Editing Bojonegoro Regency

{{Short description|Regency in East Java, Indonesia}}
{{redirect|Bojonegoro|the town|Bojonegoro District}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name          = Bojonegoro Regency
| native_name            = ''Kabupaten Bojonegoro''
| translit_lang1         = Other
| translit_lang1_type1   = [[Javanese language|Javanese]]
| translit_lang1_info1   = ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦨꦗꦤꦼꦒꦫ
| type                   = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regency]]
| image_shield           = Seal of Bojonegoro Regency.svg
| motto                  = {{lang|la|Jer karta raharja mawa karya}}{{spaces|1}}<small>(official)<br />([[Javanese language|Javanese]]: Hard works are needed to prosper)<br />{{lang|la|Bojonegoro matoh}}{{spaces|1}}(informal)<br />([[Javanese language|Javanese]]: Great Bojonegoro)</small>
| image_map              = Locator kabupaten bojonegoro.png
| mapsize                = 
| map_caption            = Location within [[East Java]]
| image_skyline          = Bojonegoro mosque.jpg
| image_caption          = Darussalam Mosque in Bojonegoro
| pushpin_map            = Indonesia_Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in [[Java]] and [[Indonesia]]
| coordinates            = {{Wikidatacoord|Q11071|region:ID|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes  = 
| subdivision_type       = Country
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1      = [[Provinces of Indonesia|Province]]
| subdivision_name1      = [[East Java]]
| seat_type              = Capital
| seat                   = [[Bojonegoro District|Bojonegoro]]<br>{{coord|7|9|0|S|111|52|53|E}}
| leader_title           = Regent
| leader_name            = DR. Hj. Anna Muawanah
| leader_title1          = Vice Regent
| leader_name1           = Drs. H. Budi Irawanto, M.Pd
| area_footnotes         = 
| area_total_km2         = 2307.06
| elevation_min_m        = 
| elevation_max_m        = 
| elevation_m            = 14
| population_as_of       = mid 2023 estimate
| population_total       = 1363058
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes   = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Bojonegoro Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3522)</ref>
| timezone1              = [[Time in Indonesia|IWST]]
| area_code              = (+62) 353
| postal_code_type       = [[Postal codes in Indonesia|Postcode]]
| postal_code            = 62xxx
| utc_offset             = +7
| area_code_type         = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| website                = {{URL|bojonegorokab.go.id}}
}}

'''Bojonegoro Regency ''' ({{langx|id|Kabupaten Bojonegoro}}, older spelling is ''Kabupaten Bodjanegara'', {{langx|jv|ꦑꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦨꦗꦤꦼꦒꦫ|translit=Kabupatèn Bojånegårå}}) is a [[Regency (Indonesia)|regency]] in [[East Java]] Province of [[Indonesia]], about 110&nbsp;km west of [[Surabaya]] and 73&nbsp;km northeast of [[Ngawi (town)|Ngawi]]. It covers a land area of 2,307.06&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (890.76 miles<sup>2</sup>) and is located in the inland part of the northern [[Java]] plain, mainly on the south bank of the [[Solo River]], the longest river in Java. It had a population of 1,209,973 at the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 1,301,635 at the 2020 Census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid-2023 was 1,363,058 (comprising 684,317 males and 678,741 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Bojonegoro Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3522)</ref> The administrative centre of the regency is the town of [[Bojonegoro District|Bojonegoro]].

Previously known as a major producer of [[teak]] and tobacco, Bojonegoro is a focus of attention in Indonesia as a new [[oil field]] has been found in this area. This oil find is the biggest oil discovery in Indonesia in three decades<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia: Energy Highlight March 2006 |publisher=US Embassy in Jakarta |url=http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/econ/energy_highlight_mar06.html |access-date=8 February 2007 |archive-date=2 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102191615/http://www.usembassyjakarta.org/econ/energy_highlight_mar06.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and one of the biggest reserves in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dari Humpuss ke ExxonMobil |publisher=[[Kompas]] |date=21 March 2006 |url=http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0603/21/jatim/50874.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122502/http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0603/21/jatim/50874.htm |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

==Geography==
Across the eastern border of Bojonegoro is the [[Lamongan Regency]], to the north is [[Tuban Regency|the Tuban Regency]], while to the south are [[Ngawi Regency|the Ngawi Regency]], [[Madiun Regency]], [[Nganjuk Regency]], and [[Jombang Regency]]. [[Blora Regency]] is located to the west, in [[Central Java]] Province.

Bojonegoro occupies an area of 2,307.06&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Much of it consists of low plains along the Solo River, with hilly areas in the southern part of the Regency. As with most of [[Java]], the Bojonegoro landscape is dominated by rice paddy fields. In the Bojonegoro area, the Solo River changes its course from northward to eastward.

The climate in Bojonegoro is tropical with six months of rainy and dry seasons. Seasonal conditions are often very contrasting. In the rainy season, rain will fall almost daily while in the dry season, rain will not come for months, causing widespread drought and water shortages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20040826.D02 |date=26 August 2004 |title=Water shortages spread |publisher=The Jakarta Post |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105652/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20040826.D02 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> These problems have been compounded with the loss of forests and other green areas. The teak forest once covered much of Bojonegoro, but has since considerably reduced due to [[over exploitation|over-exploitation]].

Floods in the rainy season of 2007 were bigger than in previous years. The water level of the Solo River rose due to heavy rain, especially in the upper valley in Central Java, forcing the Gajah Mungkur Dam to be opened. The resulting flood submerged 15 districts, with water as high as 1.5 m, and displaced 2,700 families. A further 2.5 hectares of rice fields were damaged. No casualties were reported.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/arc/2007/4/22/bojonegoro-siaga-iii-kritis-hadapi-luapan-bengawan-solo/ |date=25 April 2007 |title=Bojonegoro Siaga III-Kritis Hadapi Luapan Bengawan Solo |publisher=[[Antara News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101112818/http://www.antara.co.id/arc/2007/4/22/bojonegoro-siaga-iii-kritis-hadapi-luapan-bengawan-solo/ |archive-date=1 January 2008 }}</ref>

== Climate ==
Bojonegoro has 42-100% of humidity. Maximum humidity is 100% and average humidity is 81%. Bojonegoro has 0–35&nbsp;km/h of wind velocity. Maximum wind velocity is at 35&nbsp;km/h (18.9 knots). The average wind velocity is 30&nbsp;km/h (16.2 knots). It has an average temperature of 27.1&nbsp;°C - 28.2&nbsp;°C.
{| class="wikitable"
!Month
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
!11
!12
|-
|Average Temperature (Celsius)
|26.6
|26.5
|26.8
|27.2
|27.1
|26.6
|26.4
|26.7
|27.6
|28.2
|28.0
|27.1
|-
|Min Temperature (Celsius)
|22.8
|22.7
|22.8
|22.9
|22.6
|21.7
|21.1
|21.1
|21.8
|22.7
|23.1
|22.8
|-
|Max Temperature (Celsius)
|30.4
|30.4
|30.8
|31.5
|31.6
|31.6
|31.6
|32.4
|33.4
|33.7
|33.0
|31.4
|}

==History==
The area near the Solo River is fertile and has been settled since early history by the [[Javanese people|Javanese]]. However, these settlements never developed into major urban center, except for several coastal cities. Rather, villages are dependent on a weekly market which rotates among them and ''bakul'' (traveling peddlers) collect and distribute agricultural and manufactured products among the villages.

The Solo River played a major role in the development of these settlements. It acted as a source of water and fertile soil, and a means of transportation. A set of copper plates of the Ferry Charter (1358 C.E.) lists over twenty ferry crossings on the lower stretch of the Solo River, downstream from Bojonegoro. Inland settlements would trade [[Agricultural production|agricultural products]] via trading centres in the coastal cities, like neighbouring [[Tuban]], for [[spices]] from [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]], [[ceramic]]s from China, and other commodities.<ref>{{cite conference |first=Jan Wisseman |last=Christie |title=States Without Cities - Demographic Trends In Early Java |book-title=Cornell Southeast Asia Program |url=http://cip.cornell.edu:80/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1106966119 |publisher=Cornell University |date=October 1991 |access-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923005044/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1106966119 |archive-date=23 September 2006 }}</ref>

The authority over these settlements, including the territory of modern-day Bojonegoro, was held by the dominant power in Central Java, and later East Java, the kingdoms of [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]], [[Singhasari]], and [[Majapahit Empire|Majapahit]].

As a territory in northern Java, the area of modern-day Bojonegoro was one of the first to accept [[Islam in Indonesia|Islam]]. The Solo River area and most of Java would become part of the [[Sultanate of Demak]] and its successor the [[Sultanate of Mataram]].

The modern regency (''kabupaten'') was founded on October 20, 1677, with Mas Toemapel as the first regent (''bupati''), with its capital in Jipang village (currently around Padangan District in the westernmost part of Bojonegoro). It was founded as a response to the loss of Mataram's coastal area to the [[Dutch East India Company]]. Bojonegoro then became an important border town. In 1725 the capital was moved to its current location.

[[File:Bojonegoro map from us army map service.png|right|thumb|Bojonegoro town, East Java, Indonesia. Circa 1950]]

After the Dutch took over Java in the 18th and 19th centuries, Bojonegoro and the neighbouring regencies of [[Tuban Regency|Tuban]] and [[Lamongan Regency|Lamongan]] were administered under Bojonegoro Residency, with a Dutch Resident in Bojonegoro town. The resident acted as an advisor and supervisor to the regents, positions which were held by native Javanese nobility (''[[priyayi]]'').

During Dutch rule, tobacco and maize were introduced from the Americas, which would later become major commodities in Bojonegoro.

In 1894, the trans-Java railroad, which linked [[Jakarta|Batavia]] and [[Surabaya]] and passed through Bojonegoro, was finished, increasing transportation and improving the teak industry. Urbanisation also progressed under Dutch rule.

Since the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], Bojonegoro regency has been administered as part of [[East Java]] province, with R.M.T. Suryo, the grandson of the former Bojonegoro regent as its first governor. In 2008, the Bojonegoro people elected its first directly elected regent, following an amendment in the [[constitution of Indonesia|constitution]]. Suyoto of [[National Mandate Party|the National Mandate Party]] was elected as regent. In the 2018 Election, Dr Hj. Anna Muawannah (PKB-National Awakening Party) won the election by a majority (30.7%) and was elected as regent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bupati Bojonegoro Pimpin PAN Jatim Lagi |work=KOMPAS.com |publisher=Kompas |date=19 June 2010 |url=http://regional.kompas.com/read/2010/06/19/1725154/Bupati.Bojonegoro.Pimpin.PAN.Jatim.Lagi |last1=Media |first1=Kompas Cyber |access-date=12 March 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164034/http://regional.kompas.com/read/2010/06/19/1725154/Bupati.Bojonegoro.Pimpin.PAN.Jatim.Lagi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administrative districts==
At the 2010 Census, Bojonegoro Regency was divided into twenty-seven [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''kecamatan''), but in 2012 an additional district - Gayam District - was created from parts of the existing Ngasem and Kalitidu Districts. These are tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> together with the official estimates as of mid-2023.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Bojonegoro Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.3522)</ref> The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of [[administrative village]]s in each district (totaling 419 rural ''desa'' and 11 urban ''kelurahan'' - the latter all in [[Bojonegoro District]]), and its postal codes.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Kode <br>Wilayah|| Name of<br>District<br>(''kecamatan'') || Area <br> in <br>km<sup>2</sup> || Pop'n<br>Census<br>2010|| Pop'n<br>Census<br>2020|| Pop'n<br>Estimate<br>mid 2023||Admin<br>centre||No.<br>of<br>villages||Post<br>codes
|-
| 35.22.22 || [[Margomulyo, Bojonegoro|Margomulyo]] ||align="right"| 139.68 ||align="right"| 21,971||align="right"| 22,798||align="right"| 23,403||Margomulyo||align="center"| 6||62168
|-
| 35.22.01 || [[Ngraho, Bojonegoro|Ngraho]] ||align="right"| 71.48 ||align="right"| 41,454||align="right"| 45,976||align="right"| 48,462||Ngraho||align="center"| 16||62165
|-
| 35.22.02 || [[Tambakrejo, Bojonegoro|Tambakrejo]] ||align="right"| 209.52 ||align="right"| 51,362||align="right"| 54,478||align="right"| 56,583||Tambakrejo||align="center"| 18||62166
|-
| 35.22.03 || [[Ngambon, Bojonegoro|Ngambon]] ||align="right"| 48.65 ||align="right"| 10,977||align="right"| 11,624||align="right"| 11,944||Ngambon||align="center"| 5||62167
|-
| 35.22.27 || [[Sekar, Bojonegoro|Sekar]] ||align="right"| 130.24 ||align="right"| 25,749||align="right"| 27,411||align="right"| 28,845||Sekar||align="center"| 6||62169
|-
| 35.22.05 || [[Bubulan, Bojonegoro|Bubulan]] ||align="right"| 84.73 ||align="right"| 13,655||align="right"| 15,005||align="right"| 15,700||Bubulan||align="center"| 5||62172
|-
| 35.22.26 || [[Gondang, Bojonegoro|Gondang]] ||align="right"| 107.01 ||align="right"| 23,793||align="right"| 24,980||align="right"| 26,570||Gondang||align="center"| 7||62173
|-
| 35.22.21 || [[Temayang, Bojonegoro|Temayang]] ||align="right"| 124.67 ||align="right"| 33,906||align="right"| 35,932||align="right"| 37,897||Temayang||align="center"| 12||62184
|-
| 35.22.07 || [[Sugihwaras, Bojonegoro|Sugihwaras]] ||align="right"| 87.15 ||align="right"| 42,875||align="right"| 46,439||align="right"|47,798||Sugihwaras||align="center"| 17||62183
|-
| 35.22.08 || [[Kedungadem, Bojonegoro|Kedungadem]] ||align="right"| 145.15 ||align="right"| 76,788||align="right"| 82,112||align="right"| 85,289||Kedungadem||align="center"| 23||62195
|-
| 35.22.09 || [[Kepohbaru, Bojonegoro|Kepohbaru]] ||align="right"| 79.64 ||align="right"| 59,759||align="right"| 64,912||align="right"| 68,069||Kepohbaru||align="center"| 25||62194
|-
| 35.22.10 || [[Baureno, Bojonegoro|Baureno]] ||align="right"| 66.37 ||align="right"| 73,701||align="right"| 80,183||align="right"| 84,557||Baureno||align="center"| 25||62192
|-
| 35.22.11 || [[Kanor, Bojonegoro|Kanor]] ||align="right"| 59.78 ||align="right"| 53,806||align="right"| 59,637||align="right"| 62,583||Tambahrejo||align="center"| 25||62193
|-
| 35.22.12 || [[Sumberrejo, Bojonegoro|Sumberrejo]] ||align="right"| 76.58 ||align="right"| 66,665||align="right"| 70,017||align="right"| 73,672||Sumberrejo||align="center"| 26||62191
|-
| 35.22.13 || [[Balen, Bojonegoro|Balen]] ||align="right"| 60.52 ||align="right"| 61,724||align="right"| 65,813||align="right"| 68,881||Balen||align="center"| 23||62182 <sup>(a)</sup>
|-
| 35.22.24 || [[Sukosewu, Bojonegoro|Sukosewu]] ||align="right"| 47.48 ||align="right"| 39,563||align="right"| 42,448||align="right"| 44,579||Sukosewu||align="center"| 14||62185
|-
| 35.22.14 || [[Kapas, Bojonegoro|Kapas]] ||align="right"| 46.38 ||align="right"| 49,973||align="right"| 54,975||align="right"| 57,750||Kapas||align="center"| 21||62181
|-
| 35.22.15 || [[Bojonegoro, Bojonegoro|Bojonegoro]] ||align="right"| 25.71 ||align="right"| 83,008||align="right"| 84,967||align="right"| 88,449||Bojonegoro||align="center"| 18 <sup>(b)</sup>||62111<br>- 62119
|-
| 35.22.23 || [[Trucuk, Bojonegoro|Trucuk]] ||align="right"| 36.71 ||align="right"| 35,638||align="right"| 38,150||align="right"| 40,132||Trucuk||align="center"| 12||62155 <sup>(c)</sup>
|-
| 35.22.06 || [[Dander, Bojonegoro|Dander]] ||align="right"| 118.36 ||align="right"| 76,107||align="right"| 83,979||align="right"| 87,386||Dander||align="center"| 16||62171
|-
| 35.22.04 || [[Ngasem, Bojonegoro|Ngasem]] ||align="right"| 147.21 ||align="right"| 71,191||align="right"| 59,605||align="right"| 62,822||Ngasem||align="center"| 17||62154
|-
| 35.22.28 || [[Gayam, Bojonegoro|Gayam]] ||align="right"| 50.05 ||align="right"| <sup>(d)</sup>||align="right"| 32,555||align="right"| 34,377||Gayam||align="center"| 12||62152<br>- 62154
|-
| 35.22.16 || [[Kalitidu, Bojonegoro|Kalitidu]] ||align="right"| 65.95 ||align="right"| 60,880||align="right"| 50,102||align="right"| 52,194||Kalitidu||align="center"| 18||62152
|-
| 35.22.17 || [[Malo, Bojonegoro|Malo]] ||align="right"| 65.41 ||align="right"| 28,390||align="right"| 30,654||align="right"| 32,541||Malo||align="center"| 20||62153
|-
| 35.22.18 || [[Purwosari, Bojonegoro|Purwosari]] ||align="right"| 62.32 ||align="right"| 27,051||align="right"| 29,676||align="right"| 31,030||Purwosari||align="center"| 12||62161
|-
| 35.22.19 || [[Padangan, Bojonegoro|Padangan]] ||align="right"| 42.00 ||align="right"| 40,220||align="right"| 43,479||align="right"| 45,506||Padangan||align="center"| 16||62162
|-
| 35.22.20 || [[Kasiman, Bojonegoro|Kasiman]] ||align="right"| 51.80 ||align="right"| 28,226||align="right"| 30,731||align="right"| 32,392||Kasiman||align="center"| 10||62164
|-
| 35.22.25 || [[Kadewan, Bojonegoro|Kadewan]] ||align="right"| 56.51 ||align="right"| 11,541||align="right"| 12,997||align="right"| 13,747||Kadewan||align="center"| 5||62160
|-
| || '''''Totals''''' ||align="right"| ''2,307.06'' ||align="right"| ''1,209,973''||align="right"| ''1,301,635''||align="right"| ''1,363,058''|| ''Bojonegoro''||align="center"| ''430''||
|}

Notes: (a) except for the village of Margomulyo, which has a postcode of 62168. <br>(b) comprising 11 ''kelurahan'' (Banjarejo, Jetak, Kadipaten, Karang Pacar, Kepatihan, Klangon, Ledok Kulon, Ledok Wetan, Mojokampung, Ngrowo and Sumbang) and 7 ''desa''. <br>(c) except for the village of Sumberejo, which has a postcode of 62191. <br>(d) the population of Gayam District in 2010 is included in the figures for Ngasem and Kalitidu Districts, from parts of which it was created in 2012.

==Demographics==
[[File:Bojonegoro mosque.jpg|thumb|right|Bojonegoro Great Mosque]]
[[File:Bojonegoro st.paul church.jpg|thumb|left|St. Paul Catholic Church]]
[[File:Bojonegoro temple.jpg|thumb|right|Hok Swie Bio Confucian Temple]]
Bojonegoro Regency has a population of 1,363,058 people (as of mid-2023). Most of the population work as farmers or foresters. Many still live in poverty, especially in the southern part of the regency, where the soil is less fertile. The major population centre is Bojonegoro town, located on the southern bank of the Bengawan Solo River.

===Ethnic groups===
The racial makeup of this regency is mainly [[Javanese people|Javanese]], with a minority of [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]], [[Madurese people|Madurese]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak people]], and other Indonesian ethnic groups.

===Language===
Most residents speak [[Javanese language|Javanese]] as a daily language and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] on formal and writing activities, though a minority speak Madurese and other languages.

===Religion===
Most [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Madurese people|Madurese]] are [[Muslim]], with a small number belonging to Christian sects. [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]] follow various religions, often with an aspect of syncretism with traditional [[Chinese culture]].

==Economy==

=== Agriculture ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Tabak uit bevolkingsaanplant op droogrekken Java Sumatra Handels Mij te Bodjonegoro TMnr 10011719.jpg|thumb|left|Drying tobacco leaves in Bojonegoro during [[Dutch East Indies|colonial period]].]]
Agriculture has been the regency's main industry. The Solo River provides a fertile farming area for rice. The main crops are rice and tobacco, as well as maize. In 1984, the area of maize harvested reached 67,000 hectares with yields ranging from 1 to 1.28 t/ha.<ref>{{cite book |last=Djauhari |first=Aman |author2=Adimesra Djulin |author3=Irlan Soejono |title=Maize Production in Java |publisher=Intl Specialized Book Service Inc |year=1988 |url=http://www.uncapsa.org/Publication/cg13.pdf |isbn=979-8059-14-X |page=11 |access-date=8 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093131/http://www.uncapsa.org/Publication/cg13.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A typical farmer grows rice in the rainy season, when water is abundant, and tobacco or maize in the dry season. There is a high risk in agriculture because of seasonal uncertainty. Rice growing will fail if the rainy season ends before its time, and tobacco growing will fail if rain comes early.

Bojonegoro is one of the biggest producers of tobacco in Indonesia, with a total value of [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]]1.2 trillion (around US$100 million) and employing 57 percent of the workforce.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kabupaten Bojonegoro |publisher=Departement of Health |url=http://bankdata.depkes.go.id/kompas/Kabupaten%20Bojonegoro.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124658/http://bankdata.depkes.go.id/kompas/Kabupaten%20Bojonegoro.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> The majority of tobacco planted is Virginia varieties. However, Bojonegoro tobacco suffers from a high proportion of [[chlorine]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Cl content problem of Virginia tobacco grown in Vertisols in Bojonegoro |publisher=Department of Agriculture, Indonesia |url=http://perkebunan.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721120358/http://perkebunan.litbang.deptan.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=7 |archive-date=21 July 2007 }}</ref> and uncertain rainfall. Most tobacco is used to make [[clove]] cigarettes (''[[kretek]]'').

=== Forestry ===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Oude djati-bomen Bodjonegoro Midden Java TMnr 10012989.jpg|thumb|left|An old ''jati'' ([[teak|teak wood]]) tree in Bojonegoro during [[Dutch East Indies|colonial period]], 1900–1940.]]
Bojonegoro is also known for its hardwood tree ([[teak]]) production. There is an annual ''Bojonegoro Teak Fair'' in late January to early February where local craftsmen display their products. Teak is mainly used in shipbuilding and furniture making. A teak cutter is called {{Transliteration|jv|blandong}} in the local Javanese dialect.

Teak forestry faces a major problem in [[illegal logging]], as with other parts of Indonesia. In 2001 alone, the area looted covered 3,000 ha; looters stole an estimated 27,000 trees. The regional police reported impounding 550 large trucks of stolen timber, approximately 2,000 m<sup>3</sup>, with an estimated local market value of US$1,000,000. Several riots have happened when tension arose from teak claims and when police tried to enforce the law on local thieves.

These riots were the worst during the period of turmoil between President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] and [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] in 2001. However, after that situation calmed, enforcement became better, but illegal logging is still a significant problem, with police and bureaucratic officials often accused of cooperating with timber thieves.

=== Petroleum and gas ===
[[File:Pumpjacks in Kedewan.jpg|400px|thumb|[[Pumpjack]]s in Kedewan district]]

The recent discovery of oil and [[Natural gas|gas]] fields in the area is providing new economic opportunities.

The oil/gas fields locations include Banyu Urip, Alas Dara, Alas Tua West, Alas Tua East, Jambaran, Cendana (ExxonMobil 45%, Pertamina 45%, local companies 10% - under Joint Operating Agreement), and Sukowati (Operated under Joint Operating Body - Petrochina Pertamina East Java).

The Banyu Urip oil and gas field has proven [[oil reserves]] of over {{convert|250|Moilbbl|m3}}, with peak production of about {{convert|165000|oilbbl|m3}} per day, accounting for 20 percent of the present national crude oil production.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=10108 |date=14 March 2006 |title=Cepu Block development to create 3-8 billion dollars in multiplier effect |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The main exploration started officially when a cooperative contract was signed on September 17, 2005, with Mobil Cepu Ltd., a subsidiary of [[ExxonMobil]] as the main operator. A joint operation agreement between state oil company [[Pertamina]] was signed in March 2006. Pertamina and ExxonMobil concluded a 30-year production-sharing contract in which each company would share 45 percent interest in the block. The remaining 10 percent would go to the local governments.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=10067 |date=13 March 2006 |title=Pertamina, Exxon to jointly run oil block |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Foreign companies, mainly from [[People's Republic of China|China]], have started to invest in Bojonegoro in various projects related to the planned exploration and exploitation of the Cepu Block oil fields with a total value of US$8 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=10652 |date=28 March 2006 |title=Seven foreign companies ready invest in Bojonegoro |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to the former minister and ambassador to the United States, [[Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti]], Tuban and Bojonegoro would resemble [[Texas]], because of its gas and oil resources.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harvest-international.com/perspec/agt02/clim_tuban.htm |title=Tuban-Bojonegoro Will Resemble Texas |publisher=Harvest International's Journal For Decision Makers |volume=Vol. IV, No. 8, August 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617231819/http://www.harvest-international.com/perspec/agt02/clim_tuban.htm |archive-date=17 June 2007 }}</ref>

Communities in Bojonegoro have benefited from community development projects by foreign companies like ExxonMobil, which have built houses of worship, schools, community health centers, and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=10125 |date=15 March 2006 |title=ExxonMobil helping community development in Bojonegoro |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, oil production is becoming a source of controversy.

Some [[Regional Representatives Council]] (''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat'', DPD) members grouped in the People's Front for the Salvation of the Cepu Block (GRPBC) have called for the cancellation of the joint operation agreement between the government and ExxonMobil on the Cepu Block oil fields. They demand it is canceled because the agreement had been signed "in an atmosphere rife with suspected corruption, collusion and [[nepotism]], and based on a public lie" and will make the Indonesian government lose US$1.32 billion of revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=10648 |date=28 March 2005 |title=DPD members call for cancellation of Cepu Block agreement |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> And Now, the New Bojonegoro Leader (Bupati Bojonegoro) are waiting for a new agreement with ExxonMobil to avoid corruption, collusion, and [[nepotism]].

Oil exploration and production activity has also caused several accidents. On August 31, 2006, a gas leak in the Sukowati-5 oil well (Operated by JOB Pertamina Petrochina East Java) released [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas to residential areas. At least 16 villagers had to be treated for [[suffocation]] because of the gas inhalation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=19193 |date=31 August 2005 |title=Sukowati oil well belches gas (H2S) kick again |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[Environmental science|environmental]] effects of the oil industry have become a concern of Bojonegoro residents. Some villagers claimed the presence of the oil well has not caused any improvement in the local economy and the village. Since the exploration of the Sukowati oil well in an area measuring five hectares in July 2005, the village's land has become drier and harvest significantly reduced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=10553 |date=26 March 2005 |title=Farmers want review of environmental impact analysis on Sukowati oil well |publisher=[[ANTARA|Antara News Agency]]}}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> There is also concern that income distribution inequality could cause [[social unrest]] when compounded with the Indonesian notorious reputation of corruption.

==Infrastructure==

===Transport===

====Roads and intercity bus services====
[[Indonesian National Route 20]] traverses Bojonegoro from [[Babat, Lamongan|Babat]], goes south to [[Ngawi Regency|Ngawi]], and joins [[Indonesian National Route 15]] which goes east from [[Yogyakarta]] to [[Surabaya]] in Caruban. The road also meets [[Indonesian National Route 1]] at a junction in Babat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hubdat.web.id/keputusan-dirjen/tahun-2007/561-keputusan-dirjen-no-sk-930aj |title=Keputusan Dirjen - Keputusan Dirjen No. SK.930/AJ.401/DRJD/2007 |access-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927012825/http://www.hubdat.web.id/keputusan-dirjen/tahun-2007/561-keputusan-dirjen-no-sk-930aj |archive-date=27 September 2013 |language=id }}</ref>

Bojonegoro regency is served by extensive intercity bus services (stopping and express) offering routes to neighbouring regencies, Surabaya, [[Malang]], [[Denpasar]], [[Bandung]], and [[Greater Jakarta]], usually starting and terminating at Rajekwesi bus station in the eastern part of Bojonegoro district.

====Railways====
[[File:Bojonegoro railway station 1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bojonegoro railway station]]]]
Bojonegoro is well served by trains operated by [[PT Kereta Api Indonesia]]. The train service began after the completion of the trans-Java railroad which connected Batavia (Jakarta) and Surabaya in 1894. A double-tracking project connecting [[Semarang]] and [[Surabaya]] via Bojonegoro finished on 3 September 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sukmana |first1=Yoga |title=Berakhirnya Era Rel Tunggal di Lintas Pantura Jawa Dibukukan |url=http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2015/04/15/051500126/Berakhirnya.Era.Rel.Tunggal.di.Lintas.Pantura.Jawa.Dibukukan |website=Kompas |date=14 April 2015 |publisher=Kompas Gramedia Digital Group |access-date=29 November 2015 |language=id |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208112624/http://bisniskeuangan.kompas.com/read/2015/04/15/051500126/Berakhirnya.Era.Rel.Tunggal.di.Lintas.Pantura.Jawa.Dibukukan |url-status=live }}</ref>
Bojonegoro Regency has 6 railway stations spread across the regency: Bojonegoro, [[Kapas railway station|Kapas]], [[Sumberrejo railway station|Sumberrejo]], [[Bowerno railway station|Bowerno]], Kalitidu, and Tobo

==Culture==

===Snack===
Ledre is a snack from Bojonegoro. It is rolled and made from bananas, especially from the local banana cultivar called Pisang Raja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Produk Oleh-oleh Bojonegoro |url=http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/ina/products.html |website=East Java |access-date=2 December 2015 |language=id |archive-date=4 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004185310/http://www.eastjava.com/tourism/bojonegoro/ina/products.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Local media===
Bojonegoro has two local television network B-One TV and JTV Bojonegoro.<ref>{{cite web |title=Company Profile |url=http://www.jtvbojonegoro.tv/p/company-profile.html |website=JTV Bojonegoro |publisher=PT Jaring Tuban Televisi |access-date=29 November 2015 |language=id |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208151529/http://www.jtvbojonegoro.tv/p/company-profile.html |archive-date=8 December 2015 }}</ref> Radar Bojonegoro (Jawa Pos Group) is published daily as a bundle of [[Jawa Pos Group|Jawa Pos]] newspaper. A monthly tabloid, Blok Bojonegoro, is also based in the regency.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Choirudin |first1=Achmad |title=Cahaya di Tengah Gulita Eko-Pol Lokal |url=http://blokbojonegoro.com/read/module/2/20120705/cahaya-di-tengah-gulita-ekopol-lokal.html |website=Blok Bojonegoro |access-date=29 November 2015 |language=id |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208090830/http://blokbojonegoro.com/read/module/2/20120705/cahaya-di-tengah-gulita-ekopol-lokal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Sport===
Football (soccer) and badminton are the most popular sports in Bojonegoro. The regency football team, [[Persibo Bojonegoro]], is currently playing in [[Indonesian Premier League|the Indonesian Premier League]], the highest level of professional competition for football clubs in Indonesia since 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ligaprima.co.id/node/1 |title=Tentang IPL |publisher=Indonesian Premier League |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227053953/http://www.ligaprima.co.id/node/1 |archive-date=27 December 2011 }}</ref> Their home stadium is Lt Gen Sudirman Stadium, Bojonegoro.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/indonesia.shtml |title=Stadiums in Indonesia |publisher=World Stadiums |access-date=8 February 2007 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015152/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/indonesia.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Badminton was either introduced by Dutch colonists or, more likely, by [[Chinese Indonesian|ethnic Chinese]]. Ethnic Chinese in [[Sumatra]] introduced badminton from [[British Malaya|Malaya]] by inviting Chinese players in the early 1930s. In the mid-1930s, a player from Batavia, Oei Kok Tjoan, visited cities in [[East Java]] on some occasions, raising the popularity of badminton. The game began to penetrate small towns such as Tuban, Bojonegoro, [[Malang]], and [[Jember]] and became one of the most popular sports in Java.<ref>{{cite conference |first=Professor Colin |last=Brown |title=Sport, politics and ethnicity: Playing badminton for Indonesia |book-title=15th Biennial Conference of the Asian Studies Association of Australia, Canberra, 29 June – 2 July 2004. |publisher=Asian Studies Association of Australia (ASAA) & Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies (RSPAS), The Australian National University, Canberra. |date=2 July 2006 |url=http://coombs.anu.edu.au/ASAA/conference/proceedings/Brown-C-ASAA2004.pdf |access-date=8 February 2007 |archive-date=25 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925235003/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/ASAA/conference/proceedings/Brown-C-ASAA2004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In archery, athletes from Bojonegoro have dominated many national and international archery championships. [[Rina Dewi Puspitasari]]<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041652/http://www.archeryworldcup.org/RESULTS/archer_update.asp?id=3729&action= :: FITA / Web Site Management Screens ::<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and I Gusti Nyoman Puruhito Praditya<ref name=autogenerated1 /> have competed in national and international archery competitions, including the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]. As of October 2006, Rina Dewi Puspitasari is ranked 39th in the Recurve Women category with 59.95 points.<ref>[http://195.102.4.163:84/progression_public.asp?pnumber=3729&categorycode=RW]{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}.</ref> Praditya is ranked 52 in the Compound Man category with 41.2 points.<ref>[http://195.102.4.163:84/progression_public.asp?pnumber=4422&categorycode=CM]{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Samin people===
{{main|Saminism Movement}}
One of the distinctive communities in Bojonegoro is the [[Saminism Movement|Samin]] people. They were ethnically indistinguishable from other Javanese people. [[Saminism Movement|Samin]] people are follower of [[Saminism Movement|Surosentiko Samin]], a local farmer who preached [[pacifist]] resistance to Dutch colonial rule in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=2. The Malayan Archipelago, 1890 |year=2001 |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/1414.html |access-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208190606/http://www.bartleby.com/67/1414.html |archive-date=8 December 2006 }}</ref> [[Saminism Movement|Samin]] was incited by the acquisition of local teak forest by Dutch colonial authority. Dutch officials refused access to the forest for local people, as it was claimed as Dutch property. Rather than rising in a violent uprising, [[Saminism Movement|Samin]] taught peaceful resistance, such as refusing to pay taxes to the colonial authority and continuing to take teak from the forest as they had for generations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peluso |first=Nancy Lee |title=Rich Forests, Poor People - Resource Control and Resistance in Java |publisher=University of California Press |date=June 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/richforestspoorp00pelu |isbn=978-0-520-08931-0 |url-access=registration }}</ref>
[[Saminism Movement|Samin]] people are nominally Muslim but do not practice many Islamic rituals, such as fasting or regular prayer. Rather, they emphasize the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] aspect, as well as [[honesty]], [[modesty]], and [[simplicity]].<ref>{{cite conference |first=Takashi |last=Shiraishi |title=Dangir's Testimony: Saminism Reconsidered |date=October 1990 |book-title=Cornell Southeast Asia Program |url=http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1106971434 |publisher=Cornell University |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060922205207/http://cip.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1106971434 |archive-date=22 September 2006 }}</ref> In this, they are similar to [[Kejawen]]'s followers.
[[Saminism Movement|Samin]] people reside in the southwestern part of Bojonegoro (in the heart of its teak forest) and in Blora Regency, [[Central Java]].

==Notable persons==
* [[Abdoel Gaffar Pringgodigdo]], Minister of Justice (21 January – 6 September 1950) and Minister of State Secretariat (19 August – 14 November 1945)
* [[Anis Hidayah]], activist
* [[Aries Tuansyah]], footballer
* [[Budiono Darsono]], journalist and founder of [[DetikCom]]
* [[Bijahil Chalwa]], footballer
* [[Hanis Sagara Putra]], footballer
* [[Ika Yuliana Rochmawati]], archer
* [[Mochammad Zaenuri]], footballer
* [[Novan Sasongko]], footballer
* [[Pratikno]], Indonesian minister of state secretariat (incumbent)
* [[Rina Dewi Puspitasari]], archer
* [[Samsul Arif]], footballer
* [[Sumarsam|Sumarsan]], traditional Javanese musician
* [[Titie Said]], writer, journalist and chair of the Indonesian [[Film Censorship Board]] from 2003 to 2006 and from 2006 to 2009.
* [[Jihan Nurlela]], physician and politician

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bojonegoro Regency}}
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Bojonegoro}}
* {{in lang|id}} [http://www.bojonegorokab.go.id Official site]
* {{in lang|id}} [http://kangyoto.com Bupati Bojonegoro official site]
* {{in lang|id}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090218135019/http://forum.bojonegorokab.go.id/ Bojonegoro public forums]
* {{in lang|id}} [http://bojonegorokab.bps.go.id/ Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Bojonegoro]

{{E Java}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bojonegoro Regency| ]]
[[Category:1677 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Bengawan Solo basin]]