Editing Bound and free morphemes

{{Short description|Types of morphemes}}
In [[linguistics]], a '''bound morpheme''' is a [[morpheme]] (the elementary unit of morphosyntax) that can appear only as part of a larger expression, while a '''free morpheme''' (or '''unbound morpheme''') is one that can stand alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kroeger|first=Paul|title=Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-01653-7|pages=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSglHbBaNyAC}}</ref> A bound morpheme is a type of '''bound form''', and a free morpheme is a type of '''free form'''.<ref>Elson and Pickett, ''Beginning Morphology and Syntax'', SIL, 1968, {{ISBN|0-88312-925-6}}, p6: "Morphemes which '''may''' occur alone are called '''free forms'''; morphemes which '''never''' occur alone are called '''bound forms'''."</ref>

==Occurrence in isolation==
A form is a free form if it can occur in isolation as a complete utterance, e.g. ''Johnny is running'', or ''Johnny'', or ''running'' (this can occur as the answer to a question such as ''What is he doing?'').<ref>Bloomfield (1933: §10.1)</ref> A form that cannot occur in isolation is a bound form, e.g. ''-y'', ''is'', and ''-ing'' (in ''Johnny is running''). Non-occurrence in isolation is given as the primary criterion for boundness in most linguistics textbooks.<ref>Haspelmath (2021: §4)</ref>

==Roots and affixes==

[[Affix]]es are bound by definition.<ref>Haspelmath (2021: §4)</ref> [[English language]] affixes are almost exclusively [[prefix]]es or [[suffix]]es: ''pre-'' in "precaution" and ''-ment'' in "shipment". Affixes may be [[inflectional]], indicating how a certain word relates to other words in a larger phrase, or [[derivation (linguistics)|derivational]], changing either the [[part of speech]] or the actual meaning of a word.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cs.indiana.edu/~gasser/L503/morphology.html|title=L503: Morphology|website=cs.indiana.edu|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>{{dead link|date=February 2025}} 

Most [[root (linguistics)|root]]s in English are free morphemes (e.g. ''examin-'' in ''examination'', which can occur in isolation: ''examine''), but others are bound (e.g. ''bio-'' in ''biology'').  Words like ''chairman'' that contain two free morphemes (''chair'' and ''man'') are referred to as [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] words.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.education.vic.gov.au:443/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/readingviewing/Pages/litfocuswordmorph.aspx|title=Word morphology|website=www.education.vic.gov.au|language=en|access-date=2019-12-10}}</ref>

[[Cranberry morpheme]]s are a special form of bound morpheme whose independent meaning has been displaced and serves only to distinguish one word from another, like in ''cranberry,'' in which the free morpheme ''berry'' is preceded by the bound morpheme ''cran-,'' meaning "crane" from the earlier name for the berry, "crane berry".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Concise Oxford English Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.)|last=Matthews|first=P.H.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780191753060}}</ref>

An empty morpheme is a special type of bound morpheme with no inherent meaning. Empty morphemes change the phonetics of a word but offer no semantic value to the word as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://languagelinguistics.com/2014/06/19/empty-morphemes-in-linguistics/|title=Empty Morphemes in Linguistics|last=Khullar|first=Payal|date=2014-06-19|website=LanguageLinguistics|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-04}}</ref>

Examples:
{| class="wikitable"
|+Factual
!Morpheme
!Morpheme Form
!Morpheme Meaning
|-
|fact-
|Free Morpheme
|An idea or concept, usually proven true with supporting evidence, that has been socially accepted.
|-
|'''-u-'''
|'''Bound Morpheme'''
|'''No meaning.   (Empty Morpheme)'''
|-
| -al
|Bound Morpheme
|A type of, pertaining to, related to, etc. Creates an adjective form of the noun it supplements.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sensual
!Morpheme
!Morpheme Form
!Morpheme Meaning
|-
|sens(e-ø)-
|Free Morpheme
|A body's perception of external stimulus.
|-
|'''-u-'''
|'''Bound Morpheme'''
|'''No meaning.   (Empty Morpheme)'''
|-
| -al
|Bound Morpheme
|A kind of, pertaining to, related to, etc. Creates an adjective form of the noun it supplements.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Speedometer
!Morpheme
!Morpheme Form
!Morpheme Meaning
|-
|speed-
|Free Morpheme
|The rate which an object covers distance.
|-
|'''-o-'''
|'''Bound Morpheme'''
|'''No meaning.  (Empty Morpheme)'''
|-
| -meter
|Free Morpheme
|A measurement device.
|}
<br />

==Word formation==

{{contradictory|date=April 2025}}
Words can be formed purely from bound morphemes, as in English ''permit,'' ultimately from [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|[[wikt:per#Latin|per]]}} "through" + {{Lang|la|[[wikt:mitto#Latin|mittō]]}} "I send", where ''per-'' and ''-mit'' are bound morphemes in English. However, they are often thought of as simply a single morpheme. Per is not a bound morpheme; a bound morpheme, by definition, cannot stand alone as a word. Per is a standalone word as seen in the sentence, "I go to the gym twice per day."

A similar example is given in [[Chinese language|Chinese]]; most of its morphemes are monosyllabic and identified with a [[Chinese character]] because of the largely [[morphosyllabic]] script, but disyllabic words exist that cannot be analyzed into independent morphemes, such as 蝴蝶 ''húdié'' 'butterfly'. Then, the individual syllables and corresponding characters are used only in that word, and while they can be interpreted as bound morphemes 蝴 ''hú-'' and 蝶 ''-dié,'' it is more commonly considered a single disyllabic morpheme. See [[polysyllabic Chinese morpheme]]s for further discussion.

Linguists usually distinguish between [[productivity (linguistics)|productive]] and unproductive forms when speaking about morphemes. For example, the morpheme ''ten-'' in ''tenant'' was originally derived from the Latin word {{Lang|la|tenere}}, "to hold", and the same basic meaning is seen in such words as "tenable" and "intention." But as ''ten-'' is not used in English to form new words, most linguists would not consider it to be a morpheme at all.

==Analytic and synthetic languages==

A language with a very low morpheme-to-word ratio is an [[isolating language]]. Because such a language uses few bound morphemes, it expresses most grammatical relationships by [[word order]] or helper words, so it is an [[analytic language]].

In contrast, a language that uses a substantial number of bound morphemes to express grammatical relationships is a [[synthetic language]].

==See also==
*[[Fixed expression]]
*[[Fossil word]]
*[[Unpaired word]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Morphemes|Morpheme]]