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Bornite
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{{Short description|Sulfide mineral}} {{Redirect|Peacock ore|another sulfide mineral sometimes called that|Chalcopyrite}} {{infobox mineral | name = Bornite | category = [[Sulfide mineral]] | boxwidth = | boxbgcolor = | image = Bornite-Quartz-135210.jpg | imagesize = 260px | caption = Lightly iridescent bornite crystal on quartz needles, from Kazakhstan<br>{{small|Specimen size: {{cvt|3.6|×|2.2|×|1.2|cm|in}}}} | formula = Cu<sub>5</sub>FeS<sub>4</sub> | IMAsymbol=Bn<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/imacnmnc-approved-mineral-symbols/62311F45ED37831D78603C6E6B25EE0A|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref> | molweight = 501.88 g/mol | strunz = 2.BA.10 | system = [[Orthorhombic]] | class = Dipyramidal (mmm) <br/>[[H-M symbol]]: (2/m 2/m 2/m) | symmetry = ''Pbca'' | unit cell = a = 10.95 Å, b = 21.862 Å, <br/>c = 10.95 Å; Z = 16 | color = Copper red, bronze brown, purple | habit = Granular, massive, disseminated – Crystals pseudocubic, dodecahedral, octahedral | twinning = Penetration twins on [111] | cleavage = Poor on [111] | fracture = Uneven to subconchoidal | tenacity = Brittle | mohs = 3–3.25 | luster = Metallic if fresh, [[iridescence|iridescent]] tarnish | refractive = Opaque | opticalprop = | birefringence = | pleochroism = Weak but noticeable | streak = Grayish black | gravity = 5.06–5.08 | density = | melt = | fusibility = | diagnostic = | solubility = | diaphaneity = | other = Magnetic after heating, iridescent | references = <ref name=Webmin>{{Cite web|last1=Barthelmy|first1=David|year=2014|url=http://www.webmineral.com/data/Bornite.shtml|access-date=12 August 2022|title = Bornite Mineral Data|website=Webmineral.com}}</ref><ref name=Handbook>{{cite web |last1=Anthony |first1=John W. |last2=Bideaux |first2=Richard A. |last3=Bladh |first3=Kenneth W. |last4=Nichols |first4=Monte C. |title=Bornite |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/bornite.pdf |website=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |access-date=12 August 2022 |date=2005}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{mindat|id=727|title=Bornite|access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> }} '''Bornite''', also known as '''peacock ore''', is a [[sulfide mineral]] with [[chemical composition]] {{chem2|[[copper|Cu]]5[[iron|Fe]][[sulfur|S]]4}} that [[crystallization|crystallizes]] in the [[orthorhombic crystal system|orthorhombic system]] (pseudo-cubic). It is an important copper ore. ==Appearance== [[Image:Mineraly.sk - bornit.jpg|thumb|left|Tarnish of bornite]] Bornite has a brown to copper-red color on fresh surfaces that tarnishes to various [[Iridescence|iridescent]] shades of blue to purple in places. Its striking iridescence gives it the nickname ''peacock copper'' or ''peacock ore''. ==Mineralogy== Bornite is an important copper ore mineral and occurs widely in [[porphyry copper deposit]]s along with the more common [[chalcopyrite]]. Chalcopyrite and bornite are both typically replaced by [[chalcocite]] and [[covellite]] in the [[Supergene (geology)|supergene]] enrichment zone of copper deposits. Bornite is also found as disseminations in [[mafic]] [[igneous rock]]s, in [[Metamorphism|contact metamorphic]] [[skarn]] deposits, in [[pegmatite]]s and in [[Sedimentary rock|sedimentary]] cupriferous [[shale]]s.<ref name=Handbook/> It is important as an [[ore]] for its [[copper]] content of about 63 percent by mass.<ref name=Webmin/> ===Structure=== [[File:Bornite by petrographic microscope.jpg|thumb|Microscopic picture of Bornite]] At temperatures above {{convert|228|C}}, the structure is [[Cubic crystal system|isometric]] with a unit cell that is about 5.50 Å on an edge. This structure is based on cubic close-packed [[sulfur]] atoms, with copper and iron atoms randomly distributed into six of the eight [[Tetrahedron|tetrahedral]] sites located in the octants of the cube. With cooling, the Fe and Cu become ordered, so that 5.5 Å subcells in which all eight tetrahedral sites are filled alternate with subcells in which only four of the tetrahedral sites are filled; symmetry is reduced to [[Orthorhombic crystal system|orthorhombic]].<ref name=Nesse>Nesse, William D., "Sulfides and Related Minerals" in ''Introduction to Mineralogy,'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, p 429</ref> ===Composition=== Substantial variation in the relative amounts of copper and iron is possible and [[solid solution]] extends towards chalcopyrite (CuFeS<sub>2</sub>) and [[digenite]] (Cu<sub>9</sub>S<sub>5</sub>). Exsolution of blebs and [[lamella (materials)|lamellae]] of chalcopyrite, digenite, and chalcocite is common.<ref name=Nesse/> ===Form and twinning=== Rare crystals are approximately cubic, [[Dodecahedron|dodecahedral]], or [[Octahedron|octahedral]]. Usually massive. Penetration twinning on the [[Miller index|crystallographic direction]], {111}.<ref name=Nesse/> ==Occurrence== [[File:Silver-Bornite-171549.jpg|thumb|left|160px|Bornite with silver from [[Zacatecas]], Mexico (size: 7.5 × 4.3 × 3.4 cm)]] It occurs globally in copper ores with notable crystal localities in [[Butte, Montana]] and at [[Bristol, Connecticut]] in the U.S. It is also collected from the Carn Brea mine, [[Illogan]], and elsewhere in [[Cornwall]], England. Large crystals are found from the [[Frossnitz Alps]], eastern [[Tyrol (state)|Tirol]], Austria; the Mangula mine, [[Lomagundi district]], Zimbabwe; from the N'ouva mine, [[Talate]], Morocco, the West Coast of Tasmania and in [[Jezkazgan|Dzhezkazgan]], Kazakhstan.<ref name=Handbook/> There are also traces of it found amongst the [[hematite]] in the [[Pilbara]] region of [[Western Australia]]. ==History and etymology== It was first described in 1725 for an occurrence in the [[Ore Mountains]], [[Bohemia]], in what is now the [[Karlovy Vary Region]] of the Czech Republic. It was named in 1845 for Austrian mineralogist [[Ignaz von Born]].<ref name=Mindat/> ==See also== *[[Cuprite]] *[[Tennantite]] *[[Tetrahedrite]] *[[List of minerals named after people]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *[[Pallache (surname)|Palache]], C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) ''Dana’s system of mineralogy'', (7th edition), v. I, 195–197. *[http://rruff.info/uploads/CM9_85.pdf Manning, P.G. (1966) ''A study of the bonding Properties of Sulphur in Bornite,'' The Canadian Mineralogist, 9, 85-94] {{Commons category|Bornite}} {{Wiktionary}} {{ores}} [[Category:Copper ores]] [[Category:Iron minerals]] [[Category:Sulfide minerals]] [[Category:Orthorhombic minerals]] [[Category:Minerals in space group 61]]
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