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{{Short description|Language family of the Philippines}} {{Distinguish|Brunei Bisaya language}} {{Infobox language family | name = Bisayan | altname = Bisayâ<br>Binisayâ<br>Visayan | region = [[Visayas]], most parts of [[Mindanao]], [[Mimaropa]] in the [[Philippines]], [[Sabah]] in [[Malaysia]], [[North Kalimantan]] in [[Indonesia]] and [[Overseas Filipino Workers|immigrant communities]] | ethnicity = [[Visayans]] | familycolor = Austronesian | fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]] | fam3 = [[Philippine languages|Philippine]] | fam4 = [[Greater Central Philippine languages|Greater Central Philippine]] | fam5 = [[Central Philippine languages|Central Philippine]] | protoname = Proto-Bisayan | child1 = [[Asi language|Asi]]<br>[[Cebuano language|Cebuan]]<br>Central Bisayan<br>West Bisayan<br>South Bisayan | glotto = bisa1268 | glottorefname = Bisayan | map = Visayan languages map.png | mapcaption = Geographic extent of Bisayan languages based on [[Ethnologue]] and the [[Philippine Statistics Authority|National Statistics Office]] 2000 Census of Population and Housing '''Cebuan''' {{legend|#007b42|[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]}} '''Central Bisayan''' {{legend|#0a76d1|[[Waray language|Waray]]}} {{legend|#48bede|[[Baybayanon language|Baybayanon]]}} {{legend|#5a93c4|[[Kabalian language|Kabalian]]}} {{legend|#0c3d73|[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]}} {{legend|#0c657f|[[Capiznon language|Capiznon]]}} {{legend|#81b8e7|[[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]]}} {{legend|#10d1e8|[[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]]}} {{legend|#0cb6d5|[[Porohanon language|Porohanon]]}} {{legend|#062b35|[[Ati language (Philippines)|Ati]]}} {{legend|#232727|[[Masbateño language|Masbateño]]}} {{legend|#414747|[[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon]]}} {{legend|#000000|[[Masbate Sorsogon language|Northern Sorsogon]]}} '''West Bisayan''' {{legend|#ce1b78|[[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]]}} {{legend|#8f3e6e|[[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]]}} {{legend|#aa1bce|[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]}} {{legend|#610b9e|[[Karay-a language|Karay-a]]}} {{legend|#ea66f2|[[Inonhan language|Inonhan]]}} {{legend|#9a0753|[[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]]}} '''Asi''' {{legend|#642c06|[[Asi language|Asi]]}} '''South Bisayan''' {{legend|#c12939|[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]}} {{legend|#dea711|[[Butuanon language|Butuanon]]}} {{legend|#de6311|[[Tausug language|Tausug]]}} '''Other legend''' {{legend striped|#007b42|#b9b9b9|Widespread/L2 use of [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]}} {{legend striped|#0c3d73|#b9b9b9|Widespread/L2 use of [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]}} }} The '''Bisayan languages''' or '''Visayan languages'''<ref>{{cite book |last=Adelaar |first=Alexander |year=2005 |chapter=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective |editor-last1=Adelaar |editor-first1=Alexander |editor-last2=Himmelmann |editor-first2=Nikolaus |title=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar |pages=1–42 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}, page 16.</ref> are a subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages]] spoken in the [[languages of the Philippines|Philippines]]. They are most closely related to [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and the [[Bikol languages]], all of which are part of the [[Central Philippine languages]]. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole [[Visayas]] section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the [[Bicol Region]] (particularly in [[Masbate]] and [[Sorsogon]] where several dialects of [[Waray language|Waray]] are spoken), islands south of [[Luzon]], such as those that make up [[Romblon]], most of the areas of [[Mindanao]] and the province of [[Sulu Province|Sulu]] located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of [[Metro Manila]] also speak one of the Bisayan languages. Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], spoken by 20 million people as a native language in [[Central Visayas]], parts of [[Eastern Visayas]], and most of [[Mindanao]]. Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)]], spoken by 9 million in most of [[Western Visayas]] and [[Soccsksargen]]; and [[Waray-Waray language|Waray-Waray]], spoken by 6 million in [[Eastern Visayas]] region. Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the [[badlit]], closely related to the Tagalog [[baybayin]]. ==Nomenclature== Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] and [[Waray language|Waray]], not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by ''Bisaya'' or ''Binisaya'', meaning ''Bisayan language''. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called ''Bisaya'' by their respective speakers despite their languages being [[mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]]. However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the [[Visayas]] do not use the self-reference ''Bisaya'' or ''Binisaya''. To speakers of [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]], [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] and [[Tausug language|Tausug]], the term ''[[Visayans|Visayan]]'' usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon. There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of ''Bisaya''. However, there is an ethnic group in [[Malaysia]] and [[Brunei]] who call themselves [[Bisaya (Borneo)|with the same name]]. However, these [[ethnic groups in the Philippines]] must not be confused with those in [[Borneo]]. == Evidence == [[David Zorc]] lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241).<ref name="Zorc" /> Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others. # *lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l) # *qC, *Cq > *Cq (MOST) *qC, *Cq > *qC ([[Tausug language|Tausug]], and most [[Bikol languages]]) {| class="wikitable" |+Reflexes of PCPh and PPh ! !*qaldaw !*qalsəm !*qitlug !*baqguh |- |Tagalic |*qaːdaw ([[Tagalog language|Tag]]: ˈʔaː.raw) |*qaːsəm (Tag: ˈʔaː.sim) |*qitlug (Tag: ʔit.ˈlog) |*baːguh (Tag: ˈbaː.go) |- |Bikol |*qaldaw ([[Central Bikol|Naga]]: ˈʔal.daw) |*qalsəm (Naga: ˈʔal.som) |*qitlug ([[Rinconada Bikol language|Iriga]]: ʔit.ˈlog) |<nowiki>*</nowiki>baqguh (Naga: ˈbaʔ.go) |- |Bisayan |*qa'''''dl'''''aw (ALL: ˈʔad.law) |*qa'''''sl'''''əm ([[Kinaray-a language|Kin]]: ˈʔas.ləm, [[Cebuano language|Ceb]]: ˈʔas.lum) |*qi'''''tl'''''ug (MOST: ˈʔit.log) |*ba'''''gq'''''uh (Ceb: ˈbag.ʔo) |} == Internal classification == [[David Zorc]] gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32).<ref name="Zorc">{{Cite book |title=The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction |last=Zorc |first=David Paul |date=1977 |publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University |isbn=0858831570 |location=Canberra, Australia |doi=10.15144/PL-C44 |doi-access=free |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bisayandialectso0044zorc }}</ref> The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a [[dialect continuum]] rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages. The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of [[Romblon]] has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] from Central Bisayan, [[Onhan language|Inunhan]] from Western Bisayan and [[Banton language|Banton]] (which has an independent Bisayan branch). Notably, [[Baybay language|Baybayanon]] and [[Porohanon language|Porohanon]] have [[Waray language|Warayan]] substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |last=Lobel |first=Jason |publisher=Elsevier |year=2009 |location=Oxford |pages=914–917}}</ref> A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by ''italics''. [[File:Bisayan Languages Tree Chart.png|thumb|Bisayan Languages Tree Chart]] {{tree list}} * '''''Bisayan''''' ** 1. '''South''' (spoken on the northeastern coast of [[Mindanao]]) *** Butuan-Tausug **** ''[[Tausug language|Tausug]]'' **** ''[[Butuanon language|Butuanon]]'' *** Surigao **** ''[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]'' **** ''Tandaganon'' ** 2. '''Cebuan''' (spoken in [[Cebu]], [[Bohol]], [[Siquijor]], [[Eastern Negros]], western [[Leyte]] and northern, southeastern and northwestern parts of [[Mindanao]]) *** Cebuan **** ''[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]'' ***** ''[[Boholano language|Boholano]]'' ** 3. '''Central''' (spoken across most of the Visayan region) *** Warayan (spoken in eastern [[Leyte]], [[Biliran]] and [[Samar]]) **** ''[[Waray language|Waray]]'' **** ''[[Baybayanon language|Baybayanon]]'' **** ''[[Kabalian language|Kabalian]]'' **** ''[[Southern Sorsogon language|Southern Sorsogon (Gubat)]]'' *** {{anchor|Peripheral Visayan languages|Peripheral Bisayan languages}} Peripheral **** ''[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)]]'' (spoken in eastern [[Panay]] and [[Guimaras]], [[Western Negros]] and south-central [[Mindanao]]) **** ''[[Capiznon language|Capiznon]]'' **** ''[[Bantayanon language|Bantayanon]]'' **** ''[[Porohanon language|Porohanon]]'' **** ''Masbate-Sorsogon'' ***** ''[[Masbateño language|Masbateño]]'' ***** ''[[Masbate Sorsogon language|Central Sorsogon (Masbate)]]'' *** Romblon (also the name of the [[Romblon|province]]) **** ''[[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]]'' ** 4. '''Asi''' (spoken in northwestern [[Romblon]] Province) **** ''[[Asi language|Asi]]'' ** 5. '''West''' *** Aklan (spoken in northwestern [[Panay]]) **** ''[[Aklanon language|Aklanon/Inakeanon]]'' **** ''[[Malaynon language|Malaynon]]'' *** Karayan **** ''[[Karay-a language|Karay-a]]'' (spoken in western and inland [[Panay]]) *** North-Central (spoken on [[Tablas Island]] and the southern tip of [[Mindoro]]) **** ''[[Onhan language|Inonhan]]'' (language related to Karayan) *** Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of [[Panay]] and [[Romblon]] as well as the southern tip of [[Mindoro]]) **** ''[[Ratagnon language|Ratagnon]]'' **** ''[[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]]'' *** Caluyanon **** ''[[Caluyanon language|Caluyanon]]'' {{tree list/end}} The auxiliary language of [[Eskayan language|Eskayan]] is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary. [[Magahat language|Magahat]] and [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]], both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan.<ref name="Lobel2013">Lobel, Jason William. 2013. [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf ''Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction'']. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.</ref> ==Names and locations== Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages [[Karolanos language|Karolanos]], [[Magahat language|Magahat]], and [[Kabalian language|Kabalian]] are not listed in Zorc (1977). {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Subgroup !! Language !! Other names !! Location(s) |- | Banton || [[Bantoanon language|Banton]] || || [[Banton, Romblon|Banton Island]], [[Romblon]] |- | Banton || Sibale || Banton || [[Concepcion, Romblon|Sibale]] (Maestre de Campo) Island, [[Romblon]] |- | Banton || Odionganon || [[Corcuera]] Island dialect || [[Odiongan]] area, [[Tablas Island]], [[Romblon]] |- | Western || Alcantaranon || || [[Alcantara, Romblon|Alcantara]], [[Tablas Island]], [[Romblon]] |- | Western || Dispoholnon || || [[San Andres, Romblon|San Andres]] (Despujols), [[Tablas Island]] |- | Western || [[Onhan language|Looknon]] || Inunhan || [[Looc, Romblon|Look]] and [[Santa Fe, Romblon|Santa Fe]], [[Tablas Island]] |- | Western || [[Ratagnon language|Datagnon]] || Ratagnun, Latagnun || [[Ilin Island]] and [[Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro]] |- | Western || Santa Teresa || || Barrio Santa Teresa of [[Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro]] |- | Western || Bulalakawnon || || [[Bulalacao]] (San Pedro), southern [[Oriental Mindoro]] |- | Western || [[Caluyanon language|Semirara]] || || [[Porohanon language|Semirara]] Island Group |- | Western || [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] || Cuyuno || [[Cuyo Island]], except [[Agutaya]]; coastal area around [[Puerto Princesa]], Palawan; [[Culion]] and [[Busuanga]] Islands |- | Western || [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] || Akeanon, Aklano, Aklan || [[Aklan]] and northern [[Capiz]], [[Panay]] Island |- | Western || Pandan || || [[Pandan, Antique|Pandan]] area, Antique, including the [[Buruanga]], [[Aklan]] area of [[Panay]] |- | Western || [[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] || Antiqueño, Hinaray-a, Sulud, Panayano || most of [[Antique (province)|Antique]], [[Panay]] Island; most inland areas of [[Iloilo]] and [[Capiz]]; southern [[Guimaras]] Island off of [[Iloilo]] |- | Western || Gimaras || || [[Guimaras]] Island, Iloilo |- | Central || [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] || Niromblon, Sibuyanon || [[Romblon]] and [[Sibuyan]] Island; [[San Agustin, Romblon|San Agustin]] area, [[Tablas Island]] |- | Central || [[Bantayanon language|Bantayan]] || || [[Bantayan Island|Bantayan]] Island |- | Central || [[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] || || [[Capiz]] and northeastern [[Iloilo]], Panay Island |- | Central || [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] || Ilonggo || most of [[Iloilo]], [[Panay]] Island; western [[Guimaras]] and [[Negros Occidental]] |- | Central || Kawayan || || [[Cauayan, Negros Occidental]] |- | Central || [[Masbateño language|Masbate]] || [[Masbateño language|Masbate]] || [[Masbate]] and [[Ticao Island]] |- | Central || Camotes || || [[Camotes Island]], between Cebu and Leyte |- | Central || Northern Samar || Samareño, Waray-Waray || [[northern Samar]] |- | Central || Samar-Leyte || Samareño, Waray-Waray, Sinamar || central [[Samar]]; northern half of [[Leyte]] |- | Central || [[Waray language|Waray]] || Samareño, Waray-Waray, Binisayâ || southern [[Samar]] Island, [[Eastern Samar]] |- | Central || [[Masbate Sorsogon language|Sorsogon]] || Sorsogonon, Bikol || northern [[Sorsogon]], [[Bicol Region|Bikol]] |- | Central || [[Southern Sorsogon language|Gubat]] || Sorsogonon || southern [[Sorsogon]], Bikol (including [[Gubat, Sorsogon|Gubat]]) |- | Cebuan || [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] || Sugbuanon, Sugbuhanon, Cebuan, Sebuano || [[Cebu]] Island; [[Negros Oriental]]; [[eastern Visayas]] and the coastal areas of northern and eastern [[Mindanao]] |- | Cebuan || [[Boholano language|Boholano]] || Bol-anon || [[Bohol]] Island |- | Cebuan || [[Baybay language|Leyte]] || Kanâ, Leyteño || central western [[Leyte]]; immigrants to [[Dinagat Island]] |- | Southern || [[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] || || [[Butuan]], [[Agusan del Norte]] area |- | Southern || [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] || Jaun Bisayâ || [[Surigao del Norte]] |- | Southern || Jaun-Jaun || Siargaonon || [[Siargao]] Island, [[Surigao del Norte]] |- | Southern || Kantilan || || [[Cantilan, Surigao del Sur|Cantilan]] and [[Madrid, Surigao del Sur|Madrid]], [[Surigao del Sur]] |- | Southern || Naturalis || || [[Tandag]] and [[Tago, Surigao del Sur|Tago]], [[Surigao del Sur]] |- | Southern || [[Tausug language|Tausug]] || Moro, Taw Sug || [[Jolo Island]]; southern and western [[Palawan]] |} == Comparisons == The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997). === Personal-noun case markers === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Subgroup ! rowspan="2" |Variety ! colspan="3" |Singular ! colspan="3" |Plural |- !NOM !ERG !OBL !NOM !ERG !OBL |- | Banton||[[Bantoanon language|Banton]] | si |ni |kang |sa |na |kaná |- | Banton|| Sibale | si |ni |kang |sína |nína |kína |- | Banton|| Odionganon | si |ni |kang |sa |na |kaná |- | Western, Inonhan|| Alcantaranon | | | | | | |- | Western, Inonhan|| Dispoholnon |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Inonhan||[[Onhan language|Looknon]] |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon||[[Ratagnon language|Datagnon]] |si |ni |ki |sánda |nánda |kanánda |- | Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon|| Santa Teresa |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Inonhan|| Bulalakawnon |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon||[[Caluyanon language|Semirara]] |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Kuyan||[[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] |si |ni |ki |sanda |nanda |kanda |- | Western||[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] |si |ni |kay |sánda(y) |nánda(y) |kánda(y) |- | Western, Kinaray-a|| Pandan |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Kinaray-a||[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Western, Kinaray-a|| Gimaras | | | | | | |- | Central||[[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] |si |ni |kay |siná |niná |kiná |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Bantayanon language|Bantayan]] | | | | | | |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] |si |ni |kay |sánday |nánday |kánday |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |si |ni |kay |silá ni |níla ni |sa íla ni |- | Central, Peripheral|| Kawayan | | | | | | |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Masbateño language|Masbate]] |si |ni |kan |sinda |ninda |kanda |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Porohanon language|Camotes]] | | | | | | |- | Central, Warayan, Waray|| Northern Samar |si |ni |kan |sirá |nirá |kánda |- | Central, Warayan, Waray|| Samar-Leyte |si |ni |kan |sirá |níra |kánda |- | Central, Warayan, Waray||[[Waray language|Waray]] |hi |ni |kan |hirá |níra |kánda |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Masbate Sorsogon language|Sorsogon]] (Central Sorsoganon) |si |ni |kan |sirá |nirá |kánda |- | Central, Warayan|| [[Southern Sorsogon language|Gubat]] (South Sorsoganon) |si |ni |kan |sirá |nirá |kánda |- | Cebuan||[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |si |ni |kang |silá si siláng |níla ni níang |sa íla ni, sa ílang |- | Cebuan||[[Boholano language|Boholano]] |si |ni |kang |síla |níla |kaníla |- | Cebuan||[[Baybay language|Leyte]] | | | |silang |nilang |sa ilang |- | Southern, Butuan-Tausug||[[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] |si |ni |kang |sinda |ninda |kanda |- | Southern, Surigaonon||[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] |si |ni |kay |síla |níla |kaníla |- | Southern, Surigaonon | Jaun-Jaun |si |ni |kan |síla si |níla ni |díla ni |- | Southern, Surigaonon | Kantilan | | | | | | |- | Southern, Tandaganon | Naturalis | | | | | | |- | Southern, Butuan-Tausug||[[Tausug language|Tausug]] |hi |hi |kan |hinda |hinda |kanda |} === Common-name case markers === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="3" |Subgroup ! rowspan="3" |Variety ! colspan="3" |NOM ! colspan="3" |ERG !OBL |- !Indefinite ! colspan="2" |Definite !Indefinite ! colspan="2" |Definite ! |- ! !Past !Nonpast ! !Past !Nonpast !Future |- | Banton||[[Bantoanon language|Banton]] | -y |kag | |it |ittong | |sa |- | Banton|| Sibale | -y |kag | |it |itkag | |sa |- | Banton|| Odionganon | -y |kag | |it |ittong | |sa |- | Western, Inonhan|| Alcantaranon | |ang | |it |tang | |sa |- | Western, Inonhan|| Dispoholnon | |ang | |it |kang | |sa |- | Western, Inonhan||[[Onhan language|Looknon]] | |ang | |it |tang | |sa |- | Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon||[[Ratagnon language|Datagnon]] | |ang | |# |ang | |sa |- | Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon|| Santa Teresa | |ang | | |kang | |sa |- | Western, Inonhan|| Bulalakawnon | |ang | |it |tang | |sa |- | Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon||[[Caluyanon language|Semirara]] | |ang | | |kang | |sa |- | Western, Kuyan||[[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]] | |ang | |i |i-ang | |sa |- | Western||[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] | -y |ro~do | |it |ku | |sa |- | Western, Kinaray-a|| Pandan | |ang | |it |kang | |sa |- | Western, Kinaray-a||[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] | |ang | |ti |kang | |sa |- | Western, Kinaray-a|| Gimaras | |ang | |ti |kang | |sa |- | Central||[[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]] | |ang | |ning |nang | |sa |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Bantayanon language|Bantayan]] | |ang | |sing |sang | |sa |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Capiznon language|Capiznon]] | |ang | |sing |sang | |sa |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] | |ang | |sing |sang | |sa |- | Central, Peripheral|| Kawayan | |ang | |sing |sang | |sa |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Masbateño language|Masbate]] | |an | |sin |san | |sa |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Porohanon language|Camotes]] |in |an | |sin |san | |sa |- | Central, Warayan, Waray|| Northern Samar |in |an | |si(n) |sa(n) | |sa |- | Central, Warayan, Waray|| Samar-Leyte |in |an |it |sin |san |sit |sa |- | Central, Warayan, Waray||[[Waray language|Waray]] |in |an |it |hin |han |hit |ha |- | Central, Peripheral||[[Masbate Sorsogon language|Sorsogon]] (Central Sorsoganon) | |an | |sin |san | |sa |- | Central, Warayan|| [[Southern Sorsogon language|Gubat]] (South Sorsoganon) | |an | |sin |san | |sa |- | Cebuan||[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |<nowiki>-y</nowiki> |ang | |ug |sa | |sa |- | Cebuan||[[Boholano language|Boholano]] | |ang | |ug |sa | |sa |- | Cebuan||[[Baybay language|Leyte]] | |ang | |ug |sa | |sa |- | Southern, Butuan-Tausug||[[Butuanon language|Butuanon]] | |ang | | |hong | |sa |- | Southern, Surigaonon||[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] | |ang | | |nang | |sa |- | Southern, Surigaonon | Jaun-Jaun | |an | | |nan | |sa |- | Southern, Surigaonon | Kantilan | |ang | | |nang | |sa |- | Southern, Tandaganon | Naturalis | |ang | | |nang | |sa |- | Southern, Butuan-Tausug||[[Tausug language|Tausug]] |in | | |sin | | |ha |} ==Reconstruction==<!---[[Proto-Bisayan]] redirects here---> {{Infobox proto-language | name = Proto-Bisayan | familycolor = Austronesian | ancestor = [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Philippine language|Proto-Philippine]] | target = Bisayan languages }} [[David Zorc]]'s reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 [[consonant]]s and 4 [[vowel]]s (Zorc 1977:201).<ref name="Zorc" /> Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc. {|class="wikitable" |+caption | '''Proto-Bisayan Consonants''' |- !colspan=2| ![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]] ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !rowspan=2 | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]] ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | Voiceless |align="center"|{{IPA|p}} |align="center"|{{IPA|t}} | |align="center"|{{IPA|k}} |align="center"|{{IPA|ʔ}} |- ! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" |Voiced |align="center"|{{IPA|b}} |align="center"|{{IPA|d}} | |align="center"|{{IPA|ɡ}} | |- ! colspan=2 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] |align="center"|{{IPA|m}} |align="center"|{{IPA|n}} | |align="center"|{{IPA|ŋ}} | |- ! colspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | |align="center"|{{IPA|s}} | | |align="center"|{{IPA|h}} |- ! colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | |align="center"|{{IPA|l}} | | | |- ! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |align="center"|{{IPA|w}} | |align="center"|{{IPA|j}} | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" width="30%" |+caption | '''Proto-Bisayan Vowels''' ! colspan="2" | Height ! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]] ! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]] ! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]] |- align="center" | colspan="2" |'''[[Close vowel|Close]]''' | colspan="2" |'''i''' {{IPA|/i/}} | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |'''u''' {{IPA|/u/}} |- align="center" | colspan="2" |'''[[Mid vowel|Mid]]''' | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |'''ə''' {{IPA|/ə/}} | colspan="2" | |- align="center" | colspan="2" |'''[[Open vowel|Open]]''' | colspan="2" | | colspan="2" |'''a''' {{IPA|/a/}} | colspan="2" | |} ==See also== * [[Bisalog]] * [[Bislish]] * [[Bisakol languages]] * [[Classical Cebuano]] * [[Visayans]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{Wikivoyage|Bisaya phrasebook}} * [https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/2537/ "Bisayan"] on ''[[Ethnologue]]'', (23rd ed., 2020). {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Bisayan languages |list = {{Visayan languages}} {{Philippine languages}} {{BisayaPeoplesmall}} {{Languages of the Philippines}} {{Languages of Malaysia}} }} [[Category:Visayan languages| ]] [[Category:Central Philippine languages]]
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