Editing Bit rate

{{Short description|Information transmission rate expressed in bits per second}}
{{redirect|Transmission rate|the rate of spread of an epidemic|Basic reproduction number|disk drives|Hard disk drive performance characteristics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}

{{bitrates}}

In [[telecommunications]] and [[computing]], '''bit rate''' ('''bitrate''' or as a variable ''R'') is the number of [[bit]]s that are conveyed or processed per unit of time.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-kNn_p6WA38C&pg=PA21 |title=Data Communications and Computer Networks | first =Prakash C | last = Gupta |publisher=PHI Learning |year= 2006 |isbn=9788120328464 |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref>

The bit rate is expressed in the unit '''bit per second''' (symbol: '''bit/s'''), often in conjunction with an [[SI prefix]] such as [[kilo-|kilo]] (1&nbsp;kbit/s&nbsp;= 1,000&nbsp;bit/s), [[mega-|mega]] (1&nbsp;Mbit/s&nbsp;= 1,000&nbsp;kbit/s), [[giga-|giga]] (1&nbsp;Gbit/s&nbsp;= 1,000&nbsp;Mbit/s) or [[tera-|tera]] (1&nbsp;Tbit/s&nbsp;= 1,000&nbsp;Gbit/s).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iec.ch/si/binary.htm|title=Prefixes for binary multiples|author=International Electrotechnical Commission|author-link=International Electrotechnical Commission|year=2007|access-date=4 February 2014|archive-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925125914/http://www.iec.ch/si/binary.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The non-standard abbreviation '''bps''' is often used to replace the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for example, 1&nbsp;Mbps is used to mean one million bits per second.

In most computing and digital communication environments, one '''byte per second''' (symbol: '''B/s''') corresponds to 8&nbsp;bit/s.

== Prefixes ==
When quantifying large or small bit rates, [[SI prefix]]es (also known as [[metric prefix]]es or decimal prefixes) are used, thus:<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5166093 | doi=10.1109/EDST.2009.5166093 | chapter=From millibits to terabits per second and beyond - over 60 years of innovation | title=2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology | year=2009 | last1=Jindal | first1=R. P. | pages=1–6 | isbn=978-1-4244-3831-0 | s2cid=25112828 }}</ref>
{|
|-
|align="right"| 0.001&nbsp;bit/s ||= 1&nbsp;mbit/s (one millibit per second, i.e., one bit per thousand seconds)
|-
|align="right"| 1&nbsp;bit/s ||= 1&nbsp;bit/s (one bit per second)
|-
|align="right"| 1,000&nbsp;bit/s ||= 1&nbsp;[[kbit/s]] (one kilobit per second, i.e., one thousand bits per second)
|-
|align="right"| 1,000,000&nbsp;bit/s ||= 1&nbsp;[[Mbit/s]] (one megabit per second, i.e., one million bits per second)
|-
|align="right"| 1,000,000,000&nbsp;bit/s ||= 1&nbsp;[[Gbit/s]] (one gigabit per second, i.e., one [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] bits per second)
|-
|align="right"| 1,000,000,000,000&nbsp;bit/s ||= 1&nbsp;[[Tbit/s]] (one terabit per second, i.e., one [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]] bits per second)
|}

[[Binary prefix]]es are sometimes used for bit rates.<ref>Schlosser, S. W., Griffin, J. L., Nagle, D. F., & Ganger, G. R. (1999). Filling the memory access gap: A case for on-chip magnetic storage (No. CMU-CS-99-174). CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ibm-mq/7.5?topic=administering-monitoring-file-transfers-that-are-in-progress|title=Monitoring file transfers that are in progress from IBM WebSphere MQ Explorer|date=11 March 2014|access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
The International Standard ([[IEC 80000-13]]) specifies different symbols for binary and decimal (SI) prefixes (e.g., 1 [[kibibyte|KiB]]/s = 1024&nbsp;B/s = 8192&nbsp;bit/s, and 1 [[mebibyte|MiB]]/s = 1024 KiB/s).

== In data communications <span class="anchor" id="Bit rates at various protocol layers"></span> ==

=== Gross bit rate <span class="anchor" id="UNCODED"></span> ===
{{See also|Data signaling rate}}

In digital communication systems, the [[physical layer]] ''gross bitrate'',<ref name="Guimarães">{{cite book |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=x4jOplMbLx0C&q=gross+bit+rate&pg=PA692 |title=Digital Transmission: A Simulation-Aided Introduction with VisSim/Comm | first =Dayan Adionel | last = Guimarães |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |chapter=section 8.1.1.3 Gross Bit Rate and Information Rate |isbn=9783642013591 |access-date = 10 July 2011}}</ref> ''raw bitrate'',<ref name="Pahlavan">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOCrSSfxE-EC&pg=PA133 |title=Networking Fundamentals |author=Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy | publisher= John Wiley & Sons |year=2009 |isbn=9780470779439 |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> ''[[data signaling rate]]'',<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=On_Hh23IXDUC&pg=PA135 |title= Network Dictionary |publisher= Javvin Technologies |year = 2007 |isbn= 9781602670006 |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> ''gross data transfer rate''<ref name="3G">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoJj0zw_pDMC&pg=PA277|title=3G wireless demystified|last1=Harte|first1=Lawrence|last2=Kikta|first2=Roman|last3=Levine|first3=Richard|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Professional]]|year=2002|isbn=9780071382823|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> or ''uncoded transmission rate''<ref name= "Pahlavan" /> (sometimes written as a variable ''R''<sub>b</sub><ref name="Guimarães"/><ref name="Pahlavan"/> or ''f''<sub>b</sub><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hd6WqsgKIMC&pg=PA30 |title=Principles of Digital Communication |author=J.S. Chitode |publisher=Technical Publication |year=2008 |isbn=9788184314519 |access-date=10 July 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) is the total number of physically transferred bits per second over a communication link, including useful data as well as protocol overhead.

In case of [[serial communication]]s, the gross bit rate is related to the bit transmission time <math>T_\text{b}</math>
as:
: <math>R_\text{b} = {1 \over T_\text{b}},</math>

The gross bit rate is related to the [[symbol rate]] or modulation rate, which is expressed in [[baud]]s or symbols per second. However, the gross bit rate and the baud value are equal ''only'' when there are only two levels per symbol, representing 0 and 1, meaning that each symbol of a [[data transmission]] system carries exactly one bit of data; for example, this is not the case for modern modulation systems used in [[modem]]s and LAN equipment.<ref>
Lou Frenzel. 27 April 2012,
[http://electronicdesign.com/communications/what-s-difference-between-bit-rate-and-baud-rate "What's The Difference Between Bit Rate And Baud Rate?"].
Electronic Design. 2012.
</ref>

For most [[line code]]s and [[modulation]] methods:
: <math>\text{symbol rate} \leq \text{gross bit rate}</math>

More specifically, a line code (or [[baseband]] transmission scheme) representing the data using [[pulse-amplitude modulation]] with <math>2^N</math> different voltage levels, can transfer <math>N</math> bits per pulse. A [[digital modulation]] method (or [[passband transmission]] scheme) using <math>2^N</math> different symbols, for example <math>2^N</math> amplitudes, phases or frequencies, can transfer <math>N</math> bits per symbol. This results in:
: <math>\text{gross bit rate}  =  \text{symbol rate} \times N</math>

An exception from the above is some self-synchronizing line codes, for example [[Manchester coding]] and [[return-to-zero]] (RTZ) coding, where each bit is represented by two pulses (signal states), resulting in:
: <math>\text{gross bit rate  =  symbol rate/2}</math>

A theoretical upper bound for the symbol rate in baud, symbols/s or pulses/s for a certain [[bandwidth (signal processing)|spectral bandwidth]] in hertz is given by the [[Nyquist rate|Nyquist law]]:
: <math>\text{symbol rate} \leq \text{Nyquist rate} = 2 \times \text{bandwidth}</math>

In practice this upper bound can only be approached for [[line coding]] schemes and for so-called [[vestigial sideband]] digital modulation. Most other digital carrier-modulated schemes, for example [[amplitude-shift keying|ASK]], [[phase-shift keying|PSK]], [[quadrature amplitude modulation|QAM]] and [[OFDM]], can be characterized as [[double sideband]] modulation, resulting in the following relation:
: <math>\text{symbol rate} \leq \text{bandwidth}</math>

In case of [[parallel port|parallel communication]], the gross bit rate is given by
: <math>\sum_{i = 1}^{n} \frac{\log_2 {M_i} }{T_i}</math>
where ''n'' is the number of parallel channels, ''M<sub>i</sub>'' is the number of symbols or levels of the [[modulation]] in the ''i''th [[channel (communications)|channel]], and ''T<sub>i</sub>'' is the [[symbol duration time]], expressed in seconds, for the ''i''th channel.

=== Information rate ===
{{See also|Code rate}}

The [[physical layer]] '''net bitrate''',<ref name="Rappaport">Theodory S. Rappaport, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TbgQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22net+bit+rate%22+ Wireless communications: principles and practice], Prentice Hall PTR, 2002</ref> '''information rate''',<ref name="Guimarães"/>  '''useful bit rate''',<ref>Lajos Hanzo, Peter J. Cherriman, Jürgen Streit, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UPi04XAlfWQC&dq=%22useful+bitrate%22&pg=PA510 Video compression and communications: from basics to H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG4 for DVB and HSDPA-style adaptive turbo-transceivers], Wiley-IEEE, 2007.</ref> '''payload rate''',<ref name="Bagad">V.S. Bagad, I.A. Dhotre, [https://books.google.com/books?id=srkNoDo3mbwC&dq=%22payload+rate+is%22&pg=SA6-PA26 ''Data Communication Systems''], Technical Publications, 2009.</ref>  '''net data transfer rate''',<ref name="3G"/> '''coded transmission rate''',<ref name="Pahlavan"/> '''effective data rate'''<ref name="Pahlavan"/> or [[wire speed]] (informal language) of a digital [[communication channel]] is the capacity excluding the [[physical layer]] protocol overhead, for example [[time division multiplex]] (TDM) [[framing bits]], redundant [[forward error correction]] (FEC) codes, equalizer training symbols and other [[channel coding]]. Error-correcting codes are common especially in wireless communication systems, broadband modem standards and modern copper-based high-speed LANs. The physical layer net bitrate is the datarate measured at a reference point in the interface between the [[data link layer]] and physical layer, and may consequently include data link and higher layer overhead.

In modems and wireless systems, [[link adaptation]] (automatic adaptation of the data rate and the modulation and/or error coding scheme to the signal quality) is often applied. In that context, the term '''peak bitrate''' denotes the net bitrate of the fastest and least robust transmission mode, used for example when the distance is very short between sender and transmitter.<ref>Sudhir Dixit, Ramjee Prasad [https://books.google.com/books?id=L2tA56H9rC0C&q=peak+bit+rate+is&pg=PA145 ''Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet''], Artech House</ref> Some operating systems and network equipment may detect the "'''connection speed'''"<ref>Guy Hart-Davis,[https://books.google.com/books?id=oLU1XDaiZv8C&q=connection+speed&pg=PA704 Mastering Microsoft Windows Vista home: premium and basic], John Wiley and Sons, 2007</ref> (informal language) of a network access technology or communication device, implying the current net bit rate. The term '''line rate''' in some textbooks is defined as gross bit rate,<ref name="Bagad"/> in others as net bit rate.

The relationship between the gross bit rate and net bit rate is affected by the FEC [[code rate]] according to the following.
: net bit rate ≤ gross bit rate × [[code rate]]

The connection speed of a technology that involves forward error correction typically refers to the physical layer ''net bit rate'' in accordance with the above definition.

For example, the net bitrate (and thus the "connection speed") of an [[IEEE 802.11a]] wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54&nbsp;Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72&nbsp;Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes.

The net bit rate of ISDN2 [[Basic Rate Interface]] (2&nbsp;B-channels + 1&nbsp;D-channel) of 64+64+16 = 144&nbsp;kbit/s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16&nbsp;kbit/s.

The net bit rate of the Ethernet 100BASE-TX physical layer standard is 100&nbsp;Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125&nbsp;Mbit/s, due to the [[4B5B]] (four bit over five bit) encoding. In this case, the gross bit rate is equal to the symbol rate or pulse rate of 125&nbsp;megabaud, due to the [[NRZI]] [[line code]].

In communications technologies without forward error correction and other physical layer protocol overhead, there is no distinction between gross bit rate and physical layer net bit rate. For example, the net as well as gross bit rate of Ethernet 10BASE-T is 10&nbsp;Mbit/s. Due to the [[Manchester code|Manchester]] line code, each bit is represented by two pulses, resulting in a pulse rate of 20&nbsp;megabaud.

The "connection speed" of a [[ITU-T V.92|V.92]] [[voiceband]] [[modem]] typically refers to the gross bit rate, since there is no additional error-correction code. It can be up to 56,000&nbsp;bit/s [[downstream (computer science)|downstream]] and 48,000&nbsp;bit/s [[upstream (networking)|upstream]]. A lower bit rate may be chosen during the connection establishment phase due to [[adaptive modulation]]{{snd}}slower but more robust modulation schemes are chosen in case of poor [[signal-to-noise ratio]]. Due to data compression, the actual data transmission rate or throughput (see below) may be higher.

The [[channel capacity]], also known as the [[Shannon–Hartley theorem|Shannon]] capacity, is a theoretical upper bound for the maximum net bitrate, exclusive of forward error correction coding, that is possible without bit errors for a certain physical analog node-to-node [[communication link]].
: net bit rate ≤ channel capacity

The channel capacity is proportional to the [[analog bandwidth]] in hertz. This proportionality is called [[Hartley's law]]. Consequently, the net bit rate is sometimes called [[digital bandwidth]] capacity in bit/s.

=== Network throughput ===
{{Main|Network throughput}}

The term ''[[throughput]]'', essentially the same thing as '''[[bandwidth (computing)|digital bandwidth]] consumption''', denotes the achieved average useful bit rate in a computer network over a logical or physical communication link or through a network node, typically measured at a reference point above the data link layer. This implies that the throughput often excludes data link layer protocol overhead. The throughput is affected by the traffic load from the data source in question, as well as from other sources sharing the same network resources. See also [[measuring network throughput]].

=== Goodput (data transfer rate) ===
{{Main|Goodput}}

''[[Goodput]]'' or '''data transfer rate''' refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered to the [[application layer]], exclusive of all protocol overhead, data packets retransmissions, etc. For example, in the case of file transfer, the goodput corresponds to the achieved '''file transfer rate'''. The file transfer rate in bit/s can be calculated as the file size (in bytes) divided by the file transfer time (in seconds) and multiplied by eight.

As an example, the goodput or data transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer data rate due to [[ITU-T V.44|V.44]] [[data compression]], and sometimes lower due to bit-errors and [[automatic repeat request]] retransmissions.

If no data compression is provided by the network equipment or protocols, we have the following relation:
: goodput ≤ throughput ≤ maximum throughput ≤ net bit rate
for a certain communication path.

=== Progress trends ===
These are examples of physical layer net bit rates in proposed communication standard interfaces and devices:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
! width=500px | WAN [[modem]]s
! width=285px | [[Ethernet]] LAN
! width=205px | [[WiFi]] [[WLAN]]
! [[Comparison of mobile phone standards|Mobile data]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 1972: [[Acoustic coupler]] 300&nbsp;baud
* 1977: 1200&nbsp;baud [[Modem#The Carterfone decision|Vadic and Bell 212A]]
* 1986: [[ISDN]] introduced with two 64&nbsp;kbit/s channels (144&nbsp;kbit/s gross bit rate)
* 1990: [[ITU-T V.32bis|V.32bis]] [[modem]]s: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200&nbsp;bit/s
* 1994: [[ITU-T V.34|V.34]] modems with 28.8&nbsp;kbit/s
* 1995: [[ITU-T V.90|V.90]] modems with 56&nbsp;kbit/s downstreams, 33.6&nbsp;kbit/s upstreams
* 1999: [[ITU-T V.92|V.92]] modems with 56&nbsp;kbit/s downstreams, 48&nbsp;kbit/s upstreams
* 1998: [[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]] (ITU G.992.1) up to 10&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2003: [[ADSL2]] (ITU G.992.3) up to 12&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2005: [[ADSL2+]] (ITU G.992.5) up to 26&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2005: [[VDSL2]] (ITU G.993.2) up to 200&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2014: [[G.fast]] (ITU G.9701) up to 1000&nbsp;Mbit/s
|
* 1975: Experimental 2.94&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 1981: 10&nbsp;Mbit/s [[10BASE5]] ([[coaxial cable]])
* 1990: 10&nbsp;Mbit/s [[10BASE-T]] ([[twisted pair]])
* 1995: 100&nbsp;Mbit/s [[Fast Ethernet]]
* 1999: [[Gigabit Ethernet]]
* 2003: [[10 Gigabit Ethernet]]
* 2010: [[100 Gigabit Ethernet]]
* 2017: [[Terabit Ethernet|200/400 Gigabit Ethernet]]
|
<br /><br /><br /><br />
* 1997: [[IEEE 802.11|802.11]] 2&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 1999: [[IEEE 802.11|802.11b]] 11&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 1999: [[IEEE 802.11|802.11a]] 54&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2003: [[IEEE 802.11|802.11g]] 54&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2007: [[IEEE 802.11|802.11n]] 600&nbsp;Mbit/s
* 2012: [[IEEE 802.11|802.11ac]] ~1000&nbsp;Mbit/s
|
* [[1G]]:
** 1981: [[Nordic Mobile Telephone|NMT]] 1200&nbsp;bit/s
* [[2G]]:
** 1991: [[GSM]] [[circuit switched data|CSD]] and [[D-AMPS]] 14.4&nbsp;kbit/s
** 2003: [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|GSM EDGE]] 296&nbsp;kbit/s down, 118.4&nbsp;kbit/s up
* [[3G]]:
** 2001: [[UMTS]]-FDD ([[WCDMA]]) 384&nbsp;kbit/s
** 2007: UMTS [[HSDPA]] 14.4&nbsp;Mbit/s
** 2008: UMTS [[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]] 14.4&nbsp;Mbit/s down, 5.76&nbsp;Mbit/s up
** 2009: [[HSPA+]] (Without [[MIMO]]) 28&nbsp;Mbit/s downstreams (56&nbsp;Mbit/s with 2×2 MIMO), 22&nbsp;Mbit/s upstreams
** 2010: CDMA2000 [[EV-DO]] Rev. B 14.7&nbsp;Mbit/s downstreams
** 2011: [[HSPA+]] accelerated (With MIMO) 42&nbsp;Mbit/s downstreams
* [[Pre-4G]]:
** 2007: [[Mobile WiMAX]] (IEEE 802.16e) 144&nbsp;Mbit/s down, 35&nbsp;Mbit/s up
** 2009: [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]] 100&nbsp;Mbit/s downstreams (360&nbsp;Mbit/s with MIMO&nbsp;2×2), 50&nbsp;Mbit/s upstreams
* [[5G]]
{{See also|comparison of mobile phone standards}}
|}

{{For|more examples|list of interface bit rates|spectral efficiency comparison table|OFDM system comparison table}}

== Multimedia <span class="anchor" id="Bitrates in multimedia"></span><span class="anchor" id="Multimedia encoding bit rate"></span> ==
In digital multimedia, bit rate represents the amount of information, or detail, that is stored per unit of time of a recording. The bitrate depends on several factors:

* The original material may be sampled at different frequencies.
* The samples may use different numbers of bits.
* The data may be encoded by different schemes.
* The information may be digitally [[data compression|compressed]] by different algorithms or to different degrees.

Generally, choices are made about the above factors in order to achieve the desired trade-off between minimizing the bitrate and maximizing the quality of the material when it is played.

If [[lossy data compression]] is used on audio or visual data, differences from the original signal will be introduced; if the compression is substantial, or lossy data is decompressed and recompressed, this may become noticeable in the form of [[compression artifact]]s. Whether these affect the perceived quality, and if so how much, depends on the compression scheme, encoder power, the characteristics of the input data, the listener's perceptions, the listener's familiarity with artifacts, and the listening or viewing environment.

The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is its size in [[bytes]] divided by the playback time of the recording (in seconds), multiplied by eight.

For real-time [[streaming multimedia]], the encoding bit rate is the [[goodput]] that is required to avoid playback interruption.

The term [[average bitrate]] is used in case of [[variable bitrate]] multimedia source coding schemes. In this context, the ''peak bit rate'' is the maximum number of bits required for any short-term block of compressed data.<ref>Khalid Sayood, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LjQiGwyabVwC&dq=%22peak+bit+rate%22&pg=PA264 Lossless compression handbook], Academic Press, 2003.</ref>

A theoretical lower bound for the encoding bit rate for [[lossless data compression]] is the [[source information rate]], also known as the ''entropy rate''.

The bitrates in this section are approximately the ''minimum'' that the ''average'' listener in a typical listening or viewing environment, when using the best available compression, would perceive as not significantly worse than the reference standard.<!-- PLEASE understand the above sentence before making changes. References to controlled tests would be valuable. But this discussion really belongs elsewhere. -->

=== Audio ===

==== CD-DA ====
[[Compact Disc Digital Audio]] (CD-DA) uses 44,100 samples per second, each with a bit depth of 16, a format sometimes abbreviated like "16bit&nbsp;/&nbsp;44.1kHz". CD-DA is also [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]], using a left and right [[Audio channel|channel]], so the amount of audio data per second is double that of mono, where only a single channel is used.

The bit rate of PCM audio data can be calculated with the following formula:
: <math>\text{bit rate} = \text{sample rate} \times \text{bit depth} \times \text{channels}</math>

For example, the bit rate of a CD-DA recording (44.1&nbsp;kHz sampling rate, 16 bits per sample and two channels) can be calculated as follows:
: <math>44,100 \times 16 \times 2 = 1,411,200\ \text{bit/s} = 1,411.2\ \text{kbit/s}</math>

The cumulative size of a length of PCM audio data (excluding a file [[Header (computing)|header]] or other [[metadata]]) can be calculated using the following formula:
: <math>\text{size in bits} = \text{sample rate} \times \text{bit depth} \times \text{channels} \times \text{time}.</math>

The cumulative size in bytes can be found by dividing the file size in bits by the number of bits in a byte, which is eight:
: <math>\text{size in bytes} = \frac{\text{size in bits}}{8}</math>

Therefore, 80 minutes (4,800 seconds) of CD-DA data requires 846,720,000 bytes of storage:
: <math>\frac{44,100 \times 16 \times 2 \times 4,800}{8} = 846,720,000\ \text{bytes} \approx 847\ \text{MB} \approx 807.5\ \text{MiB}</math>
where '''MiB''' is mebibytes with [[binary prefix]] Mi, meaning 2<sup>20</sup> = 1,048,576.

==== MP3 ====
The [[MP3]] audio format provides [[lossy data compression]]. Audio quality improves with increasing bitrate:
* 32&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} generally acceptable only for speech
* 96&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} generally used for speech or low-quality streaming
* 128 or 160&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} mid-range bitrate quality
* 192&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} medium quality bitrate
* 256&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} a commonly used high-quality bitrate
* 320&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} highest level supported by the [[MP3]] standard

==== Other audio ====
* 700&nbsp;bit/s{{snd}} lowest bitrate open-source speech codec [[Codec2]], but Codec2 sounds much better at 1.2&nbsp;kbit/s
* 800&nbsp;bit/s{{snd}} minimum necessary for recognizable speech, using the special-purpose [[FS-1015]] [[speech encoding|speech codecs]]
* 2.15&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} minimum bitrate available through the open-source [[Speex]] codec
* 6&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} minimum bitrate available through the open-source [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] codec
* 8&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} [[telephone]] quality using speech codecs
* 32–500&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} [[Lossy compression|lossy audio]] as used in [[Ogg Vorbis]]
* 256&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} Digital Audio Broadcasting ([[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]]) [[MPEG-1 Audio Layer II|MP2]] bit rate required to achieve a high quality signal<ref>Page 26 of BBC R&D White Paper WHP 061 June 2003, DAB: An introduction to the DAB Eureka system and how it works http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/whp/whp-pdf-files/WHP061.pdf</ref>
* 292&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} Sony [[Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding]] (ATRAC) for use on the [[MiniDisc|MiniDisc Format]]
* 400&nbsp;kbit/s–1,411&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} [[Lossless compression|lossless audio]] as used in formats such as [[Free Lossless Audio Codec]], [[WavPack]], or [[Monkey's Audio]] to compress CD audio
* 1,411.2&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} [[Linear PCM]] sound format of [[CD-DA]]
* 5,644.8&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} [[Direct Stream Digital|DSD]], which is a trademarked implementation of [[Pulse-density modulation|PDM]] sound format used on [[Super Audio CD]].<ref>Extremetech.com, Leslie Shapiro, 2 July 2001. ''Surround Sound:'' [http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,2845,1180143,00.asp ''The High-End: SACD and DVD-Audio''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230154914/http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0%2C2845%2C1180143%2C00.asp |date=30 December 2009 }} Retrieved 19 May 2010. 2 channels, 1-bit, 2822.4&nbsp;kHz DSD audio (2×1×2,822,400)= 5,644,800&nbsp;bits/s</ref>
* 6.144&nbsp;Mbit/s{{snd}} E-AC-3 (Dolby Digital Plus), an enhanced coding system based on the AC-3 codec
* 9.6&nbsp;Mbit/s{{snd}} [[DVD-Audio]], a digital format for delivering high-fidelity audio content on a DVD. DVD-Audio is not intended to be a video delivery format and is not the same as video DVDs containing concert films or music videos. These discs cannot be played on a standard DVD-player without DVD-Audio logo.<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304060434/http://patches.sonic.com/pdf/white-papers/wp_dvd_audio.pdf |url=http://patches.sonic.com/pdf/white-papers/wp_dvd_audio.pdf |title=Understanding DVD-Audio |publisher=Sonic Solutions |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2012 }}</ref>
* 18&nbsp;Mbit/s{{snd}} advanced lossless audio codec based on [[Meridian Lossless Packing]] (MLP)

=== Video ===
* 16&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} [[videophone]] quality (minimum necessary for a consumer-acceptable "talking head" picture using various video compression schemes)
* 128&ndash;384&nbsp;kbit/s{{snd}} business-oriented [[videoconferencing]] quality using video compression
* 400&nbsp;kbit/s [[YouTube]] 240p videos (using [[H.264]])<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/2853702?hl=en | title =YouTube bit rates |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
* 750&nbsp;kbit/s [[YouTube]] 360p videos (using [[H.264]])<ref name="youtube"/>
* 1&nbsp;Mbit/s [[YouTube]] 480p videos (using [[H.264]])<ref name="youtube"/>
* 1.15&nbsp;Mbit/s max{{snd}} [[VCD]] quality (using [[MPEG-1|MPEG1]] compression)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icdia.co.uk/cdprosupport/encoding/pink/mpeg1_specs.htm | title = MPEG1 Specifications |publisher=ICDia | location = UK |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>
* 2.5&nbsp;Mbit/s [[YouTube]] 720p videos (using [[H.264]])<ref name="youtube"/>
* 3.5&nbsp;Mbit/s typ{{Clarify|date=August 2022}}{{snd}} [[Standard-definition television]] quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-2 compression)
* 3.8&nbsp;Mbit/s [[YouTube]] 720p60 (60 [[Frame rate|FPS]]) videos (using H.264)<ref name="youtube"/>
* 4.5&nbsp;Mbit/s [[YouTube]] 1080p videos (using [[H.264]])<ref name="youtube"/>
* 6.8&nbsp;Mbit/s [[YouTube]] 1080p60 (60 [[Frame rate|FPS]]) videos (using H.264)<ref name="youtube"/>
* 9.8&nbsp;Mbit/s max{{snd}} [[DVD]] (using [[MPEG2]] compression)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dvd.sourceforge.net/dvdinfo/dvdmpeg.html |title= DVD-MPEG differences | publisher = Sourceforge |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>
* 8 to 15&nbsp;Mbit/s typ{{snd}} [[High-definition television|HDTV]] quality (with bit-rate reduction from MPEG-4 AVC compression)
* 19&nbsp;Mbit/s approximate{{snd}} [[HDV]] 720p (using MPEG2 compression)<ref name="hdv-info.org">{{Citation | url = http://www.hdv-info.org/HDVSpecifications.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070108204541/http://www.hdv-info.org/HDVSpecifications.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-01-08 | title = HDV Specifications | publisher = HDV Information }}.</ref>
* 24&nbsp;Mbit/s max{{snd}} [[AVCHD]] (using [[H.264/MPEG-4 AVC|MPEG4 AVC]] compression)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avchd-info.org/format/ |title=Avchd Information | publisher = AVCHD Info |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref>
* 25&nbsp;Mbit/s approximate{{snd}} [[HDV]] 1080i (using MPEG2 compression)<ref name="hdv-info.org"/>
* 29.4&nbsp;Mbit/s max{{snd}} [[HD DVD]]
* 40&nbsp;Mbit/s max{{snd}} [[1080p]] [[Blu-ray Disc]] (using MPEG2, MPEG4 AVC or [[VC-1]] compression)<ref>{{Citation | type = white paper | title = Blu-ray Disc Format 2.B Audio Visual Application Format Specifications for BD-ROM Version 2.4 | date = May 2010 | page = 17 | chapter = 3.3 Video Streams | chapter-url = http://www.blu-raydisc.com/assets/Downloadablefile/BD-ROM-AV-WhitePaper_100604%281%29-15916.pdf}}.</ref>
* 250&nbsp;Mbit/s max{{snd}} [[Digital Cinema Package|DCP]] (using JPEG 2000 compression)
* 1.4&nbsp;Gbit/s{{snd}} 10-bit [[Chroma subsampling|4:4:4]] uncompressed 1080p at 24&nbsp;FPS

=== Notes ===
For technical reasons (hardware/software protocols, overheads, encoding schemes, etc.) the ''actual'' bit rates used by some of the compared-to devices may be significantly higher than what is listed above. For example, telephone circuits using [[Mu-law algorithm|μlaw]] or [[A-law algorithm|A-law]] [[companding]] (pulse code modulation) yield 64&nbsp;kbit/s.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Audio bit depth]]
* [[Average bitrate]]
* [[Bandwidth (computing)]]
* [[Baud]] ([[symbol rate]])
* [[Bit-synchronous operation]]
* [[Chip rate]]
* [[Clock rate]]
* [[Code rate]]
* [[Constant bitrate]]
* [[Data-rate units]]
* [[Data signaling rate]]
* [[List of interface bit rates]]
* [[Measuring network throughput]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (bit rate)]]
* [[Spectral efficiency]]
* [[Variable bitrate]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://castr.io/bitrate-calculator/ Live Video Streaming Bitrate Calculator] Calculate bitrate for video and live streams
* [http://dvd-hq.info/bitrate_calculator.php DVD-HQ bit rate calculator] Calculate bit rate for various types of digital video media.
* [http://www.maximumpc.com/article/do_higher_mp3_bit_rates_pay_off?page=0%2C0 Maximum PC - Do Higher MP3 Bit Rates Pay Off?]
* [https://tools.valid8.com/#dataRate Valid8 Data Rate Calculator]

{{Compression methods}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bit Rate}}
[[Category:Data transmission]]
[[Category:Temporal rates]]
[[Category:Data compression]]