Editing Body Double

{{Short description|1984 film by Brian De Palma}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Other uses|Body double (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Body Double
| image          = Body Double poster.jpg
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Brian De Palma]]
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* Brian De Palma
* [[Robert J. Avrech]]
}}
| story          = Brian De Palma
| producer       = Brian De Palma
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Craig Wasson]]
* [[Gregg Henry]]
* [[Melanie Griffith]]
* [[Deborah Shelton]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Stephen H. Burum]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gerald B. Greenberg]]
* [[Bill Pankow]]
}}
| music          = [[Pino Donaggio]]
| studio         = Delphi II Productions
| distributor    = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released       = {{Film date|1984|10|26}}
| runtime        = 114 minutes
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $10&nbsp;million<ref name="The Numb">{{Cite web |title=Body Double (1984) |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Body-Double#tab=summary |access-date=April 17, 2022 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref>
| gross          = $8.8&nbsp;million<ref name="bom">{{Cite web |title=Body Double (1984) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0086984/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Body Double''''' is a 1984 American [[erotic thriller]] film directed, co-written, and produced by [[Brian De Palma]]. It stars [[Craig Wasson]], [[Gregg Henry]], [[Melanie Griffith]], and [[Deborah Shelton]]. The film is a direct homage to the 1950s films of [[Alfred Hitchcock]], specifically ''[[Rear Window]]'', ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'', and ''[[Dial M for Murder]]'', taking plot lines and themes (such as [[voyeurism]] and obsession) from the first two.<ref name=Williams>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Linda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pL0AUb5BHUC&pg=PA86|title=The Erotic Thriller in Contemporary Cinema|page=86|year=2005|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=Bloomington|isbn=0253218365}}</ref><ref name=Cvet>{{cite book|first=Ann|last=Cvetkovich|chapter-url=http://english.illinoisstate.edu/strickland/rsvtxt/cvetko.htm |chapter=Postmodern Vertigo: The Sexual Politics of Allusion in De Palma's Body Double|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211060858/http://english.illinoisstate.edu/strickland/rsvtxt/cvetko.htm|archive-date=February 11, 2013|url-status=dead|editor-last1=Raubicheck|editor-first1=Walter|editor-first2=Walter|editor-last2=Srebnick|title=Hitchcock's Rereleased Films: From Rope to Vertigo|location=Detroit|publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0814323267}}</ref>

At the time of its release, the film was a commercial failure, earning $8.8 million at the box office against a production budget of $10 million, as well as mixed reviews, though Griffith's performance earned praise and earned her a nomination for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]. Subsequently, the film received positive appraisal from cinema fans and is now considered to be a [[cult film]].

==Plot==
Struggling actor Jake Scully has recently lost his role as a vampire in a low-budget horror film after his [[claustrophobia]] thwarts shooting. Upon returning home to discover his girlfriend cheating on him, Scully splits up with her and is left homeless. At a [[method acting]] class, where he meets Sam Bouchard, Scully reveals his fears and the childhood cause of his claustrophobia. They go to a bar where Scully is offered a place to stay; Sam's rich friend has gone on a trip to Europe and needs a house-sitter for his ultra-modern home in the Hollywood Hills.

While touring the house with Scully, Sam is especially enthusiastic about showing him one feature: a telescope, and through it a female neighbor, Gloria Revelle, who erotically dances at a specific time each night. Scully voyeuristically watches Gloria until he sees her being abused by a man she appears to know. The next day, he follows her when she goes shopping. Gloria makes calls to an unknown person whom she promises to meet. Scully also notices a disfigured "Indian", a man he had noticed watching Gloria a few days prior.

Scully follows Gloria to a seaside motel where she is apparently stood up by the person she was there to meet. On the beach, the Indian suddenly appears and snatches her purse. Scully chases him into a nearby tunnel, but his claustrophobia overcomes him. Gloria walks him out of it, and they impulsively and passionately kiss before she retreats. That night, Scully again is watching through the telescope when the Indian returns and breaks into Gloria's home. Scully races to save Gloria, but her vicious white German Shepherd attacks him, and the Indian murders Gloria with a huge handheld drill.

Scully alerts the police, who rule the murder a botched robbery. However, Detective Jim McLean becomes suspicious after finding a pair of Gloria's panties in Scully's pocket. Although McLean does not arrest him, he tells Scully that his voyeuristic behavior and failure to alert police sooner helped cause Gloria's death. Later that night, suffering from insomnia and watching a pornographic television channel, Scully sees porn actress Holly Body dancing sensually, exactly as Gloria did. In order to meet Holly, he is hired as a porn actor in Holly's new film.

Scully learns from Holly that Sam hired her to impersonate Gloria each night, dancing in the window, knowing Scully would be watching and later witness the real Gloria's murder. Offended when he suggests she was involved in a killing, Holly storms out of the house. An older man in a Ford Bronco picks her up, knocks her unconscious and drives away with her. 

Scully follows them to a reservoir where the man is digging a grave. Scully attacks him, and in the scuffle peels his face off to reveal it as a mask worn by Sam (who also disguised himself as the "Indian" earlier). Scully has been set up as a scapegoat by Sam, who is in fact Gloria's abusive husband Alex, to provide him with an alibi during the murder. Scully is overpowered and thrown into the grave. Though his claustrophobia initially incapacitates him again, he overcomes his fear and climbs out, and Sam is knocked into the aqueduct by Gloria's white German Shepherd and drowned.

During the ending credits, Scully is shown having been recast in his previous vampire role as Holly watches from the sidelines.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Craig Wasson]] as Jake Scully
* [[Gregg Henry]] as Sam Bouchard 
* [[Melanie Griffith]] as Holly Body
* [[Deborah Shelton]] as Gloria Revelle
** [[Helen Shaver]] as Gloria's voice (uncredited)
* [[Guy Boyd (actor)|Guy Boyd]] as Detective Jim McLean
* [[Dennis Franz]] as Rubin
* [[David Haskell]] as Will
* [[Al Israel]] as Corso
* Rebecca Stanley as Kimberly
* [[Douglas Warhit]] as Video Salesman
* B.J. Jones as Douglas
* [[Russ Marin]] as Frank
* [[Lane Davies]] as Billy
* [[Barbara Crampton]] as Carol
* [[Larry "Flash" Jenkins]] as Assistant Director
* [[Monte Landis]] as Sid Goldberg
* Mindi Miller as Tina
* [[Michael Kearns (actor)|Michael Kearns]] as Mike
* Slavitza Jovan as "Bellini's" Saleslady
* Denise Loveday as "Vampire's Kiss" Actress
* [[Rob Paulsen]] as Porno Cameraman
* [[Brinke Stevens]] as Girl In Bathroom
* [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]] as Nightclub Band
}}

The film includes appearances from real-life adult performers Linda Shaw, Alexandra Day, [[Cara Lott]], Melissa Scott, Barbara Peckinpaugh and [[Annette Haven]]. [[Steven Bauer]], from De Palma's previous film ''[[Scarface (1983 film)|Scarface]]'' and Griffith's then-husband, has a cameo as a male porn actor.<ref name="TCM" />

==Production==
After De Palma's successes of ''[[Carrie (1976 film)|Carrie]]'', ''[[Dressed to Kill (1980 film)|Dressed to Kill]]'' and [[Scarface (1983 film)|his remake of ''Scarface'']], [[Columbia Pictures]] offered him a three-picture deal with ''Body Double'' set to be the first.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/09/24/body-double-why-brian-de-palmas-pornographic-fiasco-is-worth-ano/|title=Body Double: why Brian De Palma's pornographic fiasco is worth another peek |first=Robbie|last=Collin|author-link=Robbie Collin|date=September 24, 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111225041/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2016/09/24/body-double-why-brian-de-palmas-pornographic-fiasco-is-worth-ano/|archive-date=January 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Writing===
De Palma created the concept of the film after interviewing [[Angie Dickinson]]'s body doubles for ''[[Dressed to Kill (1980 film)|Dressed to Kill]]''.<ref name="Lyman"/> "I started thinking about the whole idea of the body double," he said. "I wondered what I would do if I wanted to make sure to get somebody's attention, to have them looking at a certain place at a certain time."<ref name="define">{{cite news|title=De Palma: A Definition of Suspense|last=Lyman|first=Rick|newspaper=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=October 28, 1984|page=I.1}}</ref> The erotic thriller was also becoming a popular genre to audiences, with the box offices successes of ''Dressed to Kill'' and ''[[Body Heat]]''. After fighting with censorship boards over the rating of ''Scarface'' — they rated it X and he had to battle to make it R – De Palma resolved to make ''Body Double'' as pushback. At the time, he said, "If this one doesn't get an X, nothing I ever do is going to. This is going to be the most erotic and surprising and thrilling movie I know how to make...I'm going to give them everything they hate and more of it than they've ever seen. They think ''Scarface'' was violent? They think my other movies were erotic? Wait until they see ''Body Double''."<ref name="Lyman">{{cite news|title=Brian De Palma Thinks We Need More Violence In Our Lives|last=Lyman|first=Rick|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=February 12, 1984|page=12}}</ref><ref name="Knapp">{{cite book|editor1-last=F. Knapp|editor1-first=Laurence|year=2003|title=Brian De Palma: Interviews|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1578065165|series=Conversations with Filmmakers Series|pages=90–91|url=https://archive.org/details/briandepalmainte0000depa/page/90/mode/2up|access-date=September 2, 2023}}</ref>

Having been impressed with the horror film ''Blood Bride'', De Palma enlisted its director and writer [[Robert J. Avrech]] to write the ''Body Double'' script with him. Both were fans of [[Alfred Hitchcock]], and screened ''[[Rear Window]]'' and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' to gather inspiration. Avrech later described his work on the film as "working off of De Palma's ideas of Hitchcock's ideas."<ref name=Brun>{{cite web|url=https://www.opednews.com/populum/page.php?f=Behind-the-Scenes-with-Hol-by-Joan-Brunwasser-American-Jews_Hollywood_Interviews_Judaism-Jewish-131219-897.html|website=Op Ed News|date=December 21, 2013|title=Behind the Scenes with Hollywood Screenwriter, Robert Avrech|first=Joan|last=Brunwasser}}</ref>

===Casting===
De Palma initially wanted pornographic actress [[Annette Haven]] to play Holly, but she was rejected by the studio due to her pornographic filmography.<ref name="TCM">{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Frank|date=June 4, 2021|title=Body Double (1984)|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18524/body-double#articles-reviews?articleId=021360|access-date=April 17, 2022|website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523230413/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18524/body-double|archive-date=May 23, 2022}}</ref> Nonetheless, Haven did appear in a minor role and consulted with DePalma about the adult film industry. De Palma then offered the role to [[Linda Hamilton]], who turned it down in favor of ''[[The Terminator]]''.<ref name="TCM" /> [[Jamie Lee Curtis]], [[Carrie Fisher]], and [[Tatum O'Neal]] were considered for the role before [[Melanie Griffith]] was cast.<ref name="TCM" /> De Palma later said Haven "was an enormous amount of help" to him in his understanding of the adult film industry and what Holly's background might be, and Griffith brought "a comic edge that I wanted to be a major part of the tone of the second half of the movie."<ref name="define"/> Griffith was initially reluctant to take the role, thinking she "didn't want any more nymphet roles, but now I think I can bring a lot of life to that kind of character...I think I gave her a great amount of intelligence."<ref name="griff">{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|author-link=Janet Maslin|date=June 22, 1984|title=A Lot of Life' In 'Body Double'|page=C.10|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/22/arts/at-the-movies-top-secret-rock-star-aims-to-be-lovable.html|url-status=live|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154758/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/22/arts/at-the-movies-top-secret-rock-star-aims-to-be-lovable.html|archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref>

De Palma considered Dutch erotic actress [[Sylvia Kristel]] for the role of Gloria, but she was unavailable. Although he cast [[Deborah Shelton]], he found her voice to be unsuitable and had her lines dubbed by [[Helen Shaver]] in post-production.<ref name="TCM" />

''Body Double'' contains a [[film within a film]] sequence in which pop band [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]] performs their song "[[Relax (song)|Relax]]"<ref name="DT">{{cite web|website=[[DVD Talk]]|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/23720/body-double-special-edition/|title=Body Double: Special Edition|date=September 9, 2006|last=Gibron|first=Bill|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728062844/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/23720/body-double-special-edition/|archive-date=July 28, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> on the set of a pornographic film, and in which [[scream queen]] [[Brinke Stevens]],<ref name="cast">{{cite news|title=Body Double (1984): Acting Credits|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6485/Body-Double/cast|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034244/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/6485/Body-Double/cast|archive-date=November 17, 2015|department=Movies & TV Dept.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> and adult actresses [[Cara Lott]] and Annette Haven appear. The club scene was converted into a music video and shown on [[MTV]].<ref name="AFI">{{cite web|title=Body Double (1984)|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/68262|access-date=April 14, 2023|website=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]}}</ref> Voice actor [[Rob Paulsen]] has a bit role as a cameraman who utters "Where's the cum shot?".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/55526/Rob-Paulsen/filmography|title=Rob Paulsen: Filmography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117042310/https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/55526/Rob-Paulsen/filmography/|archive-date=November 17, 2015|department=Movies & TV Dept.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2015|access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[File:John Lautner's Chemosphere (8189866290).jpg|thumb|right|[[Chemosphere]], the ultramodern house used in ''Body Double'']]
Principal photography began in Los Angeles on February 21, 1984.<ref name="AFI" /> Several locations in and around the area were used, including: [[Tail o' the Pup]], the [[Beverly Center]], [[Barney's Beanery]], the LA [[Farmers Market (Los Angeles)|Farmer's Market]], the Rodeo Collection mall on [[Rodeo Drive]],<ref name="BWDR" /><ref name="Isaacs" /> the [[Spruce Goose]] dome, the Beach Terrace Motel in [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Body Double|url=https://www.itsfilmedthere.com/2010/01/body-double.html|access-date=August 24, 2023|website=itsfilmedthere.com}}</ref> the [[Hollywood Tower]] and adjacent [[Hollywood Freeway]], [[Tower Records (music retailer)|Tower Records]], and the [[Chemosphere]] house.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Landmark House: John Lautner's Chemosphere|last=Timberg|first=Scott|date=July 23, 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/home/la-hm-landmark-houses-john-lautner-chemosphere-htmlstory.html|access-date=June 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618203504/https://www.latimes.com/home/la-hm-landmark-houses-john-lautner-chemosphere-htmlstory.html|archive-date=June 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Oblivion">{{cite web|title=Body Double|url=https://filmoblivion.com/2023/02/25/body-double-1984/|website=Film Oblivion|access-date=September 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325075230/https://filmoblivion.com/2023/02/25/body-double-1984/|archive-date=March 25, 2023|date=February 25, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-production===
The film was initially given an [[X rating|X]] by the [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|Motion Picture Association of America]] ratings board. Because many theaters refused to show X-rated films, De Palma had to re-edit the film as he did on ''Dressed to Kill'' and ''Scarface''. De Palma cut what he called "a few minor things from the porno movie scene" and secured an R rating.<ref name="mcall" /> De Palma said Columbia did not support the film due to its excessive violence. He said, "Do you think the guys who run Coca-Cola (Columbia Pictures' parent company) want publicity about violence? They are very aware of their public images, and when they start seeing articles in ''The New York Times'' about their product and violence, they go crazy. They're not showmen. They're corporation types."<ref name="bad">{{cite news|title=Bad Boy Brian De Palma Explains Himself|last=Blowen|first=Michael|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=October 28, 1984|page=A8}}</ref>

== Themes ==

=== Artifice and illusion ===
De Palma said the film deals with themes previously explored in his other films: "visualistic storytelling, a kind of obsessional [[Voyeurism|voyeuristic]] activity, a sense of humor about the world we live in, manipulators manipulating manipulators".<ref name="mcall" /> The theme of artifice is demonstrated through ''Body Double''{{'}}s [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] setting—a location itself understood to be in the business of "[[Make believe|make-believe]]"—characters, and plot. The title refers to the [[Double (occupation)|filmmaking term]] for a person who substitutes for another actor in scenes where the face is not shown, but it also acquires a second literal meaning in the film as the audience, along with Jake, is presented with situations intended to deceive.<ref name="mcall" /><ref name="BWDR" /> The theme is also exhibited in multiple plot lines throughout, such as Jake's belief that it is Gloria he is spying on, Jake disguising himself in order to infiltrate the pornographic film shoot, and the reveal of the killer's identity.<ref name="Lazic" />

Numerous scenes call attention to their own artificiality and the film's construction, from the opening scene of a desert where the camera then pulls away to reveal the desert is in fact a painted backdrop on the set of a [[B movie]].<ref name="Lemire">{{cite web|last=Lemire|first=Christy|author-link=Christy Lemire|date=June 18, 2018|title=Christy by Request – Body Double|url=https://christylemire.com/christy-by-request-body-double/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630060250/https://christylemire.com/christy-by-request-body-double/|archive-date=June 30, 2018|access-date=August 24, 2023|website=Christy Lemire}}</ref><ref name="BWDR" /> Critics noted that with this scene, "De Palma puts us on edge from the start...repeatedly revealing in the first few minutes that what we're seeing isn't real — it's all a calculated illusion intended to trick us."<ref name="Lemire" />

[[File:Body Double Relax.jpeg|thumb|270x270px|Jake goes undercover on the set of ''Holly Does Hollywood'' in a [[Story within a story#Nested films|film within a film]] sequence. In the scene, [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]] performs the song "[[Relax (song)|Relax]]".]]

De Palma also makes use of [[rear projection]] techniques to emphasize artificialness. Rear projection is used in scenes where Jake drives around Los Angeles following Gloria.<ref name="Isaacs">{{cite book|last=Isaacs|first=Bruce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|title=The Art of Pure Cinema: Hitchcock and His Imitators|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0190889951|pages=120–126|access-date=August 24, 2023}}</ref> The scene of Jake's kiss with Gloria in front of the tunnel uses rear projection and functions as a direct reference to Alfred Hitchcock's ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' with its 360-degree camera shot.<ref name="Dihel">{{cite web|last=Dihel|first=Jake|title=The Cathode Ray Mission: Body Double and Girls on Film|url=https://jacobdihel.medium.com/the-cathode-ray-mission-body-double-and-girls-on-film-46b121a3b8bf|website=jacobdihel.medium.com|access-date=August 26, 2023|date=August 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Lazic" /><ref name="Lemire" />

The scene on the porn film set soundtracked to Frankie Goes to Hollywood's song "Relax" is referred to by critics as "exhilarating" for its staging and [[metatextuality]].<ref name="Lazic" /><ref name="Ax" /><ref name=BFI>{{cite web|last1=Lazic|first1=Manuela|last2=Thrift|first2=Matthew|date=September 23, 2016|title=12 masterful Brian De Palma set-pieces|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/12-masterful-brian-de-palma-set-pieces|access-date=September 2, 2023|website=[[BFI]]}}</ref> Filmed in one long unbroken take, the scene segues into a musical sequence without warning and prompts viewers to question whether the action is happening in the porn film itself or the larger world of ''Body Double.''<ref name=IW23>{{cite web|date=August 14, 2023|title=The 100 Best Movies of the '80s|url=https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-80s-movies/body-double/|access-date=September 2, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903104814/https://www.indiewire.com/gallery/best-80s-movies/body-double/|archive-date=September 3, 2023|website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

Manuela Lazic of ''The Film Stage'' noted that the scene has "Jake [playing] a parody of his nebbish self accompanied physically and musically by Frankie Goes to Hollywood", and that "the director presents a need to '[[Fake it till you make it|fake it 'til you make it]]' as absolute and inescapable. It is telling of De Palma's joyful cynicism that this scene, an apotheosis of fakery and eroticism, is probably ''Body Double''{{'}}s most memorable."<ref name="Lazic" /> For the sequence, De Palma allowed his actual camera crew to be visible in shots, further blurring the lines between the film itself and the film Holly Body is making.<ref name="BWDR" />

''Body Double'' also explores the difference between fantasy and reality as Jake becomes drawn to who he thinks is Gloria dancing in the window. As a voyeur, he attaches a [[Fantasy (psychology)|fantasy]] to her without ever interacting with her in person. When Jake becomes compelled to follow Gloria, she becomes a flesh and blood person to him, more than an object of his fantasies.<ref name="Lazic" /> On a more heightened level, when Jake has his first conversation with Holly after the filming of the porn movie, he is taken aback by her straightforwardness and assertiveness.<ref name="BWDR" /> Holly, "a woman with agency, in full command of her body, career, and sexuality...[appears to be] a rebuke of the illusion Jake held of the leering, lip-licking porn star in ''Holly Does Hollywood''".<ref name="BWDR" />

De Palma has commented on the deliberate mixing of illusion and reality, saying "It [the film] constantly plays with that. But even though there are great shifts in form, it never really alienates the audience, which is an accomplishment, I feel."<ref name="mcall">{{cite news|date=October 26, 1984|title=Brian De Palma for Suspense, Terror and Sex, He's the Man for the Job|url=https://www.mcall.com/1984/10/26/brian-de-palma-for-suspense-terror-and-sex-hes-the-man-for-the-job/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824071909/https://www.mcall.com/1984/10/26/brian-de-palma-for-suspense-terror-and-sex-hes-the-man-for-the-job/|archive-date=August 24, 2023|access-date=August 24, 2023|newspaper=[[The Morning Call]]}}</ref>

=== Voyeurism and exhibitionism ===
As in his previous films such as ''[[Greetings (1968 film)|Greetings]]'', ''[[Hi, Mom!]]'', ''[[Dressed to Kill (1980 film)|Dressed to Kill]]'', and ''[[Blow Out]]'', De Palma addresses the theme of voyeurism.{{sfn|Bouzereau|1988}} Critics noted that the act of voyeurism can provide an "illusory, imaginative form of control", a feeling Jake has lost due to his demoted, emasculated position.<ref name="Lazic" />{{sfn|Bouzereau|1988}} With ''Body Double'', voyeurism becomes tied to exhibitionism, and is used to reflect back on the viewer. Jake, a voyeur who "likes to watch", is understood to be a stand-in for the audience.<ref name="Dihel" /> Voyeurism is turned on its head as it is intimated early on that the woman Jake is peeping on knows her nightly dances are being watched, and with the eventual reveal that the routine is in fact a hired performance.<ref name="Kino">{{cite web|last=de Corinth|first=Henri|date=May 11, 2018|title=Watch Closely: Brian de Palma's Surveillance States, 1965–1984|url=https://read.kinoscope.org/2018/05/11/watch-closely-brian-de-palmas-surveillance-states-1965-1984/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203032728/https://read.kinoscope.org/2018/05/11/watch-closely-brian-de-palmas-surveillance-states-1965-1984/|archive-date=December 3, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2023|website=Kinoscope}}</ref>

The scene of Jake first encountering Holly on the set of ''Holly Does Hollywood'' is understood to be a commentary on the [[male gaze]].<ref name="Dihel" /> Jake spies Holly in a hallway mirror reflection; as he approaches her, a bathroom mirror captures Jake looking at Holly; thus, the audience is watching Jake watch Holly, who in turn is performing for the porn film and is aware of Jake's presence.

Critic [[David Denby]] observed: "''Body Double'' is about Los Angeles, about the eroticized way of life, partly created by the media culture, in which exhibitionist and voyeur are linked by common need. The people live in houses with huge windows; they cruise one another insolently, unafraid of being watched as they watch; privacy is meaningless—there is only the sexiness of endless scrutiny and quick encounter."{{Sfn|Denby|1984|p=68}}

=== Satire of Hollywood ===
[[File:Body Double kiss.jpg|thumb|Jake and Gloria kiss as the background shows a noticeable [[rear projection]]. The scene is a direct homage to a 360-degree camera shot in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]''.]]
Marylynn Uricchio of the ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'' wrote, "De Palma throws in elements of [[Satire (film and television)|satire]] and more than nods his head at the whole Hollywood tradition. There's that sweepy, heavy-handed score by Pino Donaggio that punctuates the action with a snide smile. And there's that 360-degree kiss scene, straight out of Hitchcock, with the highly colored backgrounds of the old [[Technicolor]] films."<ref>{{cite news|last=Uricchio|first=Marylynn|date=October 27, 1984|title='Double' dose of too much blood and bodies|pages=16|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ftlRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7154%2C7266458|access-date=September 2, 2023}}</ref> Griffith stated ''Body Double'' "is a parody of Hollywood more than anything".<ref name="griff" /> Some critics opined that the character of "The Indian", with his garish makeup, is a reference to the old Hollywood practice of using [[redface]] to depict [[Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States|Native American]] characters.<ref name="BWDR" /><ref name="Dihel" />

Critics have also pointed out that the film's juxtaposition of mainstream Hollywood filmmaking with pornography illustrates that "mainstream films use sex and sexuality in the same manner as [[exploitation film]]s."<ref name="Kino" /> By blurring the boundaries between mainstream filmmaking and pornography and showing how illusionism is present in both, ''Body Double'' knowingly satirizes the world of Hollywood and its pretenses that it is more "legitimate" than the adult film world.{{sfn|Denby|1984|p=68}}

== Release ==
The film was previewed for Columbia Pictures executives in Van Nuys ahead of its general release.<ref name="AFI" /> De Palma says that Columbia was enthusiastic about the film until the screening.<ref name="AFI" /> Response from the audience was not strong "and the studio started to get really worried," he said. "The only people crazier than the people who criticize me for violence are the people at the studios. I can't stand that sort of cowardice."<ref name="bad" /> De Palma and Columbia mutually agreed to end the three-picture deal.<ref name="Telegraph" />

===Box office===
''Body Double'' was released theatrically in the United States on October 26, 1984, the same day as ''[[The Terminator]]''.<ref name="Weekend">{{cite web|title=Domestic 1984 Weekend 43|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/1984W43/|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 26, 2023}}</ref> It opened at number three at the box office, earning $2.8&nbsp;million in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=Jay|date=November 1, 1984|title=New films in top three|pages=E1|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> The film earned $8.2&nbsp;million over its first three weeks, before being pulled in its fourth week.<ref name="The Numb" /><ref name="bom" /> The film earned $8.8&nbsp;million on a $10&nbsp;million budget, making it a [[box office bomb]].<ref name="The Numb" /><ref name="bom" />

==Reception==
''Body Double'' debuted to a divided response; positive reviews praised the visual style and the performances, while negative reviews criticized the plot, described the [[Alfred Hitchcock|Hitchcock]] homages as derivative, and lambasted the sex and violence as vulgar.<ref name="Darnton">{{cite news|last=Darnton|first=Nina|date=November 18, 1984|title=On Brian De Palma-Crossing the Line Between Art and Pornography?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/18/movies/on-brian-de-palma-crossing-the-line-between-art-an-pornography.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524154727/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/18/movies/on-brian-de-palma-crossing-the-line-between-art-an-pornography.html|archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Kempley>{{cite news|last=Kempley|first=Rita|date=October 26, 1984|title='Body Double' Is Creepy Crud|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/10/26/body-double-is-creepy-crud/d9e2d0de-9bda-4504-aaa1-0ff4c6ad3ce4/|access-date=August 24, 2023|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Corliss">{{cite magazine|last=Corliss|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Corliss|date=October 29, 1984|title=Cinema: Dark Nights for the Libido |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,926911,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=August 26, 2023}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] praised the film, giving it three and a half out of four stars and calling it "an exhilarating exercise in pure filmmaking, a thriller in the Hitchcock tradition in which there's no particular point except that the hero is flawed, weak, and in terrible danger – and we identify with him completely."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|date=January 1, 1984|title=Body Double|newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/body-double-1984|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308073623/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/body-double-1984|archive-date=March 8, 2014|access-date=July 30, 2019|via=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref>

[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote that De Palma "again goes too far, which is the reason to see it. It's sexy and explicitly crude, entertaining and sometimes very funny. It's his most blatant variation to date on a Hitchcock film (''Vertigo''), but it's also a De Palma original, a movie that might have offended Hitchcock's wryly avuncular public personality, while appealing to his darker, most private fantasies."<ref name="Canby">{{cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|author-link=Vincent Canby|date=October 26, 1984|title=Film: De Palma Evokes 'Vertigo' in 'Body Double'|page=C8|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/26/movies/film-depalma-evokes-vertigo-in-body-double.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021050319/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/26/movies/film-depalma-evokes-vertigo-in-body-double.html|archive-date=October 21, 2010}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Day (New London)|The Day]]'', Paul Baumann said, "This is one movie that can make the horrific fascinating and still underline, in a hilarious way, the absurdity of it all."<ref name="Baumann">{{cite news|last=Baumann|first=Paul|date=November 4, 1984|title=De Palma still brilliant but...troubled?|work=[[The Day (New London)|The Day]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wi1SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CDYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3605%2C729370 |page=B-3 |access-date=September 2, 2023}}</ref> The [[The Daily Gazette|''Schenectady Gazette'']]{{'}}s Dan DiNicola wrote, "I could not resist [the film's] visual brilliance which without malice or cynicism holds up a mirror to the 'nature' of millions of American viewers."<ref name="Schen1">{{cite news |last=DiNicola |first=Dan |date=October 27, 1984 |title='Body Double' Has Bit of 'Rear Window' Tone |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nxEhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KnQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2710%2C3425956 |access-date=September 2, 2023 |newspaper=[[Schenectady Gazette]] |page=57}}</ref>

Griffith received critical acclaim for her performance,<ref name="Lemire" /> with Canby commenting she "gives a perfectly controlled comic performance that successfully neutralizes all questions relating to plausibility. She's not exactly new to films, having played in '[[Night Moves (1975 film)|Night Moves]],' '[[Smile (1975 film)|Smile]]' and '[[The Drowning Pool (film)|The Drowning Pool]]' as a very young actress. What is new is the self-assured screen presence she demonstrates here, and it's one of the delights of 'Body Double.'"<ref name="Canby" /> Baumann wrote Holly's "wildly incongruous conversations with the earnest Jake get funnier and funnier as the real danger gets closer and closer" and that De Palma can turn "[Griffith's] caustic hectoring of motorists...into a charmed bit of pathos".<ref name="Baumann" />

[[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' stated, "To his credit, DePalma moves his camera as beautifully as any director in the business today and on a purely physical level 'Body Double' often proves quite seductive as the camera tracks, swirls, cranes and zooms towards and around the objects of De Palma's usually sinister contemplation. Unfortunately, most of the film consists of visual riffs on Alfred Hitchcock, particularly '[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]' and '[[Rear Window]].'"<ref name="TCM" /><ref>{{cite magazine|last=McCarthy|first=Todd|author-link=Todd McCarthy|date=October 17, 1984|title=Body Double|url=|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|page=15}}</ref> [[David Denby]] of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' gave a mixed review, but raved about De Palma's "gliding, sensual trancelike style that is the most sheerly pleasurable achievement in contemporary movies."{{sfn|Denby|1984|p=67}} Denby singled out the scene set at the Rodeo Collection mall, writing "virtually wordless, this sustained episode accumulates a kind of suspense that is as much moral and psychological as physical".{{sfn|Denby|1984|p=67}}

[[Paul Attanasio]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' positively reviewed the film, writing, "A lewd, gory, twisty-turny murder mystery swirling around Hollywood's porn industry, 'Body Double' finds Brian De Palma at the zenith of his cinematic virtuosity. The movie has been carefully calculated to offend almost everyone—and probably will. But, like Hitchcock, De Palma makes the audience's reaction the real subject; 'Body Double' is about the dark longings deep inside us."<ref>{{cite news|last=Attanasio|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Attanasio|date=October 26, 1984|title='Double' Boiler|page=C1|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/10/26/double-boiler/b3c86102-b9ed-43d7-8806-6655ee025dc2/}}</ref><ref name="Attanasio2">{{cite news|last=Attanasio|first=Paul|date=November 4, 1984|title=Brian De Palma As Son Of Hitchcock|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1984/11/04/brian-de-palma-as-son-of-hitchcock/e77acdcd-b117-41c3-97d7-16d22860ec7c/|access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref>

Negative reviews opined De Palma was returning to familiar territory by riffing on Hitchcock. In ''[[The New Yorker]]'', [[Pauline Kael]] shared "the big, showy scenes recall ''Vertigo'' and ''Rear Window'' so obviously that the movie is like an assault on the people who have put De Palma down for being derivative. This time, he's just about spiting himself and giving them reasons not to like him. And these big scenes have no special point, other than their resemblance to Hitchcock's work."<ref name="Kael">{{cite magazine|last=Kael|first=Pauline|author-link=Pauline Kael|title=Body Double|url=https://scrapsfromtheloft.com/movies/body-double-pauline-kael/ |access-date=August 26, 2023|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=November 12, 1984|via=Scraps from the Loft}}</ref> [[Sheila Benson]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' panned the film as "elaborately empty" and "silly", suggesting that De Palma "finally may have exhausted the patience of even his most tenacious admirers."<ref>{{cite news |last=Benson |first=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Benson |date=October 26, 1984 |title=Elevating Voyeurism to New Lows |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |page=26}}</ref> Kael added that "the voyeuristic sequences, with Wasson peeping through a telescope, aren't particularly erotic; De Palma shows more sexual feeling for the swank buildings and real estate."<ref name="Kael" />

Some also claimed the plot is ultimately given less importance than the film's visuals.<ref name="Kael" /><ref name="Empire">{{cite magazine|last=Newman|first=Kim|author-link=Kim Newman|title=Body Double Review|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/body-double-review/|access-date=August 24, 2023|magazine=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref> ''[[TV Guide (magazine)|TV Guide]]'' wrote, "Contrived, shallow, distasteful, and ultimately pointless, ''Body Double'' is more an exercise in empty cinematic style than an engrossing thriller. Although cinematographer [[Stephen H. Burum|Burum]] executes some absolutely breathtaking camera moves, his effort goes for naught when pitted against director De Palma and cowriter Avrech's insipid narrative."<ref name="TVGuide">{{cite magazine|title=Body Double|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/body-double/review/2000046764/|access-date=August 24, 2023|magazine=[[TV Guide (magazine)|TV Guide]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824184455/https://www.tvguide.com/movies/body-double/review/2000046764/|archive-date=August 24, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described the film as a [[Comedy horror|horror comedy]], but said it comes off as "sadistic" and does not find a balance "between the comic and the macabre".<ref name=Kempley/>

The film was criticized for a violent scene involving a woman that some described as an example of sexualized violence.<ref name="Corliss" /><ref name="Ocala">{{cite news|last=Murdoch|first=Mary Ann|title=De Palma's 'Body Double' A Cheap Hitchcock Imitation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VwxAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA16|access-date=September 2, 2023|newspaper=[[Ocala Star-Banner]]|date=November 2, 1984}}</ref><ref name="Schen2">{{cite news|last=DiNicola|first=David|title=The Lively Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxEhAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA43|access-date=September 2, 2023|newspaper=Schenectady Gazette|date=October 27, 1984|page=25}}</ref> In the scene, the woman is killed by a power drill; though the drill is never shown entering the victim's body, it is suggestively framed as a [[phallus]].<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="Darnton" /><ref name="Mich">{{cite news |last=Bilmes |first=Joshua |date=November 7, 1984 |title='Body double' is well worth the price |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SRKAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3 |access-date=September 2, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref> In a review that awarded two-and-a-half stars out of four, [[Gene Siskel]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' wrote, "When the drill came onto the screen, De Palma lost me and control of his movie. At that point ''Body Double'' ceased to be a homage to Hitchcock and instead became a cheap [[splatter film]], and not a very good one at that."<ref name="Siskel">{{cite news |last=Siskel |first=Gene |author-link=Gene Siskel |date=October 26, 1984 |title=Gore overshadows artistry in De Palma's 'Body Double' |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |page=7J}}</ref> In contrast, David Denby noted the film's "violence is so outlandish that only the literal-minded should be able to take it seriously",{{sfn|Denby|1984|p=67}} and argued that its gaudiness appears to address De Palma's detractors "who talk of violence in his films as if it were the real thing", or those who cannot distinguish between the image and actual violence.{{sfn|Denby|1984|p=69}}

The London Clinic for Battered Women asked Columbia Pictures for a percentage of the profits from the film, claiming it was "[[blood money (restitution)|blood money]]" for using "the victimization of women as a source of massive profit."<ref>{{cite news|title=Women's clinic seeks share of film profits|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=December 15, 1984|page=M.8}}</ref> In response to the criticism, De Palma said it "was not [his] intention to create a sexual image with the drill, although it could be construed that way."<ref name="people">{{cite magazine |last=Plummer |first=William |date=December 17, 1984 |title=Despite His Critics, Director Brian De Palma Says Body Double Is Neither Too Violent nor Too Sexy |url=https://people.com/archive/despite-his-critics-director-brian-de-palma-says-body-double-is-neither-too-violent-nor-too-sexy-vol-22-no-25/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721112145/https://people.com/archive/despite-his-critics-director-brian-de-palma-says-body-double-is-neither-too-violent-nor-too-sexy-vol-22-no-25/ |archive-date=July 21, 2017 |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]}}</ref><ref name="SlashFilm">{{cite web |last=Meenan |first=Devin |date=November 19, 2022 |title=Brian De Palma Chose A Drill For Body Double's Murder Weapon For A Very Practical Reason |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/1100448/brian-de-palma-chose-a-drill-for-body-doubles-murder-weapon-for-a-very-practical-reason/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204001934/https://www.slashfilm.com/1100448/brian-de-palma-chose-a-drill-for-body-doubles-murder-weapon-for-a-very-practical-reason/ |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=August 26, 2023 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref> He added, "Women in peril work better in the suspense genre. It all goes back to the ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)|Perils of Pauline]]''...I don't think morality applies to art. It's a ludicrous idea. I mean, what is the morality of a still life? I don't think there's good or bad fruit in the bowl."<ref name="people" />

=== Awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
!{{Abbreviation|Ref.|References}}
|-
|[[42nd Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture]]
|rowspan=3|[[Melanie Griffith]]
|{{nom}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners & Nominees 1985|url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1985|access-date=April 14, 2023|website=Golden Globes|archive-date=March 26, 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160326221910/http://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees/1985|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[1984 National Society of Film Critics Awards|National Society of Film Critics Awards]]
|[[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=January 3, 1985|title='Stranger Than Paradise' Wins Award|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/03/movies/stranger-than-paradise-wins-award.html|access-date=April 14, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|[[1984 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
|[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{draw|2nd place}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=December 19, 1984|title=New York Film Critics Vote 'Passage to India' Best Film|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/19/movies/new-york-film-critics-vote-passage-to-india-best-film.html|access-date=April 14, 2023|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|-
|[[Clio Awards]]
|colspan="2"|Award for teaser trailer
|{{won}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Hallam|first=Scott|date=July 25, 2012|title=Saturday Nightmares: Body Double (1984)|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35752/saturday-nightmares-body-double-1984|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210002553/https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35752/saturday-nightmares-body-double-1984|archive-date=February 10, 2010|access-date=June 18, 2018|website=[[Dread Central]]|publisher=Dread Central Media}}</ref>
|-
|[[5th Golden Raspberry Awards|Golden Raspberry Awards]]
|[[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director|Worst Director]]
|[[Brian De Palma]]
|{{nom}}
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=24 |title=5th Golden Raspberry Awards |website=razzies.com |access-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040911084533/http://razzies.com/asp/content/XcNewsPlus.asp?cmd=view&articleid=24 |archive-date=2004-09-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Cult reputation and reassessed response==
In following decades, ''Body Double'' underwent a critical reassessment and developed a cult following, with critics citing its directorial and aesthetic indulgences,<ref name="BWDR">{{cite magazine|last=Woods|first=Travis|date=August 3, 2018|title=De Palma Does Hollywood|url=https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2018/08/03/brian-de-palma-body-double/|url-status=live|magazine=Bright Wall/Dark Room|issue=62|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418184109/https://www.brightwalldarkroom.com/2018/08/03/brian-de-palma-body-double/|archive-date=April 18, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Lazic">{{cite web|last=Lazic|first=Manuela|date=July 18, 2016|title='Body Double': Brian De Palma's Illusion of Voyeurism|url=https://thefilmstage.com/body-double-brian-de-palmas-illusion-of-voyeurism/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530220809/https://thefilmstage.com/body-double-brian-de-palmas-illusion-of-voyeurism/|archive-date=May 30, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2023|website=The Film Stage}}</ref> its early 1980s [[New wave music|new wave]] soundtrack, homages to Alfred Hitchcock,<ref name="NeoText">{{cite web|last=Suton|first=Koraljka|title='Body Double': Brian De Palma's Uniquely Stylized Erotic Thriller that Pays Homage to Hitchcock|url=https://neotextcorp.com/culture/body-double-brian-de-palmas-uniquely-stylized-erotic-thriller-that-pays-homage-to-hitchcock/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214183501/https://neotextcorp.com/culture/body-double-brian-de-palmas-uniquely-stylized-erotic-thriller-that-pays-homage-to-hitchcock/|archive-date=December 14, 2020|access-date=April 14, 2023|website=NeoText|issue=62}}</ref> and the use of iconic Los Angeles locations.<ref name="BWDR"/><ref name="Cinephilia">{{cite web|date=April 11, 2016|title=Brian De Palma's 'Body Double': A Hitchcockian Thriller Executed in Completely Original Style|url=https://cinephiliabeyond.org/brian-de-palmas-body-double-hitchcockian-thriller-executed-completely-original-style/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728062849/https://cinephiliabeyond.org/brian-de-palmas-body-double-hitchcockian-thriller-executed-completely-original-style/|archive-date=July 28, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2023|website=Cinephilia and Beyond}}</ref> Critic Sean Axmaker said that with distance, the film can more easily be seen as a [[Satire (film and television)|satire]] of the 1980s era of excess and an image-obsessed culture.<ref name="Ax">{{cite web|last=Axmaker|first=Sean|date=October 21, 2013|title=Body Double On Blu-Ray|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18524/body-double/#articles-reviews?articleId=720818|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018093120/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18524/body-double/#articles-reviews|archive-date=October 18, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2023|website=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref>

Writing of the 2013 Blu-ray release of the film, Chuck Bowen of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' said, "''Body Double''{{'}}s consciously derivative thriller plot is as dense with meta-text as any film in De Palma's career; the searing personal material, which has been buried underneath the film's superficial happenings with precision and élan, must be discovered with the eyes."<ref name="Slant">{{cite magazine|last=Bowen|first=Chuck|date=August 19, 2013|title=Review: Brian De Palma's ''Body Double'' on Twilight Time Blu-ray|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/body-double-bd/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418164907/https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/body-double-bd/|archive-date=April 18, 2023|access-date=April 14, 2023|magazine=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> Critic [[Christy Lemire]] wrote, "What's real, what's imagined and what's movie magic remain mysteries until the end. But the winding road through the hills to get there is always a wind-in-your-hair thrill."<ref name="Lemire" />

Critics have also commented on how the second half of the film is a subversive commentary on the first part. In an essay for ''Bright Wall/Dark Room'' magazine, Travis Woods wrote, "just as the film's reflexive second hour is De Palma's counter-critique to his critics, it is also a gear-shift into Holly's world, a nightscape L.A. wherein De Palma subverts the tropes he littered throughout the film's first half by employing the postmodern grimy-sticky grit of [[VHS]] porn, [[MTV]]-styled music video theatrics, and the twisting of a traditional hero's journey dropped into the duplicitous hell of Me-Decade Hollywood."<ref name="BWDR" />

On the film's finale, Bowen added: "De Palma pulls the entire rug out from underneath the film's reality and turns everything we've just seen into a prolonged [[Distancing effect|Brechtian]] [[Shaggy dog story|shaggy-dog]] joke, only to then pull the rug out from under that joke and halfheartedly reaffirm the film's reality as a mystery-thriller. By the end of this masterpiece, one of the great and most uniquely American films of the 1980s, we only trust surfaces, which are as fleeting and illusory as anything else."<ref name=Slant/>

Griffith's and Wasson's performances have also been the focus of praise. Lemire wrote, "The scene in [Holly] explains to [Jake] what she will and will not do on camera is a perfect encapsulation of Griffith's charm. She's girlishly angelic but also startlingly no-nonsense. She's a much smarter cookie than she gets credit for being and her comic timing is slyly perfect."<ref name="Lemire" /> Manuela Lazic of ''The Film Stage'' said, "As central character Jake Scully, Wasson turns his conventionally attractive looks into an endlessly fascinating nebbishness and awkwardness. In an early scene, Jake simply walks to his car and jumps in the driver's seat, yet Wasson manages to turn this casual action into one of the most amusing instances of purposefully bad acting."<ref name="Lazic" /> Griffith later gave credit to the film and the accolades she garnered for her performance for helping to relaunch her film career after a brief absence.<ref name="TCM" />

{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|80|6.3|40|Exemplifying Brian De Palma's filmmaking bravura and polarizing taste, ''Body Double'' is a salacious love letter to moviemaking.|access-date=May 10, 2025|ref=yes}} {{Metacritic film prose|69|18|ref=yes|access-date=August 26, 2023}}

In a 2016 interview with ''[[The Guardian]]'', De Palma reflected on the film's initial critical reception, saying "''Body Double'' was reviled when it came out. Reviled. It really hurt. I got slaughtered by the press right at the height of the [[women's liberation movement]]...I thought it was completely unjustified. It was a suspense thriller, and I was always interested in finding new ways to kill people."<ref>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Ashley|date=June 7, 2016|title=Brian de Palma: 'Film lies all the time...24 times a second'|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/07/brian-de-palma-carrie-scarface-retrospective-documentary|access-date=April 18, 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211065532/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jun/07/brian-de-palma-carrie-scarface-retrospective-documentary|archive-date=December 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Seitz|first=Matt Zoller|author-link=Matt Zoller Seitz|date=June 9, 2016|title=A Movie is a Work of Art: An Interview with Brian De Palma|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/de-palma-interview|access-date=August 24, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824071908/https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/de-palma-interview|archive-date=August 24, 2023|url-status=live|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> The film helped reintroduce the song "[[Relax (song)|Relax]]" in America, where it recharted and reached the top 10 of the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] in March 1985.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Hot 100: Week of March 16, 1985|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1985-03-16/|access-date=April 14, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (website)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414153326/https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1985-03-16/|archive-date=April 14, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Additionally, Mark Olsen of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' named ''Body Double'' as one of De Palma's "underrated gems" of the 1980s, stating, "Even more than ''Dressed to Kill'' or ''[[Blow Out]]'', for me ''Body Double'' is the most quintessentially Brian De Palma movie of what might be thought of as his 'high period' – that late-'70s, early-'80s moment when he was making relatively high-budget, high-profile movies that culminated in ''[[The Untouchables (film)|The Untouchables]]''."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Olsen |first1=Mark |last2=Chang |first2=Justin |date=June 10, 2016 |title=Director Brian De Palma's underrated gems, decade by decade |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-brian-de-palma-underrated-gems-20160609-snap-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610141519/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-brian-de-palma-underrated-gems-20160609-snap-story.html |archive-date=June 10, 2016 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> In 2023, ''[[IndieWire]]'' listed ''Body Double'' as number 30 on their list of "The 100 Best Movies of the '80s".<ref name="IW23" />

== Home media ==
''Body Double'' was first released on DVD in 1998 with [[widescreen]] and [[pan and scan]] formats.<ref name="DT" /> On October 3, 2006, the film was released as a Special Edition DVD by [[Sony Pictures]] .<ref name="DT" /> The DVD included the featurettes "The Seduction", "The Setup", "The Mystery", and "The Controversy", all of which cover different aspects of the production and contain interviews with De Palma, Griffith, [[Deborah Shelton]], and [[Gregg Henry]].<ref name="DT" />

On August 13, 2013, the film was released to Blu-ray by [[Twilight Time (home video label)|Twilight Time]].<ref name="Slant" /> Special features from the 2006 DVD were ported over. On October 24, 2016, the film was re-released as a Limited Edition Blu-ray from Indicator Series.<ref name="Atanasov">{{cite web|last=Atanasov|first=Svet|date=October 20, 2016|title=Body Double Blu-ray|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Body-Double-Blu-ray/162623/#Review|access-date=August 24, 2016|website=Blu-ray.com}}</ref> It included previously released features as well as an interview with Craig Wasson, the documentary ''Pure Cinema'' from first [[assistant director]] [[Joe Napolitano]], and an illustrated booklet containing an essay by film critic Ashley Clark, a ''[[Film Comment]]'' interview of De Palma in 1984 by journalist Marcia Pally, and an article from a May 1987 issue of ''Film Comment'' in which De Palma gives a personal guide of his favorite films.<ref name="Atanasov" />

==In popular culture==
The 1989 [[black comedy]] film ''[[Vampire's Kiss]]'' takes its title from the B-movie Jake Scully acts in.<ref name="TCM" /><ref name="Empire" />

The 1991 [[Bret Easton Ellis]] novel ''[[American Psycho]]'' repeatedly refers to ''Body Double'' as the favorite film of serial killer [[Patrick Bateman]] because of the power drill scene.<ref name="Chiller">{{cite news|last=James|first=Caryn|title=Now Starring, Killers for the Chiller 90's|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/10/movies/now-starring-killers-for-the-chiller-90-s.html|access-date=September 2, 2023|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 10, 1991}}</ref> Bateman mentions that he has seen the film 37 times and rents the tape of it from a video store several times in the story.<ref name="Green">{{cite web|last=Green|first=Steph|date=November 29, 2020|title=The Ingenious Artifice of Brian De Palma's 'Body Double'|url=https://www.indiependent.co.uk/the-ingenious-artifice-of-brian-de-palmas-body-double/|access-date=April 14, 2023|website=The Indiependent}}</ref>

Pop singer [[Slayyyter]] cited ''Body Double'' as an influence on her 2023 album ''[[Starfucker (Slayyyter album)|Starfucker]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Thejas |date=October 7, 2023 |title=Pop singer Slayyyter releases second album, 'Starfucker' |url=http://www.michigandaily.com/arts/music/slayyyters-starfucker-dives-into-the-glamorous-underworld-of-hollywood/ |access-date=2024-04-14 |newspaper=[[The Michigan Daily]]}}</ref> The cover for her single "Erotic Electronic" is a visual reference to the film's poster.<ref name=":0" />

The 2024 [[Ti West]] horror film ''[[MaXXXine]]'' contains several visual and thematic references to ''Body Double''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilchrist |first=Todd |date=2024-07-05 |title=‘MaXXXine’ Director Ti West on How ‘Body Double,’ the Moral Majority and Mia Goth’s Leading Lady Aspirations Inspired His ‘Self-Actualization’ Slasher Movie |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/features/maxxxine-ti-west-mia-goth-future-sequels-1236060481/ |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Remake==
''Body Double'' was remade in 1993 in India as ''[[Pehla Nasha]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=February 26, 2023|title=Deepak Tijori: I Could Be A Lead Actor But They Never Accepted Me|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/deepak-tijori-i-could-be-a-lead-actor-but-they-never-accepted-me-news-265398|access-date=April 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414153325/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/deepak-tijori-i-could-be-a-lead-actor-but-they-never-accepted-me-news-265398|archive-date=April 14, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was directed by [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] in his directorial debut. [[Deepak Tijori]] plays the lead role and the film features [[Pooja Bhatt]], [[Raveena Tandon]] and [[Paresh Rawal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Film}}

* [[List of films featuring surveillance]]
* [[List of American films of 1984]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Bouzereau|first=Laurent|url=https://archive.org/details/depalmacutfilmso00bouz/page/92/mode/2up|title=The De Palma Cut: The Films of America's Most Controversial Director|publisher=Dembner Books|year=1988|isbn=978-0942637045|location=New York|pages=92–96, 113–119}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Denby|first=David|author-link=David Denby|title=The Woman in the Window|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-UCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA67|access-date=August 26, 2023|magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=November 5, 1984|pages=67–69}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=https://permanentplastichelmet.com/2018/05/28/forget-it-jake-its-hollywood-dreams-and-debauchery-in-body-double/|last=Clark|first=Ashley|title=Forget it Jake, it's Hollywood: Dreams and Debauchery in Body Double|date=May 28, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190613015156/https://permanentplastichelmet.com/2018/05/28/forget-it-jake-its-hollywood-dreams-and-debauchery-in-body-double/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |url-status=dead}} (from booklet included in 2016 ''Body Double'' Blu-ray release)
* {{cite journal|last=Schulze|first=Joshua|title=How De Palma Makes Us Feel: The Experience of a Moment in ''Body Double'' (1984)|journal=[[Quarterly Review of Film and Video]]|date=August 12, 2019|volume=37|issue=4|pages=348–362|doi=10.1080/10509208.2019.1646555|s2cid=202536126}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{AFI film}}
* {{TCMDb title}}

{{Brian De Palma}}
{{Frankie Goes to Hollywood}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s American films]]
[[Category:1980s English-language films]]
[[Category:1980s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:1980s satirical films]]
[[Category:1980s slasher films]]
[[Category:American erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:American mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:American neo-noir films]]
[[Category:American psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:American satirical films]]
[[Category:American self-reflexive films]]
[[Category:American slasher films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:English-language erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Erotic mystery films]]
[[Category:Erotic slasher films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about Hollywood, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films about pornography]]
[[Category:Films about stalking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Brian De Palma]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pino Donaggio]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]