Editing Border Morris

{{short description|Collection of individual local dances from Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Shropshire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
[[Image:Border Morris White Ladies Aston Dance.jpg|thumb|260px|Border morris dancers, [[White Ladies Aston]]]]
'''Border Morris''' is a collection of individual local dances from villages along the English side of the [[Wales]]–[[England]] border in the counties of [[Herefordshire]], [[Worcestershire]] and [[Shropshire]]. They are part of the [[Morris dance]] tradition.

== History ==
[[Image:SilurianMorris.jpg|thumb|Silurian Border Morris Men, Church Lane, [[Ledbury]], Boxing Day 1996]]
This was a village dance done in winter for fun and a bit of money. It usually includes three to twelve dancers.

Some of the earliest accounts of a border morris tradition are provided by [[E.C. Cawte]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Morris Dance in Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire |last=Cawte  |first=E.C. |journal=Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society |volume=9  |issue=4  |year=1963 |pages=197–212 |jstor=4521671}}</ref>  There is reference to questions about "any disguised persons, as morice dancers, maskers, or mum'ers" to [[St Mary's Church, Shrewsbury|St. Mary's Parish Church]] in [[Shrewsbury]] in 1584 and an amazing account of morris dancers at [[Hereford Racecourse|Hereford races]] in 1609, describing "two musicians, four whifflers, and twelve dancers, including hobby horse and maid marian", all from villages within {{Convert | 14 | mi}} of Hereford.  The account claimed, "Hereford-shire for a morris-daunce puts downe, not onely all Kent, but verie neare (if one had line enough to measure it) three quarters of Christendome".

Cawte quotes further accounts describing complaints to the local magistrates about disruptive morris dancers in [[Longdon, Worcestershire]], disrupting the [[Sabbath day]] from 1614 to 1617 and another account of dancers in [[Much Wenlock]] in 1652, causing a disturbance in an [[ale house]] at Nordley.  Later records from Shrewsbury mention payment to the "Bedlam Morris" in 1688 and 1689.

The dance depends on the numbers available, as at Brimfield. The dances collected from a particular place sometimes differ quite markedly between informants, as at White Ladies Aston, reflecting the flexibility from year to year. Sometimes a gang would only have one dance, sometimes two, or as at Malvern and [[Pershore]] an indeterminate set of [[dance figure|figure]]s.

[[File:Widders with sticks, Chepstow Apple Day 2013.jpg|thumb|Widders with short sticks]]
The common features are the rather short sticks and sometimes a stick and handkerchief version of the same dance, also usually a high single step akin to the local country dance step. Such detail as starting foot rules and phrase endings are notable for their apparent absence.

Some of these village sides blackened their faces {{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}.  There is no record of any sides dancing together.  A few – both [[Upton-on-Severn]] dances for example – matched the complexity of [[Cotswolds]] Morris, but many – e.g. [[Bromsberrow Heath]] – had a stark simplicity of one figure and one chorus repeated forever.<ref>Details of the collected dances can be found in [[Roy Dommett]]'s [http://www.opread.force9.co.uk/RoyDommet/BorderNotes/border.htm ''Source Material for the Border Morris Tradition'']</ref>

== Revival ==
[[File:Morris dancing in Agincourt Square, Monmouth as part of the Olympic torch relay.ogv|thumb|Dancing at [[Monmouth]], as part of the [[Olympic torch relay]], 2012]]
In the 1960s, E.C. Cawte, the folklorist, proposed that these dances from the English side of the Welsh borders – Herefordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire – constituted a Welsh border tradition.{{sfn|Cawte|1963}}

[[File:Beltane Border Morris At Sidmouth Folk Festival 2022.webm|thumb|Beltane Border Morris performing at [[Sidmouth Folk Festival]] 2022]]
[[File:Shropshire-Bedlams-Towersey-1980.jpg|thumb|The Shropshire Bedlams at [[Towersey Festival]], 1980]]
[[File:Music for the Widders, Chepstow Apple Day 2013.jpg|thumb|Music for The Widders]]
Since the 1960s and with further collecting in the 1970s by people such as Dave Jones (late of [[Silures|Silurian]] Morris, founded 1969, and later the Not For Joes)<ref>{{cite book|title=The Roots of Welsh Border Morris|last=Jones|first=Dave|year=1988|isbn=0-9526285-0-3|publisher=Annie Jones|location=Putley, Herefordshire}}</ref> and Keith Francis (of Silurian Morris) a distinctive border morris style has grown. The tradition is characterised by [[blackface|black faces]], tattered shirts or coats, much stick-clashing and a big band traditionally comprising [[Melodeon (accordion)|melodeon]]s, [[fiddle]]s, [[concertina]]s, [[triangle (musical instrument)|triangles]] and [[tambourine]]s, although they now often also feature a [[tuba]] or [[sousaphone]], and [[flute]] or [[oboe]].

Under the guidance of Dave Jones and Keith Francis, Silurian Border Morris sought to interpret the collected dance material, preserving as much of the traditional styles and features as can be deduced. By contrast, in 1975, [[John Kirkpatrick (folk musician)|John Kirkpatrick]] created a new border tradition with the Shropshire Bedlams, which seeks to capture the spirit of the border sides, but not recreate any specific tradition or dance. Their dances feature much "whooping" and this has become characteristic amongst many other border sides. Perhaps in keeping with the original tradition, the Original Welsh Border Morris (founded 1973) meet only once a year, at Christmas, and dance the traditional dances of Herefordshire and Worcestershire. With many of the newer sides, the dances have often become complex, involving many invented and evolved steps, figures and choruses.

Many dances were collected by [[Cecil Sharp]] and later collectors, and several were included in Bacon's book,<ref name="bacon" >Bacon, Lionel 1974 ''A Handbook of Morris Dances''. Published by The Morris Ring</ref> but border morris was largely neglected by revival morris sides until late in the 20th century. The Silurian Morris Men of [[Ledbury]], Herefordshire, included border dances in performances from the early 1970s and changed exclusively to border morris in 1979,<ref>{{cite web| title = History| url = http://www.silurianmorris.org.uk/history.html| publisher = Silurian Border Morris Men| access-date = 2006-10-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103044233/http://www.silurianmorris.org.uk/history.html| archive-date = 2013-11-03| url-status = dead}}</ref> and the Shropshire Bedlams were founded in 1975;<ref>{{cite journal| last = Kirkpatrick| first = John| title = Bordering On the Insane| journal = English Dance and Song | volume = 41| pages = 12–14 | year = 1979| issue = 3}}</ref> both became pioneers of a resurgence of border morris among revival sides in the following decades.

[[File:Silurian Border Morris Men dancing Black Ladies Aston, August 2013.jpg|thumb|Silurian Border Morris Men dancing Black Ladies Aston, at Saddleworth Rushcart, August 2013]]
The Leominster Morris<ref>{{cite web|title = About us|url=http://www.leominstermorris.org|publisher=Leominster Morris}}</ref> were reformed in 1988, split from The Breinton Morris (who disbanded after a further ten years.) Through contact with E.C. Cawte, with reference to notes made in Leominster, his talking with former dancer, Tom Postons, and his recollections of the dancing of the time as having "lots of bowing, hat-raising, and clashing of sticks on the ground" led to the "revival" of Postons' stick dance. Cecil Sharp visited the town on 27 December 1909 with local folklorist [[Ella Mary Leather]], and collected tunes from the prolific local gypsy fiddler John Locke. The Leominster men use several of Locke's tunes in their repertoire today.

Border morris dancing was different on the Welsh side of the border, and a team on the Welsh side was formed in 1992. Initially the side was named Morys ar y Clwt but it was changed to Carreg-las in 1997. They use traditional Welsh and English folk and morris dance tunes. ''Carreg-las'' translates from the Welsh as '[[bluestone]]', a rock found in the [[Preseli Mountains]], in Pembrokeshire, of which it is said [[Stonehenge]] was constructed.

==See also==
*[[Blackface and Morris dancing]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=35em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Border Morris}}
* https://www.academia.edu/5468139/To_Black_up_Or_Not_to_Black_Up_A_Personal_Journey
* http://www.great-western.org.uk/dommett/BlackFace.pdf
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120222000637/http://www.ironmenandseverngilders.org/
*[http://www.americanmorrisnews.org/pastissues/april2005v25n1/current_issue/gordonashmanv25n1bordermorrisrootsandrevival.html Border Morris: Roots & Revival, Gordon Ashman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204065010/http://www.americanmorrisnews.org/pastissues/april2005v25n1/current_issue/gordonashmanv25n1bordermorrisrootsandrevival.html |date=4 February 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204055450/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/pd49/morris/notes/helm/cawte57.htm  Visit to Herefordshire and Worcestershire, May 1957.  E.C. Cawte]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207085530/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/avenue/pd49/morris/bordern/bordern.htm History of Border Morris]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175821/http://www.btinternet.com/~breinton.morris/Border.htm Breinton Morris's take on Border Morris]
*[http://vancouvermm.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/0/3/25034121/pershoremorris.pdf The Pershore Morris (pdf)]
*[http://www.stadtmuseum-online.de/morisk.htm German carvings from 1480 showing "moriscan dancers" including black faces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822105014/http://www.stadtmuseum-online.de/morisk.htm |date=22 August 2007 }}
*[http://www.silurianmorris.org.uk Home page of the Silurian Border Morrismen]
*[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~millermj/border/ Mike Miller's Border Morris Notes]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130518110735/http://mythago.org.uk/ Mythago Morris Home page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722001251/http://www.silurianmorris.org.uk/musicindex.htm Samples of the border sound]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150225170505/http://styxofstroud.com/ Styx of Stroud Border Morris home page]}}
*[http://vancouvermm.weebly.com/autumn-fall--winter.html Vancouver Morris Men Winter Dances page]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_412rBDRL8k Steeleye Span - A Mummers Play] (circa 1400)

[[Category:Morris dance]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Blackface minstrelsy]]