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{{short description|Art with the human body}}[[File:Yonga_Arts_4.jpg|thumb|305x305px|Body painting]]'''Body art''' is [[art]] in which the artist uses their [[human]] body as the primary medium.<ref name="Contemporary Art p. 88">Oxford Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, Oxford University, p. 88</ref> Emerging from the context of [[Conceptual Art]] during the 1970s,<ref name="Contemporary Art p. 88" /> Body art may include [[performance art]]. Body art is likewise utilized for investigations of the body in an assortment of different media including [[painting]], [[casting]], [[photography]], [[film]] and [[video]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Tate|title=Body art – Art Term|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/b/body-art|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Tate|language=en-GB}}</ref> More extreme body art can involve mutilation or pushing the body to its physical limits. In more recent times, the [[Human body|body]] has become a subject of much broader discussion and treatment than can be reduced to body art in its common understanding. Important strategies that question the [[human body]] are: [[implant (body modification)|implants]], body in [[symbiosis]] with the [[new technologies]], [[Virtuality|virtual]] avatar bodies, among others. ==Popular use of the term== Body art has been expanded into the popular culture and now covers a wide spectrum of usage, including [[tattoo]]s, [[body piercings]], [[scarification]], and [[body painting]]. Photographer [[Spencer Tunick]] is well known for conducting [[photo shoot]]s which gather large numbers of naked people at public locations around the world.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Independent|title=Spencer Tunick creates 'naked Dead Sea'|date=19 September 2011|author=Matilda Battersby|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/spencer-tunick-creates-naked-dead-sea-2357090.html|access-date=6 February 2011}}</ref> ==Background== [[File:Natalia Goncharova (1913).jpg|thumb|Russian avantgarde painter [[Natalia Goncharova]] during her 1913 performance.]] Body art often deals with issues of gender and personal identity and common topics include the relationship between body and psyche.<ref name=":0" /> The forerunners were the avant-garde artists. In 1913 [[Russian Futurism|Russian Futurists]] ([[Ilia Zdanevich]], [[David Burliuk]], [[Mikhail Larionov|Milkhail Larionov]], [[Natalia Goncharova]]) performed an action in Moscow streets with painted faces<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arzamas.academy/materials/1646 | title=Бунт Михаила Ларионова • Текст и иллюстрации эпизода • Arzamas }}</ref> and later printed the manifesto "Why do we paint ourselves?" in Russian magazine "Argus".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lobgott.livejournal.com/282341.html | title=Почему мы раскрашиваемся }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://shakko.ru/833334.html | title=Боди арт тоже русские изобрели? }}</ref><ref>https://www.bookvica.com/pages/books/919/ilia-larionov-zdanevich-mikhail/key-russian-avant-garde-manifesto-pochemu-my-raskrashivaemsia-i-e-why-do-we-paint-ourselves-argus?soldItem=true</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/328979-russian-avant-garde-street-art | title=How Russian avant-garde artists created urban and street art in the country | date=19 August 2018 }}</ref> The [[Viennese Actionism|Vienna Action Group]] was formed in 1965 by [[Hermann Nitsch]], [[Otto Mühl]], [[Günter Brus]], and [[Rudolf Schwarzkogler]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viennese Actionism|url=https://www.artsy.net/gene/viennese-actionism|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Artsy}}</ref> They performed several body art actions. In the United States [[Carolee Schneemann]], [[Chris Burden]] and [[Vito Acconci]] were very active participants. Acconci once documented, through photos and text, his daily exercise routine of stepping on and off a chair for as long as possible over several months. Acconci also performed ''Following Piece'', in which he followed randomly chosen New Yorkers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Following Piece, Vito Acconci (1969)|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/283737|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=1969 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521124044/http://www.metmuseum.org:80/art/collection/search/283737 |archive-date=2016-05-21 }}</ref> In France, body art was termed ''art corporel'' and practiced by such artists as [[Michel Journiac]], [[Orlan]] and [[Gina Pane]] while in Italy in the 1980s, one of the famous artists in the movement was [[Ketty La Rocca]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vergine |first1=Lea |title=Dall'informale alla body art: dieci voci dell'arte contemporanea, 1960-1970 |date=1976 |publisher=Cooperativa editoriale Studio forma |oclc=988212126 }}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}</ref> [[Marina Abramović]] performed ''[[Rhythm 0]]'' in 1974. In the piece, the audience was given instructions to use on Abramović's body an array of 72 provided instruments of pain and pleasure, including knives, feathers, and a loaded pistol. Audience members cut her, pressed thorns into her belly, applied lipstick to her, removed her clothes, and held a loaded pistol to her head. Accounts vary as to how the performance concluded, some stating it ended after a scuffle broke out in the audience over their conduct, while Abramović retells that the artwork simply came to an end after the intended six hours, at which time she stood and walked towards the audience, which fled.<ref name="Ward">{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Frazer |title=No innocent bystanders: performance art and audience |date=2012 |publisher=Dartmouth College Press |location=New Hampshire |isbn=9781611683349 |pages=120–121 |url=https://scholarworks.smith.edu/art_books/1/ |access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Graf">{{cite web |last1=Graf |first1=Stefanie |title=Rhythm 0: A Scandalous Performance by Marina Abramović |url=https://www.thecollector.com/rhythm-0-by-marina-abramovic/ |website=TheCollector |access-date=13 September 2024 |language=en |date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhythm 0|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/5177|access-date=2021-08-11|website=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Artists whose works have evolved with more directed personal mythologies include [[Rebecca Horn]], [[Youri Messen-Jaschin]], Javier Perez, and [[Jana Sterbak]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=John|title=Looking for Alaska|url=https://archive.org/details/lookingforalaska00gree|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Children's|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lookingforalaska00gree/page/67 67–69]|isbn=978-0-525-47506-4 }}</ref> Body art can also be expressed via [[writing]] rather than [[painting]]. ==Extreme body art== For example, one of [[Marina Abramović]]'s works involved dancing until she collapsed from exhaustion, while one of [[Dennis Oppenheim]]'s better-known works saw him lying in the sunlight with a book on his chest, until his skin, excluding that covered by the book, was badly [[sunburn]]ed. It can even consist of the arrangement and [[dissection]] of preserved bodies in an artistic fashion, as was for the [[plastination|plastinated]] bodies used in the travelling [[Body Worlds]] exhibition. ===''Absence'' of body=== Scientific research in this area, for example that by [[Stelarc]], can be considered in this artistic vein.<ref>{{cite news|title=Body Art|author= Dennis Publishing |journal= [[Bizarre (magazine)|Bizarre]]|year= 2007}}</ref> A special case of the body art strategies is the [[Nonexistence|absence]] of [[Human body|body]]. Some artists who performed the "absence" of body through their [[Visual art|artwork]]s were: [[Davor Džalto]], [[Antony Gormley]], and [[Andy Warhol]]. ==Body art events== [[Burning Man]] festival is held annually in the [[Black Rock Desert]] of northwest Nevada (US), in September. Jake Lloyd Jones, a Sydney-based artist, conceived the Sydney Body Art Ride, which has become an annual event. Participants are painted to form a living rainbow that rides to the Pacific Ocean and immerses itself in the waves.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/sydney-body-art-ride/2007/02/07/1170524168062.html|title=Sydney Body Art Ride|author=Elicia Murray|date=9 February 2007|newspaper=The Sydney morning Herald}}</ref> == Medical uses for body art == Body art, specifically painting on the body is a newly incorporated skill in the medical industry primarily used for schooling. While the primary method for learning bodily physiology is through examining cadavers according to Gabrielle Flinn, some students are very off put by this practice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Finn |first1=Gabrielle M |title=Current perspectives on the role of body painting in medical education |journal=Advances in Medical Education and Practice |date=25 September 2018 |volume=9 |pages=701–706 |doi=10.2147/AMEP.S142212 |pmid=30310345 |pmc=6165736 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Organizations are now considering using body painting as a functional, low-cost, and positive way of learning about the inner-workings of anatomical structures through painting. This would consist of medical students painting on, or working with, willing volunteers who have been painted on to expose various body parts such as: lungs, muscles in hands, legs, etc. Hands are the most typically chosen as the patient does not have to undress for the painting examination, however, with consent of the volunteer patient, medical students could paint other areas such as the back. This would allow the medical students to not only learn more about anatomy in a positive manner but also have real life practice in bedside manners, and making sure their patients are comfortable, and well taken care of through the entire process. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=40em}} * [[Body modification]] * [[Cyborg art]] * [[Female cosmetic coalitions]] * [[Hair colouring]] * [[Mehndi]] * [[Modern primitive]] * [[Nail art]] * [[Performance art]] * [[Tattoo]] * [[Temporary tattoos]] * [[Vajazzle]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commons category|Body art}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Walker |first=John |year=1992 |title=Body Art |encyclopedia=Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design Since 1945 |edition=3rd |location=London |publisher=Bingley |isbn=978-0-85365-639-5 |oclc=930752485}} * {{cite web |last1=Gaweewong |first1=Gridthiya |author2=R. J. Preece |date=4 April 2019 |orig-year=8 August 2010 |title=Thai Women Artists: Doin' It for Themselves |url=http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Body-Art |publisher=artdesigncafé.com |department=Art|access-date=3 February 2020}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040918031343/http://www.amonline.net.au/bodyart/ Body Art section] at the [[Australian Museum]] *[https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/bbp/bodyart/ Body Art Page], [[National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Body Art}} [[Category:Body art| ]] [[Category:Visual arts genres]] [[Category:Body modification]]
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