Editing Black Prince's Ruby

{{Short description|Large uncut gemstone set in the UK's Imperial State Crown}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Imperial State Crown.png|thumb|The gemstone at the front of the [[Imperial State Crown]]]]
The '''Black Prince's Ruby''' is a large, irregular [[cabochon]] red [[spinel]] weighing {{convert|170|carat|g}} set in the [[cross pattée]] above the [[Cullinan II]] diamond at the front of the [[Imperial State Crown]] of the United Kingdom.<ref name="royalcollection">{{Royal Collection|31701|The Imperial State Crown}}</ref>

The spinel is one of the oldest gems in the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom]], with a history dating back to the mid-14th&nbsp;century. According to a legend originating from the 1760s, the stone has been in the possession of the English and later British monarchy since it was given in 1367 by the Spanish king [[Peter of Castile]] to the then [[Prince of Wales]], [[Edward the Black Prince|Edward of Woodstock]], known as the "Black Prince".<ref name="Butler1989">{{cite book|first=Sir Thomas|last=Butler|title=The Crown Jewels and Coronation Ceremony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brbvmKAQ5PEC|year=1989|publisher=Pitkin|isbn=978-0-85372-467-4|page=6}}</ref> [[Henry V of England|Henry&nbsp;V]] is said to have worn it at the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=The Black Prince's Ruby |url=https://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2021/08/the-black-princes-ruby.html |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The Court Jeweller |language=en-US}}</ref>. The stone is believed to have been mined in [[Badakhshan]] in present day [[Afghanistan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Spinel History and Lore|url=https://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-18|website=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802170713/http://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore|archive-date=2013-08-02}}</ref> the principal source of large spinel gems in the [[Middle Ages]].

==Spinel==
The Black Prince's Ruby weighs {{convert|170|carat|g}} and is approximately {{convert|4.3|cm|in|frac=4}} long.<ref name="Ogden361">Ogden, p. 361.</ref> All red gemstones used to be referred to as [[ruby|rubies]] or "balas rubies". It was not until 1783 that [[spinel]]s were chemically differentiated from rubies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gia.edu/UK-EN/spinel|title=Spinel|website=Gemological Institute of America|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> Both contain [[aluminium]] and [[oxygen]], and both derive their colour from [[chromium(III)]], but the spinel also contains [[magnesium]], which rubies lack.

==History==
===Don Pedro of Seville===
According to tradition, the history of the Black Prince's Ruby dates back to the middle of the 14th century as the possession of Abū Sa'īd, the [[Arab]] Muslim Prince of the [[Emirate of Granada]]. At that time, the rule of Castile was being centralized to [[Seville]] and the Moorish Emirate of Granada was being systematically attacked and reverted to Castilian rule as a part of the [[Reconquista|Christian Reconquest]] of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Abū Sa'īd in particular was confronted by the belligerency of nascent Castile under the rule of [[Peter of Castile]], also known to history as either Don Pedro the Cruel, or Don Pedro the Just. According to historical accounts, Abū Sa'īd wished to surrender to Don Pedro, but the conditions he offered were unclear. What is clear is that Don Pedro welcomed his coming to Seville. It is recorded that he greatly desired Abū Sa'īd's wealth.  When Abū Sa'īd met with Don Pedro, the King had Abū Sa'īd's servants killed and may have personally stabbed Sa'īd to death himself.  When Sa'īd's corpse was searched, the spinel was found and added to Don Pedro's possessions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spinel History and Lore|url=https://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-18|website=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802170713/http://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore|archive-date=2013-08-02}}</ref>

In 1366, Don Pedro's illegitimate brother, [[Henry II of Castile|Henry of Trastámara]], led a revolt against Don Pedro. Lacking the power to put down the revolt unaided, Don Pedro made an alliance with the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]], the son of [[Edward III of England]]. The Black Prince took part in the [[Battle of Nájera]], and apparently demanded the ruby in exchange for the services he had rendered. He later returned to England with King Pedro's two daughters, [[Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster|Dona Constanza of Castile]] and [[Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York|Dona Isabel of Castile]], and marriages were contracted for them to the Prince's brothers. It is assumed that the Black Prince took the Ruby back to England at that time, although it disappears from historical records until 1415, when worn by [[Henry V of England]].<ref>[https://www.rct.uk/collection/31701/the-imperial-state-crown Royal Collection Trust]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Spinel History and Lore|url=https://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-18|website=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802170713/http://www.gia.edu/spinel-history-lore|archive-date=2013-08-02}}</ref>

===A wartime adornment===
During his campaign in France, [[Henry V of England]] wore a gem-encrusted helmet that included the Black Prince's Ruby.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Jewelers' Circular| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhwcAQAAMAAJ|volume=99|year=1930|publisher=Jewelers' Circular Company|page=121}}</ref> In the [[Battle of Agincourt]] on 25 October 1415, the French [[John I of Alençon|Duke of Alençon]] struck Henry on the head with a battleaxe, and Henry nearly lost both the helmet and his life. The battle was won by Henry's forces and the Black Prince's Ruby was saved. [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] is supposed to have worn the gemstone in his helmet at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Battle of Bosworth]] in 1485, in which he was killed.

[[File:Detail of Queen Victoria's Coronation Portrait.jpg|thumb|Detail of Queen Victoria's Coronation Portrait, showing the Black Prince's Ruby on the crown]]

===Crown Jewels===
[[Henry VIII]]'s inventory of 1521 mentions "a great balas ruby" set in the [[Tudor Crown]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/reportspapersofa17asso|chapter=King Henry VIII's Jewel Book|year=1521|first=John|last=Plowfeld|title=Associated Architectural Societies Reports and Papers|volume=17|page=[https://archive.org/details/reportspapersofa17asso/page/158 158]|editor=Edward Trollope|publisher=James Williamson}}</ref> thought to be the Black Prince's Ruby.<ref name="LoachBernard1999">{{cite book|first1=Jennifer|last1=Loach|author2=G. W. Bernard|author3=Penry Williams|title=Edward VI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chM2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|year=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07992-0|page=36}}</ref> It remained there until the monarchy was temporarily abolished in the 17th&nbsp;century. [[Oliver Cromwell]] had the royal crowns disassembled and gems sold, and the gold was melted down and struck into coins. How the stone found its way back into the Royal Collection after the Interregnum is unclear, but a substantial "ruby" was acquired for the Crown Jewels in 1661 at a cost of £400, and this may well have been the spinel.<ref>Olivia Fryman in Bird and Clayton, "Ceremony and Coronation", p. 102.</ref> At the [[coronation of Queen Victoria]] in 1838, she was crowned with a new [[Imperial State Crown]] made for her by [[Rundell and Bridge]], with 3,093 gems, including the spinel at the front. The Queen can be clearly seen wearing the jewel in the Imperial State Crown in her official coronation portrait by Sir [[George Hayter]]. This was remade in 1937 into the current, lighter, crown. A [[plaquette]] on the reverse of the gemstone commemorates the crown's history.<ref name="royalcollection"/>

==See also==
* [[List of individual gemstones]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliograpghy==
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Bird|editor1-first=Rufus|editor2-last=Clayton|editor2-first=Martin|title=Charles II: Art and Power|year=2017|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|isbn=978-1-909741-44-7}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mears|first1=Kenneth J.|last2=Thurley|first2=Simon|last3=Murphy|first3=Claire|title=The Crown Jewels|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r1GJnAEACAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Historic Royal Palaces|asin=B000HHY1ZQ}}
* {{cite journal|last=Ogden|first=Jack|title=The Black Prince's Ruby: Investigating the Legend|year=2020|journal=The Journal of Gemmology|volume=37|number=4|pages=360–373|doi=10.15506/JoG.2020.37.4.360}}

{{Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Individual spinels]]
[[Category:Edward the Black Prince]]