining the ability of the narrator being examined to detect those alterations. This is considered an acceptable practice as long as those alterations are brought to light following the examination process.<ref>''Nuzhah al-Nathar'', [ 127.</ref>

== Evaluation terminology ==
{{quote box |align=right |width=29% |quote=A system of terminology developed to codify the standing of each narrator...}}

As a result of the evaluation of narrators, each scholar would then conclude by describing the standing of each narrator. A system of terminology developed to codify the standing of each narrator, with some variation in usage of terms between the individual evaluators. These are divided into two categories, those terms that constitute praise (''taʻdīl'') and those that constitute criticism (''jarḥ''). [[al-Suyuti|al-Suyūṭī]] gathered the various terms and arranged them in order of strength. He quoted four levels of strength for praise from Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn al-Salah, adding that [[al-Dhahabi]] and [[Abd al-Rahim ibn al-Husain al-'Iraqi]] added an additional level and [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Ḥajr]] one above that. Thus according to al-Suyūṭī, there are six levels of praise. Similarly, al-Suyūṭī described six levels of terms used to criticize a narrator; he arranged them beginning with the least severe and concluding with the most severe criticism.<ref name="Tadrib 1/573-80">''Tadrib al-Rawi'', by al-Suyūṭī, vol. 1, pp. 573-8, ''Dar al-'Asimah'', Riyadh, first edition, 2003.</ref>

===Levels of praise===
#Ibn Ḥajr held that the highest level of praise was expressed was through the use of the superlative, for example, ''the most established of the people'' ({{Transliteration|ar|athbat al-nās}}), or ''the most reliable of the people'' ({{Transliteration|ar|awthaq al-nās}}).
#Al-'Iraqi and al-Dhahabi were of the opinion that the highest level was the repetition of adjective, or adjectives, in praising a narrator. For example, ''reliably reliable'' ({{Transliteration|ar|thiqah thiqah}}), or ''reliable, firm'' ({{Transliteration|ar|thiqah thabt}}).
#The highest level according to Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn al-Salah the highest is the use of a single adjective in describing a narrator. Examples of this are: ''reliable'' ({{Transliteration|ar|thiqah}}), ''precise'' ({{Transliteration|ar|mutqin}}) or ''firm'' ({{Transliteration|ar|thabt}}).
#''Trustworthy'' (''ṣadūq'') and ''worthy of trust'' ({{Transliteration|ar|maḥallahu al-ṣidq}}) are both examples of the next category to Ibn Abi Hatim and Ibn al-Salah while al-'Iraqi and al-Dhahabi consider the latter term to be from the next level.
#Next is ''respectable'' ([[Sheikh#Religious usage|''shaykh'']]) along with ''worthy of trust'' ({{Transliteration|ar|maḥallahu al-ṣidq}}) according to some. This level would also be inclusive of an individual accused of heresy.
#The lowest of the levels of praise is, for example, ''satisfactory in hadith'' ({{Transliteration|ar|ṣāliḥ al-ḥadīth}}), meaning according to Ibn Ḥajr, this includes ''acceptable'' ({{Transliteration|ar|maqbūl}}) meaning, when supported by other narrators.<ref name="Tadrib 1/573-80"/><ref>As he explained in the introduction to ''Taqrib al-Tahthib'', pp. 14, ''Mu'assasah al-Risalah'', Beirut, first edition, 1999.</ref>

===Levels of criticism===
#The least severe level for the criticism of a narrator is ''soft in hadith'' (''layyin al-ḥadīth'') and, according to al-'Iraqi, ''they have spoken about him'' (''takallamū fīhi''). This level would also be taken into consideration as a corroborating narrator, but at a level less than the lowest level of praise.
#Next is ''he is not strong'' (''laysa bi l-qawī''). The hadith of a narrator determined to be at this level would also be taken into consideration, as with the previous level, however, this narrator is weaker than one of the previous level.
#More severe than ''he is not strong'' is ''weak in hadith'' (''ḍaʻīf al-ḥadīth''), however, none of these first three categories are rejected outright.
#The fourth of the levels of severity of criticism includes terms such as: ''his hadith is rejected'' (''rudd al-ḥadīth'') and ''very weak'' (''ḍaʻīf jiddan'').
#The fifth includes terms such as: ''his hadith is abandoned'' (''matrūk al-ḥadīth'') and ''destroyed'' (''hālik'').
#From the most severe level of terms of criticism are: ''compulsive liar'' (''kadhdhāb''), ''he lies'' (''yakdhib'') and ''fabricator'' (''waḍḍāʻ'') among other terms.<ref name="Tadrib 1/573-80"/>

== Collections of narrator biographies ==

===Sunni===

Collections of narrator biographies are sometimes general and sometimes specific to particular categories of narrators. Among the most common of these categories are:

====General evaluation====

*''[[The Great History]]'' by [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]].
*''al-Jarḥ wa al-Taʻdīl'' by Ibn Abi Hatim.

====Chronologically ordered====
=====Particular to a specific period of time=====
Books particular to the Companions:
*''[[Ali ibn al-Madini#Works|The Book of Knowledge about the Companions]]'' by [[Ali ibn al-Madini]].
*''[[Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr#Works|The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions]]'' by [[Yusuf ibn abd al-Barr]].
*''[[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani#Works|Finding the Truth in Judging the Companinons]]'' by Ibn Ḥajr.
*''[[Ali ibn al-Athir#Works|The Lions of the Forest and the knowledge about the Companions]]'' by [[Ali ibn al-Athir]].

=====General chronology=====
*''Kitab al-`Ilal wa Ma‘rifat al-Rijal'': "The Book of Narrations Containing Hidden Flaws and of Knowledge of the Men (of Hadeeth)" by [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]].
*''[[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi#Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr|The Book of the Major Classes]]'' by [[Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi]].
*''[[Al-Dhahabi#Works|Tadhkirat al-huffaz]]'', ''The Memorial of the Hadith Masters'', a chronological history of hadith scholars' biographies by al-Dhahabi.
*''[[Mizan al-Itidal]]'' by [[al-Dhahabi]]
*''[[Lisan al-Mizan]]'' by [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]], a reworking of Mizan al-'Itidal by al-Dhahabi.
*''Tahdhib al-Tahdhib'' by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
*''Taqrib al-Tahzib'' by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
*''[[Tarikh al-Islam al-kabir]]'' ({{lang|ar|تاريخ الإسلام}}) [https://archive.org/details/FP3938 'Great History of Islam' (50 vols., in Arabic)]; Ibn Hajar received it from Abu Hurayra ibn al-Dhahabi;<ref>Ibn Hajar, ''al-Mu`jam'' (p.400 #1773)</ref> comprising over 30,000 biographical records.<ref>Maxim Romanov, "Observations of a Medieval Quantitative Historian?" in ''Der Islam'', Volume 94, Issue 2, Page 464</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dhahabī|first=Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad|author-link=Al-Dhahabi|title=Tārīkh al-Islām|place=Beirut|publisher=Dar al-Garb al-Islami|year=2003|language=ar|volume=17|url= https://archive.org/stream/FP105731/13_105743#page/n170/}}</ref>
*''[[Siyar a`lam al-nubala]]'' ({{lang|ar|سير أعلام النبلاء}}) ('The Lives of Noble Figures') by [[al-Dhahabi]], 28 volumes, a unique [[biographical dictionary|encyclopedia of biographical]] history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dhahabī|first=Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad|author-link=Al-Dhahabi|title= Sīr al-a'lām al-nublā'|place=Beirut|year=1984|language=ar|volume=25|url=https://archive.org/stream/FP11950/}}</ref>

====Geographically specific====
*[[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi#Works|''History of Baghdad'']] by [[Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]].
*''[[Ibn Asakir#Works|History of Damascus]]'' by [[Ibn Asakir]].

==== Gender specific====
* ''[[Al-Wafa bi Asma al-Nisa]]'' by [[Akram Nadwi]]

====Evaluation of the narrators of specific books====
*''[[Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal]]'', by [[Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi]], is a collection of the biographies of the narrators of the hadith contained in the [[Six major Hadith collections]].
*''[[Tadhhib Tahdhib al-Kamal]]'' by al-Dhahabi; abridgement of [[Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi|al-Mizzi's]] abridgement of [[Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi|al-Maqdisi]]'s ''[[Al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal]]'', a biographical compendium of [[Ilm ar-Rijal|hadith narrators]] from the [[Six major Hadith collections]].

===Shi'i===

Early [[Shi'ite]] {{Transliteration|ar|rijāl}} collections include:<ref>Non-critical editions: {{cite book|editor1-last=al-Baghdādī|editor1-first=Ḥaydar Muḥammad ʿAlī|year=2012|title=Rijāl al-Barqī|location=Qom|publisher=Musʾassasat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq}} {{cite book|editor1-last=al-Iṣfahānī|editor1-first=Jawād al-Qayyūmī|year=2006|title=Ikhtiyār maʿrifat al-rijāl al-maʿrūf bi-rijāl al-Kashshī|location=Qom|publisher=Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī}} {{cite book|editor1-last=al-Zanjānī|editor1-first=Mūsā al-Shabīrī|year=1997|title=Rijāl al-Najāshī|location=Qom|publisher=Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī}} {{cite book|editor1-last=al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī|editor1-first=ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz|year=1999|title=Fihrist kutub al-shīʿa wa-uṣūlihim|location=Qom|publisher=Maktabat al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī}} {{cite book|editor1-last=al-Iṣfahānī|editor1-first=Jawād al-Qayyūmī|year=1994|title=Rijāl al-Ṭūsī|location=Qom|publisher=Muʾassasat al-Nashr al-Islāmī}}</ref>

*{{Transliteration|ar|Rijāl al-Barqī}} ("al-Barqī's Men"), by [[Ahmad al-Barqi|Aḥmad al-Barqī]] (died c. 893)
*[[Ikhtiyar ma'rifat al-rijal|{{Transliteration|ar|Ikhtiyār maʿrifat al-rijāl}}]] ("The Selection of the Knowledge of the Men"): an [[abridgement]] made by [[Shaykh Tusi]] (995–1067 CE) from the {{Transliteration|ar|Rijāl al-Kashshī}} ("al-Kashshī's Men") by [[Muhammad ibn Umar al-Kashshi]] ({{circa}} 854–941/951)
*{{Transliteration|ar|Rijāl al-Najāshī}} ("al-Najāshī's Men"), by [[Ahmad ibn Ali al-Najashi|Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Najāshī]] (c. 982–1058)
*{{Transliteration|ar|Fihrist kutub al-shīʿa}} ("The Catalogue of the Books of the Shi'ites"), by Shaykh Tusi (995–1067 CE)
*{{Transliteration|ar|Rijāl al-Ṭūsī}} ("al-Ṭūsī's Men"), by Shaykh Tusi (995–1067 CE)

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Eerik Dickinson (ed.), ''The Development of Early Sunnite Hadith Criticism: The Taqdima of Ibn Abi Hatim Al-Razi'', Leiden: Brill, 2001. {{ISBN|90-04-11805-5}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.bogvaerker.dk/Bookwright/rijal.html A sample of narrator biographies by al-Luknawi]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090903094955/http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/ A partial online translation of ''Ilm ar-Rijal'' by al-Mu'allimi]

{{Sunni hadith literature}}
{{Historicity}}

[[Category:Hadith]]
[[Category:Hadith studies]]
[[Category:Ilm ar-Rijal]]
[[Category:Biography (genre)]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:Historiography of Islam]]