Editing Botorrita plaque

{{Short description|Four Celtiberian bronze plaques from 2nd-century-BC Spain}}
{{cleanup lang|date=May 2019}}
[[Image:Botorrita 1.jpg|thumb|350px|Photograph of Botorrita I (both sides)]]
The '''Botorrita plaques''' are four [[bronze]] plaques discovered in  [[Botorrita]] (Roman ''Contrebia Belaisca''), near [[Zaragoza]], [[Spain]], dating to the late 2nd century BC, known as Botorrita I, II, III and IV.

Although Botorrita II is in the [[Old Latin|Latin language]], Botorrita I, III and IV, inscribed in the [[Celtiberian script]], constitute the main part of the [[Celtiberian language|Celtiberian]] corpus.

==Botorrita I==
Botorrita I was found in 1970. It is the longest inscription in Celtiberian consisting of a text in 11 lines, on the front face, continued by a list of names on the back side.

===Side A===
:A.1. {{lang|xce|tirikantam berkunetakam tokoitoskue sarnikio kue sua kombalkez nelitom}}
:A.2. {{lang|xce|nekue [u]ertaunei litom nekue taunei litom nekue masnai tizaunei litom soz auku}}
:A.3. {{lang|xce|arestaio tamai uta oskues stena uerzoniti silabur sleitom konskilitom kabizeti}}
:A.4. {{lang|xce|kantom sankilistara otanaum tokoitei eni: uta oskuez boustomue koruinomue}}
:A.5. {{lang|xce|makasiamue ailamue ambitiseti kamanom usabituz ozas sues sailo kusta bizetuz iom}}
:A.6. {{lang|xce|asekati ambitinkounei stena es uertai entara tiris matus tinbituz neito tirikantam}}
:A.7. {{lang|xce|eni onsatuz iomui listas titas zizonti somui iom arznas bionti iom kustaikos}}
:A.8. {{lang|xce|arznas kuati ias ozias uertatosue temeiue robiseti saum tekametinas tatuz somei}}
:A.9. {{lang|xce|enitouzei iste ankios iste esankios uze areitena sarnikiei akainakubos}}
:A.10. {{lang|xce|nebintor tokoitei ios ur antiomue auzeti aratimue tekametam tatuz iom tokoitoskue}}
:A.11. {{lang|xce|sarnikiokue aiuizas kombalkores aleites iste ikues ruzimuz abulu ubokum}}

===Side B===
:B.1. {{lang|xce|lubos kounesikum melnunos bintis letontu litokum}}
:B.2. {{lang|xce|abulos bintis melmu barauzanko lesunos bintis}}
:B.3. {{lang|xce|letontu ubokum turo bintis lubinaz aiu berkantikum}}
:B.4. {{lang|xce|abulos bintis tirtu aiankum abulos bintis abulu louzokum}}
:B.5. {{lang|xce|uzeisunos bintis akainaz letontu uikanokum suostuno/s}}
:B.6. {{lang|xce|bintis tirtanos statulikum lesunos bintis nouantutaz}}
:B.7. {{lang|xce|letontu aiankum melmunos bintis useizu aiankum tauro [bin]/tis}}
:B.8. {{lang|xce|abulu aiankum tauro bintis letontu letikum abulos bintis}}
:B.9. {{lang|xce|[ ]ukontaz letontu esokum abulos bintis}}

===Translations===

J. Eska (1988)<ref>Eska, Joseph F. (1988) Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of BotorritaUniversity of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452</ref>

1. "Regarding a well-wrought boundary structure, the senators of Tocoitom and of Sarnicios [have agreed/decided that] [it is] not permitted"

2. "[that it] be demolished or destroyed or broken apart by violence." (from ''soz'' to ''tamai'' remains untranslated, probably a tag on the preceding prohibition)

3-4. "and whoever carries out these things, he should give cut [pieces] of silver [namely] 100 ''sanclistera'' of ''otanas'' at Tocoitom."
----
F. Villar (1990)<ref>Villar, F. "La linea inicial del bronce de Botorrita" in ''Studia indogermanica et palaeohispanica in honorem A. Tovar et L. Michelena''. Salamanca, 1990, pp. 375-392, as found in Adrados, 1995</ref>

1. "In relation to the trescantos [named] Berkuneteca of Tokoit and Sarnicia, this is the settlement/accord:"
----
W. Meid (1983)<ref>W.Meid ''Die Erste Botorrita-Inschrift: Interpretation eines keltiberischenSprachdenkmals''. Innsbruck: Inst, für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck. 1993. 132 S., 8 Abb., 8°. ISBN 3-85124-639-X (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissen-schaft, 76)) (as reviewed by Karl Horst Schmidt in 1998, Indogermanische Forschungen, 103, pp. 281 ff.)</ref>

1. "Concerning the hilly region of Togoit and of the Sanricii, the following has been decreed as not allowed"

2. "It is not allowed to do [anything], neither is it allowed to perform/carry out [works], nor is it allowed to perpetrate breakage/harm" [except by permission of the directors]."
----
Rodriguez Adrados (1993)<ref>Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco. "Propuestas para la interpretación de Botorrita I". In: Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica. Vol. 63. Nº 1. 1995. pp. 1-16</ref>

1. "With regard to the place Tricanta ("the meeting of three roads" or "of three boundaries") of Togotus and of Sarnicius, the council [has determined] thus--[it is] forbidden:"

===Notes===

Although the general contents of the inscription are known with some confidence--apparently a set of prohibitions ({{lang|xce|nekue...litom}} "must neither...nor..." A.2 with ''litom'' < *''l(e)ik-to'', cf. Latin ''licitum'' < *''lik-e-to'') with specifications of punishments (including payment in silver = {{lang|xce|silabur}} A.3) for violations (side A), and a list of guarantors on side B (though the list seems to start at the end of A.11 with {{lang|xce|abulu ubokum}})--there is as yet no unified, agreed-upon translation.<ref>Lejeune, Michel (1990) (Review of Eska, Joseph F. (1988) ''Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of Botorrita''University of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452.) ''Études celtiques'' 27  pp. 380-381.</ref> It is still not clear, for example, whether the text presents sacred laws concerning a temple or municipal regulations.<ref>Prósper, Blanca María  ''El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I''. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6)</ref>

On the first side, David Stifter (2001), for example, indicates that <{{lang|xce|tirikantam}}> is an 'assembly of 300', similar to Gaulish {{lang|xce|tricantia}}, while <{{lang|xce|kombalkez}}> according to Bayer (1994) means something like 'was (deemed) suitable (by the assembly)' (cf. Latin {{lang|xce|complacere}} 'to please').  The sequences with {{lang|xce|nelitom}} and {{lang|xce|nekue ... litom}} with infinitive in {{lang|xce|-aunei}} are clearly something like '(it is) not permitted to{{nbsp}}...', and mentions some kind of monetary and property fines for ignoring the prohibitions.<ref>Stifter, David (2001): "Neues vom Keltiberischen: Notizen zu Botorrita IV", Die Sprache (Sonderheft): Chronicalia Indoeuropaea 38/3 [1996], pp. 89–110</ref> F. Villar has
suggested that ''kombalkez'' in the first line is  3rd sing. of the perfect of a root*bh el- ' to speak'--"he has spoken."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 752.
Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

In line 2, the form ''tizaunei'' is considered to come from  *''di-dyāmnei'' (compare Greek δίζημαι "seek out, look for") by Jordán Cólera,<ref>Jordán Cólera, C. "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)"''Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica''LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343, p. 338. ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2014.07.1329</ref> though the Greek form is generally thought now to go back to a Proto-Indo-European root *''ieh<sub>2</sub>''- ‘to pursue.'<ref>Beekes, R. ''Etymological Dictionary Of Greek.'' Brill, 2010. p. 333</ref> But Prósper takes the form ''tizaunei'' from *''d<sup>h</sup>i-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-mn-e'' "to place."<ref>Prosper, Blanca María. "Some Thoughts on the Gaulish Result of Common Celtic ''-mn-'' in Galatian" ''Celtic Studies 3. 2008. pp. 189-199, p. 190</ref>

For {{lang|xce|soz augu arestalo damai}} in lines A.'''2-3''', Prosper (2006) translates:  "[all] this (is) valid by order of the competent authority" based on the following analyses: {{lang|xce|soz}}: [all] this (< *sod); {{lang|xce|augo}}: final, valid (< *''h₂eug-os'' 'strong, valid', cf. Latin ''augustus'' 'solemn'); {{lang|xce|arestalo}}: of the competent authority (gen. sing. {{lang|xce|arestalos}} < *''pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo-'' 'competent authority' < *''pr̥Hi-sto'' 'what is first, authority'); {{lang|xce|damai}}: by order (instrumental fem. sing. < *''dʰoh₁m-eh₂'' 'establish, dispose'). In lines 3 and 6, ''stena'' may be related to the word for "thunder" and the name of the Celtic storm god, ''Taranos'' (< *''Taran-''), forms also seen on Botorrita III below.<ref>Koch, John T. (2020). ''Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West''. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. pp. 142-144 ISBN 9781907029325.</ref>

In line A '''4''', the second element in ''Togoitei eni'' 'in Togotis' is from *''h₁en-i'' (cf. Lat. ''in'', OIr. ''in'' 'into, in'). For ''Togoitei'' itself, Matasovic points to Proto-Celtic *''tonketo-'' ‘destiny’ with the cognate in OIr. ''tocad '' saying this form is in the dative/locative singular, and connected to the apparent theonymn ''TOGOTI'' in the dative singular, but adding that: "The attribution of the Celtiberian forms to this root is as uncertain as anything else in this language."<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' Brill, Leiden 2009, p. 383</ref>

Later in the same line, ''bou-sto-mue'' probably contains in its first element a reflex of the PIE term for "cow": PIE *''g<sup>w</sup>ōw-'' > Lat. ''bōs'', OHG ''chuo'', Sanksrit ''gáu-'', Tokarian A ''ko'', Armenian ''kov''... through Proto-Celtic ''*bow-'' whence OIr. ''bó'', Middle Welsh ''bu,'' Middle Bretton ''bou-tig'' ‘stable’ and the Gaulish personal name ''Bo-marus.'' The meaning, therefore, may be "stable," like the Bretton form, but the form seems to be identical historically to Old Irish ''búas'' "riches, wealth (in cattle)" from Proto-Celtic *''bow-sto-''.<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p. 6</ref> The form at the end of line '''4''', ''kabizeti'', can be derived from ''*gabiyeti'', a third person singular present indicative (or subjunctive?), from the Proto-Indo-European root ''*g<sup>h</sup>Hb'' "take, hold" but here, possibly "give" (whence Latin ''habeo'' "hold" and possibly Gothic ''geben'' "give"), assuming that *''-(i)y-'' becomes ''-z-'' in Celtiberian, as seen also in *''nowyo-'' > CeltIb. ''nouiza''.<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. pp. 148-149</ref>

In line '''6''', {{lang|xce|aeekati}} is probably a subjunctive form of indeterminate meaning.
 
And in line '''7''', {{lang|xce|zizonti}} is probably a present third person plural indicative form meaning "they sow."<ref>Stefan Schumacher, ''Die keltischen Primärverben: Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon'' (Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität, 2004).</ref><ref name="Prosper2006">{{Cite journal |last=Prósper |first=Blanca María |year=2006 |title=SOZ AUKU ARESTALO TAMAI: La segunda línea del bronce de Botorrita y el anafórico celtibérico |journal=Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua |publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico |issue=6 |pages=139–150 |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/25/20/07prosper.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Koch |first=John |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABL-CIO |year=2005 |pages=1465–66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=loss+of+p+in+celtiberian&pg=PA1465 |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |access-date=June 10, 2011}}</ref>

For {{lang|xce|saum dekametinas datuz somei eni touzei iste ankios iste es-ankios}} (A.'''8-9'''), Jordán (2004) translates: "of these, he will give the tithe/tax inside of this territory, so [may it] be fenced as [it should] be unfenced" based on the following analyses: 
::'''{{lang|xce|sa-um}}''' "of these" (< *''sa-ōm'') 
::'''{{lang|xce|dekametinas}}''' "the tithes, the tax" << *-''dekam-etos < *-dkm-etos''; compare Gaulish ''decametos'' 'tenth', Welsh ''degfed'' 'tenth', O.Ir. ''dechmad'' 'tenth'<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 758
Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>
::'''{{lang|xce|da-tuz}}''' "he will pay, will give" (< PIE ''*deh<sub>2</sub>-tо̄d'' 3rd person singular imperative)<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.762 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 19, 2023</ref>
::'''{{lang|xce|en-i}}''' "inside, in" (< ''*h₁en-i'') 
::'''{{lang|xce|so-m-ei}}''': of this (loc. sing. < *''so-sm-ei'' 'from this') 
::'''{{lang|xce|touz-ei}}''' "territory" (loc. sing. < *''touzom'' 'territory' < *''tewt-yo-'') 
::'''{{lang|xce|iste ankios}}''' "so (be) fenced" 
::'''{{lang|xce|iste es-ankios}}''' "as (be) unfenced."<ref>Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2004). "Celtibérico". Monografías de Filología Griega. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza. 16 (IV). ISBN 84-96214-38-9.</ref>

The first word of A.'''10''', {{lang|xce|nebintor}}, may be the negative (''ne-'') of a verb meaning "strike, harm" in the 3rd person imperative middle, from Proto-Celtic *''bi-na-'' ‘strike, hit’—compare Old Irish ''benaid'' (same meaning), from PIE *''b<sup>h</sup>eyH-'' "strike"; whence Old Latin ''perfines'' "you should strike" and Old Church Slavonic ''biti''.<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009).
Zagreb, December 2011, p. 5</ref> And for {{lang|xce|togoitei ios vramtiom-ve auzeti aratim-ve dekametam datuz}} in A.10, De Bernardo (2009) translates: "In Togotis, he who draws water either for the green or for the farmland, the tithe (of their yield) he shall give."<ref>De Bernardo, P. "La gramática celtibérica del bronce de Botorrita. Nuevos Resultados". In Palaeohispanica 9 (2009), pp. 683-699.</ref> The form {{lang|xce|io-s}} in line '''10''' is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European ''*yo-'' ([[Sanskrit]] ''ya-'', Greek ''hos''), which shows up in Irish only as the aspiration for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular {{lang|xce|io-m}} and the dative singular {{lang|xce|io-mui}} of the same root.<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</ref>

The second side clearly consists of names, presumably prominent members of the assembly.  The names are in the Celtiberian formula, e.g. {{lang|xce|lubos kounesikum melnunos}}, is 'Lubo of the Kounesiko (people), [son] of Melnon'; for this reason, it has been suggested that <{{lang|xce|bintis}}> is actually <{{lang|xce|kentis}}>, i.e. /{{lang|xce|gentis}}/ 'son', as this clearly fits the context (seen notes on plaque III below), but it may merely be a title of a kind of magistrate.<ref>Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" ''PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua'' pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</ref>  Whether this means the sign <Bi> can elsewhere be interpreted as indicating a velar—which would lead, for example, to new possible etymologies for {{lang|xce|usabitus}} as from *''ups-'' plus ''*ag-'' "drive" and {{lang|xce|timbitus}} from *''dhingh''- "shape, build"—in this text is still unclear. It is generally agreed that {{lang|xce|kamanom}} in A.5 means "path," a form also seen in Gaulish, borrowed into Late Latin as cammīnus, and from there into the modern Romance languages.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2012) (Review of Prósper, Blanca María  ''El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I''. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6) ) in ''Études celtiques'' 38  pp. 301-302</ref>

In B.7, the form ''useizu'' (considered equivalent to ''usizu'' [K.1.3, II-9, IV-23]) is considered by Jordán Cólera to have come from an earlier nominative *''upsē̆-dyō(n)'', while in line B.5 we find the genitive of the same form:  ''useizunos'' from *''upsē̆-dyōn-os''.<ref>Jordán Cólera, C. "La forma verbal cabint del bronce celtibérico de Novallas (Zaragoza)"''Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica''LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343, p. 338. ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2014.07.1329</ref>

==Botorrita II==
[[File:Bronce de Botorrita II.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Bronze II in the [[Zaragoza Museum]].]]
This bronze plaque, also known as Tabula Contrebiensis, is inscribed in [[Latin]] and was discovered in an illegal excavation of the [[Botorrita|Contrebia Belaisca]] site, and was obtained in December 1979 by editor Guillermo Fatás Cabeza.  The inscription is fully decipherable and relates how the senate of Contrebia Belaisca was called upon by neighboring towns for a decision concerning the right of the town of [[Zaragoza|Salluia]] to build a canal through the territory of the [[Sosinestani]], an initiative to which the neighboring [[Allauonenses]] objected.  Based upon the names of Roman officials, the text has been dated to May 87 BC.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&dq=botorrita+ii&pg=PA233 Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia] John T. Koch, Vol 1, p. 233</ref> English translation available at: https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/Contrebiensis_Richardson.htm

:1. {{lang|la|Senatus Contrebie[n]sis quei tum aderunt iudices sunto. Sei par[ret ag]rum quem Salluienses}}
:2. {{lang|la|[ab Sosinest]ane[is] emerunt rivi faciendi aquaive ducendae causa qua de re agitur Sosinestanos}}
:3. {{lang|la|[iure suo Sa]lluiensibus vendidisse inviteis Allavonensibus;tum sei ita [p]arret eei iudices iudicent}}
:4. {{lang|la|eum agrum qua de re agitur Sosinestanos Salluiensibus iure suo vendidisse; sei non parr[e]t iudicent}}
:5. {{lang|la|iur[e] suo non vendidi[sse.]}}

:6. {{lang|la|Eidem quei supra scriptei [sunt] iudices sunto. Sei Sosinestana ceivitas esset, tum, qua Salluiensis}}
:7. {{lang|la|novissume publice depalarunt qua de re agitur, sei [i]ntra eos palos Salluiensis rivom per agrum}}
:8. {{lang|la|publicum Sosinestanorum iure suo facere licere[t ] aut sei per agrum preivatum Sosinestanorum}}
:9. {{lang|la|qua rivom fieri oporteret rivom iure suo Salluie[n]sibus facere liceret dum quanti is a[ger] aestumatu[s]}}
:10. {{lang|la|esset, qua rivos duceretur, Salluienses pequniam solverent, tum, sei ita [p]arret, eei iudices iudicent}}
:11. {{lang|la|Salluiensibus rivom iure suo facere licer[e]; sei non parret iudicent iure suo facere non licere.}}

:12. {{lang|la|Sei iudicarent Salluiensibus rivom facere licere, tum quos magistratus Contrebiensis quinque}}
:13. {{lang|la|ex senatu suo dederit eorum arbitratu pro agro preivato q[u]a rivos ducetur Salluienses}}
:14. {{lang|la|publice pequniam solvonto. Iudicium addeixit C.Valerius C.f. Flaccus imperator.}}

:15. {{lang|la|Sentent[ia]m deixerunt: quod iudicium nostrum est qua de re agitur secundum Salluienses iudicamus. Quom ea res}}
:16. {{lang|la|ud[ic]atas[t mag]is[t]ratus Contrebienses heisce fuerunt: Lubbus Urdinocum Letondonis f. praetor; Lesso Siriscum}}
:17. {{lang|la|Lubbi f. [ma]gistratus; Babbus Bolgondiscum Ablonis f. magistratus; Segilus Annicum Lubi f. magistratus;}}
:18. {{lang|la|[--]atu[----]ulovicum Uxenti f. magistratus; Ablo Tindilicum Lubbi f. magistratus.Caussam Sallui[ensium]}}
:19. {{lang|la|defen[d]it ---]assius [-]eihar f. Salluiensis. Caussam Allavonensium defendit Turibas Teitabas f.}}
:20. {{lang|la|[Allavo]n[en]s[is]. Actum [C]ontrebiae Balaiscae eidibus Maieis, L. Cornelio Cn. Octavio consulibu[s].9*}}

===Summary===
Based on Richardson (1983).<ref>Richardson, J. S. (1983) "The Tabula Contrebiensis: Roman Law in Spain in the Early First Century B.C." The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 73, pp. 33-41</ref>

{{Blockquote| The present members of the Contrebian senate are to judge whether the Sosilestani have the right to sell their land to the Salluenses who plan to build a canal on it, against the wishes of the neighboring Allavonenses.

Specifically, the appointed judges are to determine whether by Sosilestani's own laws it is permissible for them to sell the land for building a canal through private land, already staked out for this purpose by the Salluenses, if the latter pay for it appropriately.

If they judge in favor of the sale, then the Contrebian magistracy will pick five men to arbitrate the sale, and Roman commander C. V. Flaccus will support the judgment.

The decision falls in favor of the Salluenses. (There follows a list of the names of the Contrebian magistrates in power at the time.)}}

==Botorrita III==
Botorrita III, discovered in 1979, is inscribed in four columns on one side of a plaque, introduced by a heading of two lines. A part of the plaque is missing, but the inscribed portion is complete. It is heavily corroded, and the text was only legible by x-ray.

:01: {{lang|xce|risatioka : lestera[:]ia : tarakuai : nouiz : auzanto}}
:02: {{lang|xce|eskeninum : taniokakue : soisum : albana}}

{|
|-
|1.1: {{lang|xce|skirtunos : tirtanikum : l}}
|2.1: {{lang|xce|sekanos &lt; : &gt; kolukokum : lukinos}}
|3.1: {{lang|xce|testios : turumokum}}
|4.1: {{lang|xce|kainu : tirtobolokum}}
|-
|1.2: {{lang|xce|kontuzos : turos}}
|2.2: {{lang|xce|tirtanos}}
|3.2: {{lang|xce|elku : suolakue}}
|4.2: {{lang|xce|stenion. : turikainos}}
|-
|1.3: {{lang|xce|retukenos : statulu}}
|2.3: {{lang|xce|kentiskue : loukaniko &lt; : &gt; uiriaskum}}
|3.3: {{lang|xce|tirtanikum : uiriaskum : mel}}
|4.3: {{lang|xce|bolora : kentiskue : melmanzos}}
|-
|1.4: mezukenos : koitina
|2.4: mezukenos : turanikum
|3.4: kinbiria : kentiskue : turikum
|4.4: tiokenesos : uiriaskum
|-
|1.5: tueizu : uiroku
|2.5: elu : uiriaskum : launiku&lt;e&gt;
|3.5: toloku : koitinakue : austunikum
|4.5: kalaitos : mturiskum
|-
|1.6: munika : koitu : koitina
|2.6: likinos : uiskikum
|3.6: stenu : bentilikum
|4.6: burzu : karunikum
|-
|1.7: sekilos : toutinikum : me.
|2.7: letontu : auaskum
|3.7: burzu : bentilikum : ultatunos
|4.7: burzu : abilikum : elazuno
|-
|1.8: ultia : uiriaskum : mel
|2.8: kasilos : atokum
|3.8: koloutios : biniskum
|4.8: litu : makeskokum
|-
|1.9: sura : matulokum
|2.9: usizu : abokum : titos
|3.9: antiokos : uiriaskum : melm
|4.9: mezukenos : kalisokum
|-
|1.10: elkua : raiokum
|2.10: burzu : kulukamikum
|3.10: elazunos : kaburikum
|4.10: koitina : tirikantanko
|-
|1.11: buria : batokum
|2.11: akuia : sekiloskue : tirilokum
|3.11: arkanta : mezukenoskue : abokum
|4.11: esueiku : atesikum
|-
|1.12: belsa : alasku[m] : mem
|2.12: mezukenos : akikum : memun
|3.12: arkanta : loukanikum
|4.12: kalaitos : kustikum
|-
|1.13: elkua : ensikum : seko
|2.13: akuia : alaskum : memunos
|3.13: stena : ensikum : skirtunos
|4.13: antiokos : kustikum
|-
|1.14: sekontios : loukanikum : aiu
|2.14: terkinos : austikum : eskutino
|3.14: burzu : betaskum
|4.14: kabutu : abokum
|-
|1.15: sura : uiriaskum : mel
|2.15: koitina : abokum : useizunos
|3.15: koitu : samikum : melmanzo
|4.15: anu : uiriaskum
|-
|1.16: stena : muturiskum : tirtu.
|2.16: tirtouios : turumokum
|3.16: sekontios : ubokum
|4.16: kalaitos : muturiskum
|-
|1.17: sleitiu : karunikum : le
|2.17: elaukos : bentikum : rotenanko
|3.17: barnai : ensikum : skirtunos
|4.17: akuia : albinokum
|-
|1.18: retukenos : ensikum
|2.18: elkuanos : muturiskum
|3.18: tetu : loukanikum
|4.18: balakos : sekonzos
|-
|1.19: letontu : atokum
|2.19: terkinos : telazokum
|3.19: stena : uiriaskum
|4.19: kara : kalatokum
|-
|1.20: bilinos : austikum
|2.20: akuia : statu : turaku : tueizunostetoku&lt;m&gt;
|3.20: toloku : uiriaskum
|4.20: arkanta : mailikum
|-
|1.21: belsu : uiriaskum
|2.21: mezukenos : elazunos
|3.21: arkanta : teiuantikum : tirtunos
|4.21: elazunos : albinokum
|-
|1.22: sekonzos : uiriaskum : me
|2.22: tirtukue : ailokiskum
|3.22: mizuku : tirtobolokum
|4.22: bubilibor : uiriaskum
|-
|1.23: burzu : teiuantikum
|2.23: sekilos : mailikum
|3.23: retukeno : elkueikikum
|4.23: usizu : uiriaskum
|-
|1.24: bulibos : turumokum : ultu
|2.24: letontu : ustitokum
|3.24: kentisum : tuateroskue
|4.24: retukenos : telkaskum
|-
|1.25: letontu : mailikum
|2.25: turenta : kentiskue : ataiokum
|3.25: abaliu : berikakue : suaikinokum
|4.25: .ria : belsu
|-
|1.26: burzu : auikum
|2.26: koitina : uerzaizokum : kalmikum
|3.26: uiroku : konikum : statulos
|4.26: toloku : kurmiliokum
|-
|1.27: melmanios : uiriaskum
|2.27: elkuanos : kunikum
|3.27: aunia : beskokum
|4.27: anieskor : talukokum
|-
|1.28: karbelos : turumokum : ulta
|2.28: launikue : uiriaskum
|3.28: bilonikos : elokum : elkinos
|4.28: s.[ ... ] &lt; : &gt; alikum
|-
|1.29: likinos : uerzaizokum : mem
|2.29: koitu : uerzaizokum : aias
|3.29: mezukenos : tirtobolokum
|4.29: elkueiz  : akikum
|-
|1.30: koitu : mailikum
|2.30: snaziuentos : ataiokum
|3.30: akuios : alikum
|4.30: raieni : uizuskikum
|-
|1.31: akuios : tetokum
|2.31: tais : uiriaskum
|3.31: tiriu : uiriaskum
|4.31: urkala : austunikum
|-
|1.32: saluta : uizuskikum
|2.32: basaku : uiriaskum
|3.32: turtunazkue : kazarokuu 
|4.32: tama : ataiokum
|-
|1.33: burzu : uiskikum : les
|2.33: kalaitos
|3.33: sleitiu : totinikum
|4.33: retukenos : kustikum
|-
|1.34: ana : uerzaizokum : atu
|2.34: koitinakue : uiriraskum
|3.34: munika : ensikum : skirtunos
|4.34: bilosban : betikum
|-
|1.35: sanion : baatokum
|2.35: likinos : ataiokum
|3.35: sekontios : uiriaskum
|4.35: koitina : kankaikiskum
|-
|1.36: niskekue : babokum
|2.36: sa[ ... ]i &lt; : &gt; kaburikum : memun
|3.36: sura : suaikinokum
|4.36: likinos : kuezontikum
|-
|1.37: biurtilaur : alaskum
|2.37: kares : .ruaku : korkos
|3.37: koitina : suoli.kum
|4.37: munika : uerzaizokum
|-
|1.38: bini
|2.38: to[..]r.tetokum : kekas : ko
|3.38: bilir. &lt; : &gt; turtuntakue : telkaskum
|4.38: terkinos : turanikum
|-
|1.39: rusku : uiriaskum : kentisku&lt;e&gt;
|2.39: aureiaku
|3.39: elu &lt; : &gt; karbilikum
|4.39: teuzesi : kustikum
|-
|1.40: or..bilos : likinoskue
|2.40: tuate.eskue : uiriaskum
|3.40: terkinos : atokum : launikue
|4.40: kaukirino
|-
|1.41: abo..kum
|2.41: burzu : babouikum
|3.41: mizuku : telkaskum
|-
|1.42: abu..akuiakue : araiokum
|2.42: koitu : kuinikum : tirtunos
|3.42: melmantama : bentilikum
|-
|1.43: alu : aiukue : araiokum
|2.43: [ ... .] : loukanikum : tirtunos
|3.43: markos : kalisokum
|-
|1.44: kalos : telkaskum
|2.44: toloku : kalisokum : atinos
|3.44: arkanta : toutinikum
|-
|1.45: elazuna : loukanikum
|2.45: tarkunbiur
|3.45: tolokunos : ke : kalisokum
|-
|1.46: mezukenos : loukanikum
|2.46: bibalos : atokum : tirtano
|3.46: sura : ensikum : melman &lt; : &gt; ba (?)
|-
|1.47: burzu : tirtobolokum
|2.47: sikeia : beteriskum
|3.47: usama : abaloskue : karunikum
|-
|1.48: sleitiu : makeskokum
|2.48: sekontios : turumokum : ultatun
|3.48: elazuna : balaisokum
|-
|1.49: iunsti.[.] : uiriaskum
|2.49: tekos : konikum
|3.49: likinos : turumokum : ti
|-
|1.50: tioken.s : uiriaskum
|2.50: bartiltun : ekarbilos
|3.50: tueizunos : binis.kum
|-
|1.51: uiroku : turumokum
|2.51: munika &lt; : &gt; elkuakue : koitinas
|3.51: bilonikos : ensikum
|-
|1.52: mizuku : retukenos : tirtanos
|2.52: terkinos : toutinikum : leton
|3.52: ebursunos : mailikinokum
|-
|1.53: munikakue : uiriaskum
|2.53: katunos : burikounikum
|3.53: arkanta : ailokiskum
|-
|1.54: burzu : atokum
|2.54: elazuna : ukulikum
|3.54: suros : alikum
|-
|1.55: aualos : kortikos
|2.55: keka : kabelaikiskum
|3.55: ultinos : amakue : uiriaskum
|-
|1.56: amu : kankaikiskum
|2.56: munika : tolisokum : tirtun
|3.56: babos : kentiskue : uiriaskum
|-
|1.57: kaiaitos : litukue : abokum
|2.57: elazuna : ensikum : turo
|3.57: turaios : litanokum : kurmilokum
|-
|1.58: aba : muturiskum
|2.58: sekonzos : bentikum
|3.58: launikue : uiriaskum
|-
|1.59: barnai : turumokum : tirs
|2.59: tokiosar : ensikum
|3.59: kari : uiriaskum
|-
|1.60: mezukenos : abokum : turo
|2.60: akuia : abokum : letontunos
|3.60: kuintitaku : mailikinokum
|-
|}

===Notes===
Basically this is a list of names, mostly following the formula seen on the first plaque: name plus tribal name in ''-um'' (probably genitive pl). In the mostly obscure first two lines (=title?), the form ''soisum'' seems to be a close parallel to the Sanskrit genitive plural pronominal form ''teśam'' < *''toisom'' "of them". If Lambert is correct in his determination that ''eskeninum'' is a genitive plural agreeing with the pronoun, and from *''eks-'' plus the cognate of Latin ''genuinus'', and that ''alba'' is a borrowing from Latin in the meaning "public list of names" (originally written on a white board), a partial translation of the second line might be: "...[this is] the public list of the names of those very authentic [authorities/individuals]..." In the first line, ''nouiz'' may be from ''*nowija-'' "new." Whether the list involved legal claims (like Botorrita II above) or had a religious or some other purpose remains, however, unclear.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) ''Études celtiques'' 32, pp. 268-274</ref> It is notable and rare for this region in this time period for such a public list to include so many female names and references—apparently nearly 30.<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) ''Études celtiques'' 32, pp. 268-274</ref>

In lines 1.14, 1.45, 1.46, and 3.18 (always in second position), the form ''loukanikum'' may contain the Proto-Indo-European *''leukós'' "bright, shining" seen also in the Celtic tribal name [[Leuci]]. The same root can be seen elsewhere in Celtiberian inscriptions in ''loukaiteitubos'' [K.0.]7, and ''loukio'' [K.18.2, -1].<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.755 Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 19, 2023</ref>

In lines 1.16, 3.13, 3.19, ''stena'' (also seen above in A.3) along with ''stenion'' in 4.2, may be related to the word for "thunder" and the name of the Celtic storm god, [[Taranis]] (< *''Taran-'' < Proto-Indo-European *''(s)tenh<sup>2-</sup>''), with the "s mobile" preserved here uniquely in Celtic.<ref>Koch, John T. (2020). ''Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West''. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. pp. 142-144 ISBN 9781907029325.</ref>

On the name ''mezu-kenos'' in lines 1.46, 1.60, 2.4, 2.12, 2.21, 3.11, 3.29, and 4.9 (always in first position, syntactically so in 3.11), Ranko Matasovic notes: "The root [PCelt. *''genan'' < *''genh<sub>1</sub>-en'' > Old Irish ''gein'' a neuter -n stem meaning ‘birth, conception’] is attested in Celtiberian as the second element of the compound PN ''Mezu-kenos'' (= OIr. ''Midgen'')."<ref>Ranko Matasovic (2006) ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' Brill: Leiden, p. 151</ref> The first element seems to be from Proto-Celtic ''*medu-'' < PIE ''*med<sup>h</sup>u-'' "mead", making the compound equivalent to the Gaulish personal name ''Medu-genos'', Ogam ''MEDDOGENI'', Old Irish ''Midgen'', and Old Welsh ''Medgen'' which allows the reconstruction of the Proto-Celtic personal name ''*Medu-genos.''<ref>Ranko Matasovic (2006) ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' Brill: Leiden, p. 167</ref> But Jordan Carlos suggests instead that the first element simply means 'middle' pointing to a straightforward compound *''med<sup>h</sup>yo-genos''  meaning 'middle born.'<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 338
Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

Matasovic says of ''kalmikom'' (2.26) that it may be related to Middle Irish ''calma'' "strong, brave; strength fortitude" and Old Welsh ''celmed'' "skilled" all going back to Proto-Celtic *''kalmiyo-'', a root with no clear Indo-European connections, so perhaps borrowed from a non-Indo-European source.<ref>Ranko Matasovic (2006) ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' Brill: Leiden, p. 185</ref> In line 1.30 (and many other similar forms throughout), ''koitu'' may be a form of Latin ''Quintus'' and ''koitina'' may be its feminine equivalent. Note that the Greek transcription of the Latin name was Κοιντος. Possibly also connected is ''coeti-c'' from the [[Larzac tablet]] (1.b).<ref>Markey, Thomas L.; Mees, Bernard (2003) "Prestino, patrimony and the Plinys" ''Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie,'' Vol.53 (1), p.142</ref> The form *''tekos'' in 2.49 matches the Proto-Celtic root *''teg-os'' "house."<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 378-379</ref>

In lines 3.12 and 3.21, the form ''arkanta'' may derive from the PIE word for 'silver' cf Latin ''argentum''.<ref>Untermann, J. 1989: "''Arganto-'' ‘silber’ im keltiberischen, mit einem Beitrag von Walter Bayer", en Heller, K., Panagl, O. y Tischler, T. ''Indogermanica. Europaea. Festschrift für W. Meid zum 60. Geburtstag'' am 12.11.1989, Graz, pp. 431-449</ref>

In 3.25 and 3.58, ''launi'' may mean "spouse", both times followed by ''-kue'', so "and [his] wife"; it also occurs in local fragmentary epigraphy. Similarly, ''kentis'' (2.3, 2.25, 3.4, 3.56, 4.3) "son" is also followed by ''-kue'' "and [his] son," and ''tuate.es-kue'' (2.40) likely means "and [his] daughter(s?)". The two-line multiple genitives in 3.23-3.24 are unique in the text: ''retukeno : elkueikikum / kentisum : tuateros-kue'' "of the sons and of the daughter of the Re(x)-tu-genoi ('right born, lawful' < *h₃reg-tō-genos, Gaulish Rextugenos), the Elkueikikoi ("those with horses that have wheels/chariots" if from *ekue-kykloi; speaking against this interpretation are the many other forms that begin ''elk-'' in the list)." The conjunction ''-kue'' also seems to appear in line 1.34-35: ''sanion : baatokum/ niskekue : babokum'' "Sanion of the Baatoks [unless this is a misreading or misspelling for "babokum" as in the next line], and Niske  [oddly, the only form in the list starting with "n-"] of the Baboks."<ref>Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) ''Études celtiques'' 32, pp. 268-274</ref>

These suggest that ''akuia'' (1.42), ''munika'' (1.53, also 2.51), ''litu'' (1.57), ''elkua'' (2.51), ''ama'' (3.55; also ''amu'' 1.56?), ''koitana'' (3.5, also 1.4, 1.6, 2.15), ''turtunta'' (3.38), and ''abalos'' ("uncle"?)(3.47) may also express some relationship, since they fall in the same positions followed by ''-kue'' (though some or all may simply be names as well).<ref>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco; de Hoz, Javier; Untermann, Jürgen (1996): El tercer bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca), Zaragoza.</ref>

The names ''kalaitos'' in 2.33, 4.5, 4.12 and ''tur(r)o'' (1.60, 2.67 and as elements in many other names, probably "bull"—note also perhaps the name of the Celtic tribe [[Taurisci]]) are also found frequently carved in cave walls in the area. The former also resembles the form ''kaltaikikos'' from [[Luzaga's Bronze]]. On the same bronze, the form ''elazunom'' appears, probably  a variant form (different case and/or gender?) ''elazuna'' on line 2.57 above.

The form ''burzu'' (1.23, 1.33...) may be connected to the ancient name for a town about 30 miles north of Botorrita: Bursau.<ref>Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" ''PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua'' pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</ref>

The element ''mel-'' in 1.18, 3.3, 4.3...may be from the proto-Celtic root *''mello'' "hill", perhaps as part of a place name; or the short forms may be clippings of the longer forms at 3.42 ''mel-man-tama'' and at 4.3 ''mel-man-zos'' which seem to be personal names meaning 'gifted with mind' < *''men-mn̥-tyo-'' (with dissimilation of the first -n- to -l-). Compare the Gaulish (dative plural) theonym ''Menman-dutis''.<ref>Matasovic, R. ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.'' Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</ref><ref>EnglishProtoCeltic Wordlist wales.ac.uk https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/CelticLanguages/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310154343/https://www.wales.ac.uk/Resources/Documents/Research/CelticLanguages/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf |date=2023-03-10 }}</ref><ref>Stifter, D. "A contribution to Celtiberian etymology", ''Die Sprache'' 41 (2002 [1999]), 56–72.</ref>

The element ''ebur-'' in ''ebur-sunos'' (3.52) probably means "yew tree"; compare  Old Irish ''ibar'' "yew-tree," Welsh ''efwr'' "alder buckthorn", Breton ''evor'' "alder buckthorn."<ref name="Xavier Delamarre 2003, p. 159">Xavier Delamarre, ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise'', éditions errance 2003, p. 159.</ref>

[[Xavier Delamarre]] and [[John T. Koch]] argue that the term ''uiroku'' (''< *wiro-kū'') in 1.5, 1.51 and 3.26 means 'man-dog' (i.e. [[werewolf]]). It would be cognate to ''[[Viroconium Cornoviorum#Toponym|Viroconium]]'' (< *''wiroconion'', 'place of man-dogs')'','' the ancient name of the English village of [[Wroxeter]], the [[Old Irish]] ''ferchu'' ('male dog, fierce dog'), and the Brittonic personal names ''Guurci'' ([[Old Welsh]]) and ''Gurki'' ([[Old Breton]]).It has been observed that nearly every line in this text has a form ending in ''-kum,'' and this is generally taken to be a genitive plural ending ''-um'' on a (maybe generalized) ''-k-'' stem, a common feature of Celtic place names (such as Brittonic ''Ebor-ak-on'' > ''York''); this observation doesn't take account of the type and position of the names that appear with the ''k-um'' stem , all of them located in the second place of each formula, nor it is able to explain the lack of final ''-m'' in the term ''uiroku'' throughout all of the text.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Delamarre |first=Xavier |date=2015 |title=Affranchis, chevaux sauvages, libérateurs et mercenaires : le mot gaulois pour "libre" |journal=Études celtiques |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=129–144 |doi=10.3406/ecelt.2015.2454}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Koch |first=John T. |title=Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West |publisher=University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies |year=2020 |isbn=9781907029325 |pages=96 |author-link=John T. Koch}}</ref>

[[Blanca María Prósper]] interprets the word ''letontu'' as pertaining to the semantic field of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*pléth₂us'' ('flat, vast, broad').<ref>Villar Liébana, Francisco y Prósper, Blanca María. ''Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos: genes y lenguas''. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. 2005. p. 208. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WO7SyVrSNboC&dq=%22letontu%22+botorrita&pg=PA208]</ref> It is also suggested that ''Toutinokum'' refers to a family name and derives from the widespread Celtic (and Indo-European) stem ''*teut/tout-'' ('people, tribe').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delamarre |first=Xavier |title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental |date=2003 |publisher=Errance |isbn=9782877723695 |edition=2 |pages=295 |orig-year=2001}}</ref><ref>Prósper Perez, Blanca Maria. ''Estudio lingüístico del plomo celtibérico de Iniesta''. Salamanca: . 2007. p. 24. {{ISBN|978-84-7800-365-5}}</ref>

[[Jürgen Untermann]] notes that some of the names may be of Latin origin: ''markos'' (3.43), ''titos'' (2.9), ''lukinos'', ''balakos sekonzos'' (4.18) = Flaccus Secundus, ''sekontios'' (3.16), ''bolora'' = Flora, ''bubilibor'' = Publipor; while others may be of Greek origin: ''antiokos'' (4.13) = Antiochus, ''bilonikos'' (3.28, 3.51) Philonicus, ''tais'' (2.31) Thais. Note that in 3.16, the name Secundus seems to be spelled ''sekontios'', suggesting that the palatalization of medial /d/ to <z> was still in progress.<ref>Untermann, Jürgen (1997): Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften, Wiesbaden.</ref>

In 1.15, ''anu'' may be compared to Gaulish ''Anauus'' "prosperous, wealthy" < Proto-Celtic ''*anawo-'' ‘wealth, profit’ (compare OIr. ''anae'' and Middle Welsh ''anaw'' both ‘wealth’ < Proto-Indo-European ''*h3enh2-'' ‘enjoy, use’; cognates Gr. ''onínēmi'' ‘use’, Go. ''ansts'' ‘mercy, benevolence’). In 1.59 and 3.17, ''branai'' may be compared to Gaulish ''barnaunom'' "judge(-ment)" (?) from Proto-Celtic ''*bar-na-'', whence also Middle Welsh ''barnu'' ‘judge, proclaim.’ The forms not derived from Greek or Latin that have the element ''bil'' in 1.20, 1.40, 3.38, and 4.34 may be derived from Proto-Celtic ''*bel-yo-'' "tree" (whence Old Irish ''bile'' "tree"), seen in the Gaulish place name ''Billio-magus'' (>French ''Billom''), perhaps also seen in reduplicated form in the name of the local town [[Bilbilis (Augusta Bilbilis)|Bilbilis]] "having many trees."<ref>Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s ''Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic'' (Brill, Leiden 2009). Zagreb, December 2011. p.4</ref>

Names with claimed [[Iberian language|Iberian]] elements include ''biurtilaur'' (1.37), ''anieskor'' (4.27), ''bilosban'' (4.34), and ''bartiltun : ekarbilos'' (2.50), ''karbilikum'' (3.39). In 1.55, ''kortikos'' may mean "public," and ''kontusos'' (1.2) may either refer to a group of clients under patronage of someone, or a group of slaves.<ref>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco - de Hoz, Javier - Untermann, Jürgen (1996): El tercer bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca), Zaragoza.</ref>

==Botorrita IV==
Botorrita IV, discovered in 1994, consists of 18 lines on both faces of the plaque.  The text is fragmentary.

:A.1. ''[...]tam:tirikantam:entorkue:toutam[...]''
:A.2. ''[...]:sua kombal[.]z:bouitos:ozeum:[...]''
:A.3. ''[...]i:turuntas:tirikantos:kustai:bize[...]''
:A.4. ''[...]a:karalom:aranti:otenei:ambi[...]''
:A.5. ''[...]kom:atibion:taskue:.a.s[...]''
:A.6. ''[...]kue:usimounei:[...]''
:A.7. ''[...]karalom:ios:lu.e.s[...]''
:A.8. ''[...]oi.u..ti:esta[...]''
:A.9. ''[...]uta:...kue[...]''
:A.10. ''[...]ti.. n.e[...]''
:B.1. ''[...]e .. i[...]''
:B.2. ''[...]atuz:uta:e[...]''
:B.3. ''[...]isum:..ti:[...]''
:B.4. ''[...]olo...:iom:u[...]''
:B.5. ''[...]toke...ta:.ue:tizatuz[...]''
:B.6. ''[...]l..lez.l.toioan[...]''
:B.7. ''[...]toruonti:stoteroi:tas[...]''
:B.8. ''[...]ko..esusiomo..o[...]''

===Notes===
The form ''{{lang|xce|tirikantam}}'' ("territory"? or "(group of) 300"?) at the beginning of Botorrita I reappears in line A.1 here, and as ''{{lang|xce|tirikantos}}'' in A.3; and note ''{{lang|xce|sua kombal[.]z}}'' in A.2 versus ''{{lang|xce|sua kombalkez}}'' in B.I, A.1. The form {{lang|xce|bouitos}} in line 2 is likely from *''g<sup>w</sup>ou-i-tos-s'' "cow path."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 759. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

In A3, ''turuntas'' is probably an -a- stem genitive singular, possibly a place name, or perhaps a form meaning "spring."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 777. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</ref>

The form ''{{lang|xce|karalom}}'' occurs in both A.4 and A.7, and it may refer to the demonym ''Gralliensis'' mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder]]. Also in line A.4, the form {{lang|xce|aranti}} may refer to a town that issues coinage bearing the legends {{lang|xce|aratiz}} and {{lang|xce|aratikos}}, a town name also seen in ''Arandis'' in Lusitania<ref>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco (2002): (Review of F. Villar, Mª. A. Díaz, M. Mª. Medrano y C. Jordán, ''El IV bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca): arqueología y lingüística'', Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 2001, 226 pp.) in ''Palaeohispanica'' (revista sobre lengua y culturas de la Hispania antigua), vol. 2, Zaragoza, pp.&nbsp;381–393. {{ISSN|1578-5386}}.</ref>

In B.4, ''tizatuz'' may be from PIE ''*di-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-tōd'', which would make Gr. τῐ́θέτω "he must put" its exact cognate. In B.7, the form ''stoteroi'' may be from ''*stā-tér-oi'', from the root ''*stā-'' "to be standing, to remain, to be," but here a nominal form in the nominative plural "those standing..."<ref>Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 757
Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 retrieved June 18, 2023</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bayer, Walter (1994) "Zur Inschrift von Botorrita: keltiberisch bintiś, kombalkes, kombalkoŕeś, aleiteś und ikueś". In: ''Etudes Celtiques''. vol. 30 pp.&nbsp;191–203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1994.2040
* Beltrán, A. y A. Tovar (1982) ''Contrebia Belaisca (Botorrita, Zaragoza). I. El bronce con alfabeto ‘ibérico’ de Botorrita,'' Zaragoza.
* Beltrán, A. (19830 “Epigrafía ibérica de Contrebia Belaisca (Botorrita, Zaragoza): inscripciones menores”, en ''Homenaje al prof. Martín Almagro Basch''. III, Madrid, pp.&nbsp;99–107.
* Beltrán Lloris, Francisco (1996): «Useisu aiankum tauro no era bintis. Una nota de lectura sobre la cara B de Botorrita 1», '' La Hispania prerromana'', pp.&nbsp;51–63.
* Beltrán Lloris, Francisco (2002): (Review of F. Villar, Mª. A. Díaz, M. Mª. Medrano y C. Jordán, ''El IV bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca): arqueología y lingüística'', Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 2001, 226 pp.) in ''Palaeohispanica'' (revista sobre lengua y culturas de la Hispania antigua), vol. 2, Zaragoza, pp.&nbsp;381–393. {{ISSN|1578-5386}}.
* Beltrán Lloris, Francisco - [[Javier de Hoz|de Hoz, Javier]] - [[Jürgen Untermann|Untermann, Jürgen]] (1996): ''El tercer bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca)'', Zaragoza.
* Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" ''PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua'' pp.&nbsp;631–690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395
* [[Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel|Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de]]. "Il celtibérico Pi.n.Ti.ś come antico composto indoeuropeo". In: ''Etudes Celtiques''. vol. 32, 1996. pp.&nbsp;117–124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1996.2090
* De Bernardo, Patrizia (2009) "La Gramática Celtibérica Del Primer Bronce De Botorrita: Nuevos Resultados" In ''Acta Palaeohispanica X. Palaeohispanica'' 9  p.&nbsp;694. {{ISSN|1578-5386}}
* Eichner, Heiner (1989) "Damals und heute: Probleme der Erschliessung des Altkentischen zu Zeussens Zeit und in der Gegenwart" in ''Erlanger Gedenkfeier für Johann Kasper Zeuss'' (ed. B. Forssman) Erlangen p.&nbsp;45 ff.
* Eska, Joseph F. (1988) ''Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of Botorrita''University of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452.
*de Hoz, J. and L. Michelena (1974) ''La inscripción celtiberica de Botorrita''; Acta Salmanticensia. Filosofía y letras; 80. Salamanca : Universidad de Salamanca; no:80
* Jordán, Carlos (2004): ''Celtibérico'', Zaragoza.
* Lambert, Pierre-Yves (1996) (review of Beltran, Hoz and Untermann, 1996) ''Études celtiques'' 32  pp.&nbsp;268–274.https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1996_num_32_1_2261_t1_0268_0000_3.
* Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2012) (Review of Prósper, Blanca María  ''El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I''. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6) ) in ''Études celtiques'' 38  pp.&nbsp;301–302.
* Lejeune, Michel (1973) "La grande inscription celtibère de Botorrita", ''Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' pp.&nbsp;622–648. https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1973_num_117_4_12946
* Lejeune, Michel (1990) (Review of Eska, Joseph F. (1988) ''Towards an interpretation of the Hispano-Celtic inscription of Botorrita''University of Toronto (Canada) ProQuest Dissertations Publishing NL43452.) ''Études celtiques'' 27  pp.&nbsp;380–381.
* Meid, Wolfgang (1993) ''Die erste Botorrita-Inschrift: Interpretation eines keltiberischen Sprachdenkmals''. Institut für Sprachwissenschaften der Universität, Innsbruck  (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; Band 76).
* Prósper, Blanca María  ''El bronce celtibérico de Botorrita I''. Pisa-Roma, Fabrizio Serra editore, 2008 (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione, 6)
* Richardson, J. S. (1983) "The Tabula Contrebiensis: Roman Law in Spain in the Early First Century B.C." ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', Vol. 73, pp.&nbsp;33–41 https://doi.org/10.2307/300071.
* Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco. "Propuestas para la interpretación de Botorrita I". In: ''Emerita: Revista de lingüística y filología clásica''. Vol. 63. Nº 1. 1995. pags. 1-16. {{ISSN|0013-6662}} [http://hdl.handle.net/10261/27371]
* Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco. "Sobre Botorrita IV". In: ''Emerita. Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica (EM)''. LXX. Vol. 1. 2002. pp.&nbsp;1–8.
* Schmidt, Karl Horst (Jan 1, 1992) (Review of Eska) ''Indogermanische Forschungen''; Strassburg Vol. 97 pp.&nbsp;236–242.
* Simón Cornago, Ignacio. "Note de lecture sur une brève inscription de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca)." In: ''Etudes Celtiques'', vol. 41, 2015. pp.&nbsp;59–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2015.2449
* Stifter, David (2001): "Neues vom Keltiberischen: Notizen zu Botorrita IV", ''Die Sprache'' (Sonderheft): ''Chronicalia Indoeuropaea'' 38/3 [1996], pp.&nbsp;89–110.
* Stifter, David (2006): "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology 2", ''Palaeohispanica'' 6, pp.&nbsp;237–245.
* [[Jürgen Untermann|Untermann, Jürgen]] (1997): ''Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften'', Wiesbaden.
* Velaza, Javier (1999): «Balance actual de la onomástica personal celtibérica», ''Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana'', pp.&nbsp;663–683.
* Villar, Francisco - Díaz, Mª Antonia - Medrano, Manuel Mª - Jordán, Carlos (2001): ''El IV bronce de Botorrita (Contrebia Belaisca): arqueología y lingüística'', Salamanca.
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Botorrita Plaque}}
[[Category:Paleohispanic languages]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Spain]]
[[Category:Celtiberian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Bronze objects]]
[[Category:Province of Zaragoza]]
[[Category:History of Aragon]]
[[Category:20th-century archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Latin inscriptions]]
[[Category:2nd century BC in Hispania]]