Editing Boot Hill

{{short description|Type of American cemetery}}
{{other uses}}

[[File:Boothill Graveyard, Tombstone, Arizona (6).jpg|275px|thumb|[[Tombstone, Arizona]]'s Boothill Graveyard in 2009]]

'''Boot Hill''', or '''Boothill''', is the generic name of many [[Cemetery|cemeteries]], chiefly in the [[Western United States]]. During the 19th and early 20th century it was a common name for the burial grounds for [[Potter's field|paupers]].

== Origin of term ==
Although many towns use the name "Boot Hill", the first graveyard named "Boot Hill" was at [[Hays, Kansas]], five years before the founding of [[Dodge City, Kansas]].<ref name="Haysusa.net">{{cite news |title = Boot Hill Cemetery |url = http://www.haysusa.net/index.aspx?nid=191 |access-date = July 1, 2014 |newspaper = The Milwaukee Journal |date = January 10, 1939}}</ref> The meaning of why cemeteries were called "Boot Hills" has been lost, but there are three plausible reasons.

The first possible meaning of the term is based on poverty and alludes to the fact that many of the cemeteries' occupants were vagrants, or the impoverished. The concept is that those buried within either owned boots in such disrepair that no one salvaged the footwear, thus the footwear was left on the bodies at burial; or that the deceased owned no nicer formal clothing to place upon their bodies, which resulted in being interred wearing whatever clothing, and boots, they did possess.

The second concept is fairly similar - that those buried within (having been hermits, passers-through, or vagrants) had no family to contact to claim the deceased's valuables, which would include footwear.

Both of these concepts–one of poverty and worthless unsalvageable boots, the other of no next-of-kin to transfer ownership of valuables to–rely on the fact that during the 1800s, [https://www.wardrobeshop.com/blogs/vintage-style-fashion/shoe-history footwear had become expensive] commodities. This is because a shift in shoes occurred in the 19th century. While all clothing could be made by people in the 1800s with moderate sewing skills, and doing so was quite common in the western frontier of the U.S., making shoes and boots had become a craft of [[Shoemaking|cordwainers]] that required the expensive technical skills and specialized tools of the shoe makers. Prior to this era, everyday wear shoes and boots were frequently made from materials, and in limited pattern sizes, that could be easily made at home, then buckled and laced-up to create a formed fit for various sized feet. A switch was made from pliable materials to stiff form-keeping leathers, allowing for footwear that was no longer ambidextrous, but tailored to each foot's specific shape, as well as individual length and width. This required further craftsmanship and work to create specifically bespoke footwear. Thus, the increased cost of Victorian footwear makes either of these two theories the most plausible.

The third concept is likely a romanticized one. This postulates that the occupants of Boot Hills were cowboys who "died with their boots on", the implication here being they died violently, as in gunfights or by hanging, and not of natural causes. This idea is the most commonly cited on [https://tombstonechamber.com/directory/boothill-graveyard/ tourist websites]. In addition to this claim having numerous problems in the logic used to support it (i.e., significant numbers of people die while wearing footwear, for all kinds of reasons), there is no evidence to suggest that gunfights and hangings were so ubiquitous that entire cemeteries all across the western U.S. needed to be devoted to these types of violent unnatural deaths.

Despite the mystery of the term today, Boot Hill became a commonplace term for the neglected old municipal cemeteries throughout the U.S. West during the late 1800s and into the early 1900s as, more and more, families of means re-interred their deceased loved ones to the more elegant and exclusive grounds of the newer for-profit cemeteries. However, some Boot Hills became famous, such as the original in Dodge City, Kansas, or the Boot Hill in [[Tombstone, Arizona]], because of three men involved in the so-called [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral|O.K. Corral]] shootout still being buried there.

==Boothill Graveyard==<!--Please do not alter, there are certain articles that link here and, besides, "Boothill Graveyard" seems to be the only graveyard named so. (The rest are usually simply "Boot Hill", "Boot Hill Cemetery", or "Boothill Cemetery")-->
The most notable use of the name "Boot Hill" is at the Boothill Graveyard in Tombstone, Arizona. {{coord|31|43|11.6|N|110|04|13.6|W|type:landmark_region:US-AZ|display=inline |name=Boothill Graveyard}} Formerly called the "Tombstone Cemetery", the plot features the graves of [[Billy Clanton]], [[Frank McLaury]] and [[Tom McLaury]]; the three men who were killed during the famed [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]].<ref>Martin, Douglas D. (1997). ''Tombstone's Epitaph.'' University of Oklahoma Press. {{ISBN|978-0806129822}}.{{page needed|date=December 2022}}</ref>

Located on the northwest corner of the town, the graveyard is believed to hold over 300 persons, 205 of which are recorded. This was due to some people (especially Chinese and Jewish immigrants) being buried without record. There is a separate Jewish cemetery nearby with some markers restored, and there are also marked graves of Chinese. However, most of the loss was due to neglect of grave markers and theft of these wooden relics as souvenirs.<ref>[http://www.interment.net/data/us/az/cochise/boothill/boothill.htm Interment Cemetery Records]. Retrieved 2010-03-11.</ref> For example, when former Tombstone Mayor [[John Clum]] visited Tombstone for the first [[Helldorado Days (Tombstone)|Helldorado]] celebration in 1929, he was unable to locate the grave of his wife Mary, who had been buried in Boothill.

The Tombstone "boothill" cemetery was closed in late 1886, as the new "City Cemetery" on Allen Street opened. Thereafter, Boothill was referred to as the "old city cemetery" and neglected. It was used after that only to bury a few later outlaws (some legally hanged and one shot in a robbery), as well as a few colorful Western characters and one man (Emmett Crook Nunnally) who had spent many volunteer hours restoring it.<ref>Ben T. Traywick, ''Tombstone's Boothill'', Red Marie's Bookstore, Tombstone AZ, 1971.</ref>

Currently, the Boothill Graveyard is open to the public for a $5 fee, and is a popular stop for tourists visiting Tombstone.

==Boot Hill Museum==
[[File:Boot Bill Cemetery, 'Toothless Nell', Dodge City, Kansas (8735446744).jpg|thumb|Tomb at Boot Hill Cemetery in Dodge City, Kansas]]
The Boot Hill Museum is located on the original location of the Boot Hill Cemetery in Dodge City, Kansas.<ref>{{cite web| title=Boot Hill Museum and Front Street| url=http://boothill.org/about/boot-hill-cemetery/| work=Boot Hill Cemetery| access-date=2 November 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828013248/http://boothill.org/about/boot-hill-cemetery/| archive-date=28 August 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
Boot Hill is the name of the cemetery in Dodge City in the [[Gunsmoke#Radio version|''Gunsmoke'' radio series]]. In many episodes, the marshal ([[Marshal Matt Dillon|Matt Dillon]]) would allude to "putting you in Boot Hill", or "another man headed to Boot Hill". In the first season of the [[Gunsmoke#Television version|''Gunsmoke'' television series]], the introduction to each episode showed Matt Dillon walking around Boot Hill reflecting on the deaths of men buried there.

Boot Hill cemetery is a main plot point in the [[The Twilight Zone|Twilight Zone]] episode ''[[Mr. Garrity and the Graves]]''.

Boothill Graveyards are referenced in many films such as ''[[Tombstone (film)|Tombstone]]'' (1993), ''[[Wyatt Earp (film)|Wyatt Earp]]'' (1994), ''[[The Magnificent Seven (film)|The Magnificent Seven]]'' (1960) and ''[[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (film)|Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]]'' (1957), during which it was repeatedly sung over the recurring title theme song by [[Frankie Laine]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xKTwcx7h70C&pg=PA58 |title=Best Western Movies: Winning Pictures, Favorite Films and Hollywood B Entries |first=John Howard |last=Reid |publisher=[[Lulu.com]] |year=2006 |page=58 |isbn=978-1847281814}}</ref> In the later half of the movie Laine changes the theme to:
{{cquote|
Boothill... Boothill...
<br />
So cold... so still...
<br />
There they lay side by side,
<br />
the killers that died,
<br />
in the Gunfight at O.K. Corral.
}}

''[[Boot Hill (role-playing game)|Boot Hill]]'' is the name of a [[role playing game]] first published in 1975 by [[TSR, Inc.]], the original publisher of ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''. It was the third game released by TSR and notable as one of the first games to use ten-sided dice.

Finnish Western writer Esa Paloniemi published his collection of Western short stories Saapaskukkula (Boothill) in 2024.

Boot Hill also appears in the [[first-person shooter]] video game ''[[Borderlands 2]]'', located in 'The Dust', and playing home to a 'truxican standoff'.

In the video game [[Fallout: New Vegas]], Victor can say, “Next stop, Boot Hill” if provoked.

[[Carl Perkins]] wrote in 1959 a song "[[The Ballad of Boot Hill]]". [[Johnny Cash]] recorded it for [[Columbia Records]] and it was released in the same year.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0NEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 |title=The Man in Song: A Discographic Biography of Johnny Cash |first=John M. |last=Alexander |publisher=[[University of Arkansas Press]] |year= 2018 |page=70 |isbn=978-1682260517}}</ref>

A [[Spaghetti Western]] named ''[[Boot Hill (film)|Boot Hill]]'' was released in 1969 and it featured [[Terence Hill]] and [[Bud Spencer]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/film/fmb4rh/boot-hill/ |title=Boot Hill |first=Tony |last=Sloman |access-date=12 January 2019 |journal=[[Radio Times]] |publisher=[[Immediate Media Company Ltd]]}}</ref>

The first of three parts that compose the [[Neil Young]] song "Country Girl", that appears in his 1970 album with [[Crosby, Stills & Nash]], "[[Déjà Vu (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young album)|Déjà Vu]]", is called "Whiskey Boot Hill".

The Outlaws' song "[[Hurry Sundown (Outlaws album)|Hurry Sundown]]" also references "lying" an unnamed character in "Boot Hill".

Several themes from [[Bob Dylan]]'s soundtrack album "[[Pat Garrett and Billy The Kid]]" (1973) contain the verse "Up to Boot Hill they'd like to send ya".

The song "[[The Ballad of Billy the Kid]]" from [[Billy Joel]]'s 1973 Album ''[[Piano Man (Billy Joel album)|Piano Man]]'' contains the lyrics "And he never had a sweetheart, but he finally found a home, underneath the boothill grave that bears his name".

"Boot Hill" (unknown) is the first track on [[Stevie Ray Vaughan]]'s 1991 posthumous release [[The Sky Is Crying (album)|The Sky is Crying]]. It was recorded in early 1989 and is one of the last fully produced songs completed prior to his untimely death in 1990.

In [[Cricket]], the term 'Boot Hill' is used to refer to the fielding position of short-leg because of its proximity to the batsman and high likelihood of being hit by the ball, making the position particularly dangerous. Players fielding in this position typically wear a helmet and other protection.

In the comic book series [[Preacher (comics)|''Preacher'']], the Saint of Killers rests at a tomb on Boot Hill when not actively pursuing his goals.

Boot Hill Cemetery is the name of the graveyard at [[Phantom Manor]] in [[Disneyland Paris]].

In season 5 episode 16 of the animated series ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'', "[[Pest of the West]]", the character Spongebuck is told the old sheriff of Dead-Eye Gulch is at Boot Hill.

Boothill is a playable character in [[Honkai: Star Rail]].

==Gallery==

===Tombstone, Arizona===
<gallery>
File:BootHillCemeteryTombstone.jpg|The entrance to Boothill Graveyard<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING--><br />{{coord|31.720000|-110.070278|display=inline|region:US-AZ_type:landmark|name= Site of Boot Hill Cemetery at Tombstone, Arizona}}
File:TombstoneGraves.JPG|Graves of Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers
File:Boot Hill 02.jpg|Alleged grave of John Wesley Heath
File:BHGravestone1.jpg|Grave of George Johnson
File:TwoChinese.jpg|Grave of "Two Chinese"
File:Gene Barry Bat Masterson Tombstone Arizona 1960.JPG|[[Gene Barry]] as [[Bat Masterson]] standing next to Lester Moore's grave in 1960
File:Tombstone Boot Hill, FSA, 1940.jpg|The Boothill Graveyard in 1940
File:TombstoneinTombstone.jpg|Graves of Dan Dowd, Red Sample, Tex Howard, Bill Delaney and Dan Kelly in 1940
File:BHTCactus.jpg|A blooming [[Opuntia|prickly pear]] at Boothill Graveyard
</gallery>

===Deadwood, South Dakota===
<gallery>
File:Mt Moriah Cemetery.jpg|Deadwood's Boot Hill, the [[Mount Moriah Cemetery (South Dakota)|Mount Moriah Cemetery]]
File:Deadwood Cemetery- Wild Bill and Calamity Jane.jpg|Plaques for [[Wild Bill Hickok]] and [[Calamity Jane]]
File:Steve and Charlie Utter.jpg|Grave of Wild Bill Hickok
File:Grabill - Wild Bills Monument.jpg|Bust of Wild Bill Hickok in 1891
File:Wild Bill Monument Deadwood South Dakota.jpg|Bust of Wild Bill Hickok
File:Seth Bullock Tombstone.jpg|Grave of [[Seth Bullock]] and his wife Martha
</gallery>

===Dodge City, Kansas===
<gallery>
File:Boot Hill Museum Entrance (Great Western Hotel).jpg|The entrance to the Boot Hill Museum<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING-->
File:Boot Hill Museum Shops - West.jpg|The shops at Boot Hill Museum, including a reconstruction of the [[Long Branch Saloon]]
File:Graves at Boot Hill, Dodge City, KS, 1959(1).jpg|Graves at the Boot Hill Cemetery<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING--> in 1959
File:Hanging Tree at Dodge City (color print).jpg|Graves and the Hangman's Tree
File:Hangman's tree, Dodge City, KS, 1959.jpg|The Hangman's Tree
File:John M Lawson at Boot Hill Cemetery.jpg|John M Lawson at Boot Hill Cemetery
</gallery>

===Miscellaneous===
<gallery>
File:152631159106 0 ALB.jpg|The Boot Hill Cemetery<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING--> at [[Tilden, Texas]] in 2006
File:738340030206 0 ALB.jpg|Historical marker in front of the Tilden Boot Hill Cemetery<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING-->
File:Soapy Smith grave Skagway 2009.jpg|[[Soapy Smith]]'s grave at the [[Skagway, Alaska]], Boot Hill
File:Frank Reid Grave 1 Skagway 2009.jpg|Grave of [[Frank H. Reid]] in Skagway
File:Boot Hill Billings, Montana.JPG|The Boothill Cemetery<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING--> at [[Coulson, Montana]]
File:Virginiacity.jpg|View of [[Virginia City, Nevada]], from Boot Hill<!--DO NOT ALTER, ORIGINAL SPELLING-->
</gallery>

==List of places with Boot Hill cemeteries==
{{cols|rules=yes}}
* [[Alma, New Mexico]]
* [[Anamosa, Iowa]]
* [[Billings, Montana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/montana/billings-little-big-horn-and-the-montana-plains/review-431835.html |title=Boothill Swords Park Cemetery Review &#124; Billings, Little Big Horn, and the Montana Plains &#124; Fodor's Travel Guides |publisher=Fodors.com |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* [[Bodie, California]]
* [[Bonanza, Idaho]]
* Calabasas, [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yourhometown.org/page4.html |title=Arizona Tourist Attractions Hometown Offbeat Arizona Ghost Towns Travel Wall Maps |publisher=Yourhometown.org |access-date=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623103543/http://www.yourhometown.org/page4.html |archive-date=2013-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Calico, San Bernardino County, California]]
* [[Canyon City, Oregon]]
* [[Canyon Diablo, Arizona]]
* [[Columbia, California]]
* [[Coulson, Montana]]
* [[Cripple Creek, Colorado]]
* [[Deadwood, South Dakota]]
* [[Ford County, Kansas|Dodge City, Kansas]]
* [[El Paso, Texas]]
* [[Fort Sill]], [[Oklahoma]]<ref>Nye, pp. 243–247</ref>
* [[Guthrie, Oklahoma]]
* [[Hartville, Wyoming]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wheatlandwy.com/Platte%20Chamber/hart.htm |title=Hartville, Wyoming – Profile |publisher=Wheatlandwy.com |access-date=2012-10-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901160650/http://www.wheatlandwy.com/Platte%20Chamber/hart.htm |archive-date=2012-09-01 }}</ref>
* [[Hays, Kansas]]
* [[Idaho City, Idaho]]
* [[Leadville, Colorado]]
* [[Livermore, California]]
* [[Mowry Massacres|Mowry, Arizona]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/az-patagoniaghosts.html |title=Patagonia Backroad Ghost Towns |publisher=Legendsofamerica.com |date=1903-03-04 |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* Newton, Kansas
* [[Ogallala, Nebraska]]
* [[Pioche, Nevada]]
* [[Powderville, Montana]]
* Riley Camp, [[Quay County, New Mexico]]
* [[Seney Township, Michigan]]
* [[Sidney, Nebraska]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidneyboothill.com/ |title=Sidney Nebraska Boot Hill Cemetery |publisher=Sidneyboothill.com |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* [[Silver Reef, Utah]]
* [[Skagway, Alaska]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasttours.com/skagway_sightseeing_tours_yukon_skagway_alaska_tour_info.php |title=Skagway Spectacular Sightseeing Tours, Skagway Tours, Skagway Alaska Tours, Skagway Tour, Skagway Train Ride, White Pass, White Pass Railroad Train Ride, AK |publisher=Southeasttours.com |access-date=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908074259/http://www.southeasttours.com/skagway_sightseeing_tours_yukon_skagway_alaska_tour_info.php |archive-date=2012-09-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Tascosa, Texas]]
* [[Tilden, Texas]]
* [[Tincup, Colorado]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colorado.hometownlocator.com/maps/bigmap,n,boothill%20cemetery,fid,197500.cfm |title=Boothill Cemetery: a Cemetery in Gunnison County, Colorado |publisher=Colorado.hometownlocator.com |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* [[Tombstone, Arizona]]
* [[Valentine, Nebraska]], also known as [http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ne/county/cherry/Minne.htm Minnechaduza Cemetery]
* [[Virginia City, Montana]]
* [[Virginia City, Nevada]]
* [[Weaver, Arizona]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/prospector/sited1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023090903/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/prospector/sited1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 23, 2009 |title=National Park Service – Prospector, Cowhand, and Sodbuster (Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings) |publisher=Nps.gov |date=2005-05-22 |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* Prison graveyard at [[New Westminster]], British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM94Y3_Boot_Hill_New_Westminster_BC |title=Boot Hill - New Westminster BC - Abandoned Cemeteries on |publisher=Waymarking.com |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* Cemetery name given by the prisoners at the Japanese-run [[Batu Lintang camp|Batu Lintang POW and civilian internment camp]] in [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]], [[Borneo]] during [[World War II]].
* Fictional cemetery at the end of [[Phantom Manor]] at [[Disneyland Paris]].
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[American Frontier]]
* [[Bisbee Massacre]]
* [[Cowboy Action Shooting]]
* [[Fairbank Train Robbery#Aftermath|Fairbank Train Robbery]]
* [[Potter's field]]
* [[Shootout at Wilson Ranch#Aftermath|Shootout at Wilson Ranch]]
* [[Shootout on Juneau Wharf]]
* [[Western (genre)]]
* [[Boot Hill Cemetery]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last1=Britz|first1=Kevin|title='Boot Hill Burlesque': The Frontier Cemetery as Tourist Attraction in Tombstone, Arizona, and Dodge City, Kansas|journal=Journal of Arizona History|date=October 1, 2003|publisher=Arizona Historical Society |asin=B00E428MGY}}
* {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Robert L.|title=Colorado Ghost Towns – Past and Present|publisher=Caxton Press|year=1972| isbn=978-0870042188}}
* {{cite book|last=Nye|first=Wilbur S.|title=Carbine and Lance: The Story of Old Fort Sill|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1983| isbn=978-0806118567}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Boot hill cemeteries}}
* [http://www.boothill.org/ Boot Hill Museum], Dodge City, Kansas
* [http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_arizona_1_e.html A tombstone in Boot Hill Cemetery in Tombstone, Arizona], from a [[Library of Congress]] website

{{Wild West}}
{{Cemeteries in the United States}}

[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:Cochise County conflict]]
[[Category:Boot Hill cemeteries|*]]