Editing Boxer Protocol

{{Short description|1901 post-Boxer Rebellion peace treaty}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox Treaty
|name = Boxer Protocol
|long_name = China and the 11 countries' final agreement on compensation for the 1900 turmoil
|image = Chinaboxerprotocolsignature.png
|image_width = 250px
|caption = Signature page of representatives of various countries on the Boxer Protocol settlement
|type = [[Protocol (diplomacy)|Diplomatic protocol]], [[unequal treaty]]
|date_drafted =
|date_signed = September 7, 1901 (July 25th, Year [[Guangxu]] 27) (Chinese: 光緒)
|location_signed = Spanish Embassy in [[Beijing]]
|date_sealed =
|date_effective =
|condition_effective =
|date_expiration =
|signatories = 
* {{flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Li Hongzhang]]
* {{flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Yikuang]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Bernardo Cólogan y Cólogan|Bernardo Cólogan]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Ernest Mason Satow]]
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers]]
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Komura Jutarō]]
* {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Paul Beau|Jean Baptiste Paul Beau]]
* {{flagicon|USA|1891}} [[William Woodville Rockhill]]
* {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein]]
* {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Moritz Czikann von Wahlborn|Moritz Freiherr Czikann von Wahlborn]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Giuseppe Salvago Raggi]]
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Maurice Joostens]]
* {{ Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Fridolin Marinus Knobel]]
|parties = 
* {{flagicon|Qing Dynasty}} [[Qing Empire|China]]
* {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Russian Empire|Russia]]
* {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire|Germany]]
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French Third Republic|France]]
* {{flagicon|USA|1891}} [[United States]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
* {{flagicon|Austria-Hungary}} [[Austria-Hungarian|Austria-Hungary]]
* {{flagicon |Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]]
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|ratifiers =
|depositor = [[National Palace Museum]], [[Taipei City]]
|language  = [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[French language|French]] (The agreement is based on French)
| wikisource          = Boxer Protocol
}}
{{Chinese
|t=1. 辛丑條約<br />2. 辛丑各國和約<br />3. 北京議定書
|s=1. 辛丑条约<br />2. 辛丑各国和约<br />3. 北京议定书
|w=1. Hsin<sup>1</sup>-ch'ou<sup>3</sup> T'iao<sup>2</sup>-yüeh<sup>1</sup>
|j=1. san1 fu2 tiu4 joek3<br />2. san1 cau2 gok3 gwok3 wo4 joek3<br />3. bak1 ging1 ji6 ding6 syu1
|p=1. xīnchǒu tiáoyuē<br />2. xīnchǒu gè guó héyuē<br />3. běijīng yìdìngshū
|l=1. Xinchou (year 1901) treaty<br />2. Xinchou (year 1901) all-nation peace treaty<br />3. Beijing protocol}}
{{Campaignbox Boxer Rebellion}}
The '''Boxer Protocol''' was a [[Protocol (diplomacy)|diplomatic protocol]]<ref>{{Cite book|title = Dynastic China: An Elementary History|author = Koon San Tan|year = 2014|isbn = 9789839541885|page = 445}}</ref> signed in China's capital [[Beijing]] on September 7, 1901, between the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]] of China and the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] that had provided military forces (including France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, and the United States) as well as Belgium, Spain, and the Netherlands, after China's defeat in the intervention to put down the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. The protocol is regarded as one of China's [[unequal treaty|unequal treaties]].
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Name ==
The 1901 protocol is commonly known as the '''Boxer Protocol''' or '''Peace Agreement between the Great Powers and China''' in English. It is known as the '''Xinchou Treaty'''<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Cheng |first=Wenting |title=China in Global Governance of Intellectual Property: Implications for Global Distributive Justice |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-3-031-24369-1 |series=Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies series}}</ref>{{Rp|page=16}} or Beijing protocol in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], where "Xinchou" refers to the year (1901) of signature under the [[sexagenary cycle]] system. The full English name of the protocol is '''Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, United States and China – Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900''', reflecting its nature as a [[Protocol (diplomacy)|diplomatic protocol]] rather than a [[peace treaty]] at the time of signature.

== Negotiations during the Boxer Rebellion ==
The Qing dynasty was by no means completely defeated when the Allies took control of the capital [[Beijing]]. The Allies had to temper the demands they sent in a message to Xi'an to get the [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] to agree with them; for instance, China did not have to give up any land. Many of the Dowager Empress' advisers in the Imperial Court insisted that the war continue against the foreigners, arguing that China could defeat them since it was the disloyal and traitorous people within China who allowed Beijing and Tianjin to be captured by the Allies, and the interior of China was impenetrable. The Dowager was practical and decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce and stop the war when she was assured of her continued reign.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxKQejMtlMC&pg=PA312|title=The Boxer Rebellion: the dramatic story of China's war on foreigners that shook the world in the summer of 1900|first=Diana|last=Preston|year=2000|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location= US |page=312|isbn=9780802713612| access-date=March 4, 2011}}</ref>

== Signatories ==
The Boxer Protocol was signed on September 7, 1901, in the Spanish Legation in Beijing. Signatories included:<ref name=Espana>{{cite journal |last1=Cologan y Gonzalez-Massieu |first1=Jorge |title=El papel de Espana en la Revolucion de los Boxers de 1900: Un capitulo olvidado en la historia de las relaciones diplomaticas |journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia |date=2008 |volume=205 |issue=3 |page=493 |publisher=La Academia |language=es |oclc=423747062}}</ref>

=== Foreign powers ===
*[[File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg|23px|border]] [[Spain under the Restoration|Kingdom of Spain]], represented by the Minister [[plenipotentiary]] Bernardo J. de Cólogan y Cólogan, the Doyen of the Diplomatic Corps and the eldest diplomat of the Foreign Compound in Beijing.<ref name=Espana />
*[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|23px|border]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary [[Ernest Mason Satow]].
*[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|23px|border]] [[Russian Empire]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary [[Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers]].
*[[File:Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg|23px|border]] [[Empire of Japan]], represented by the Minister for Foreign Affairs [[Komura Jutarō]].
*[[File:Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg|23px|border]] [[French Third Republic|French Republic]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary Paul Beau.
*[[File:US flag 44 stars.svg|border|23px]] [[United States of America]], represented by the Special envoy [[William Woodville Rockhill]].
*[[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg|23px|border]] [[German Empire]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary [[Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein]].
*[[File:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg|23px|border]] [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary Baron Moritz Czikann von Wahlborn.
*[[File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg|23px|border]] [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary [[Giuseppe Salvago Raggi]].
*[[File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|23px|border]] [[Belgium|Kingdom of Belgium]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary [[Maurice Joostens]].
*[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|23px|border]] [[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]], represented by the Minister plenipotentiary [[Fridolin Marinus Knobel]].

and

*[[File:China Qing Dynasty Flag 1889.svg|23px|border]] [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]], represented by:
**[[Li Hongzhang]], Earl of the First Rank Su-i, Tutor of the Heir Apparent, Grand Secretary of the Wen Hua Tien, Minister of Commerce, Superintendent of the Northern Ports, and [[Viceroy of Zhili]].
**[[Yikuang]], [[Prince Qing]], first Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet.
<table align="center" border="0">
<tr>
<td>[[File:Signing of Boxer Protocol at Peking, 1901 (western side).jpg|upright=2.25|thumb|West Council Signing of Boxer Protocol at Peking, China c. 1901]]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[File:Signing of Boxer Protocol at Peking, 1901 (Chinese side).jpg|upright=2.25|thumb|China Council Signing of Boxer Protocol at Peking, China c. 1901]]</td>
</tr>
</table>

== The clauses ==
[[File:《辛丑条约》签字时的情景.jpg|thumb|250px|Signing of the Boxer Protocol. Left, from left to right: F.M Knobel from Netherlands (only see his hands); K. Jutaro from Japan; G. S. Raggi from Italy; Joostens from Belgium; C. von Walhborn from Austria-Hungary; B. J. Cologán from Spain; M. von Giers from Russia; A. Mumm for German Empire; E. M. Satow from Britain; W. W. Rockhill from US; P. Beau from France; Lian Fang; Li Hongzhang; Prince Qing]]
[[File:Within historic grounds of the Forbidden City in Pekin, China, on November 28 celebrated the victory of the Allies., ca. - NARA - 532582.jpg|thumb|250px|The Eight-Nation Alliance during a celebration ceremony inside the [[Forbidden City]] after the signing of the Boxer Protocol. Immediately identifiable flags in picture: {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French Third Republic|France]], {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German Empire|Germany]], {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], 1901.]]

450&nbsp;million [[tael]]s of fine silver (around 18,000 tonnes, worth approx. [[USD|US$]]333&nbsp;million or [[Pound sterling|£]]67&nbsp;million at the [[exchange rate]]s of the time) were to be paid as [[indemnity]] over 39 years to the eight nations involved.<ref name="spence">{{cite book |last1=Spence |first1=Jonathan D. |author-link=Jonathan Spence |title=[[The Search for Modern China]] |date=1991 |publisher=Norton |location=New York |isbn=0393307808 |edition=1st pbk.}}</ref>

The Chinese paid the indemnity in gold on a rising scale with a 4% [[interest|interest charge]] until the debt was [[Amortizing loan|amortized]] on December 31, 1940. After 39 years, the amount was almost 1&nbsp;billion taels (precisely 982,238,150),<ref name="spence" /> or ≈{{convert|1180000000|ozt|t|abbr=off}} at 1.2 ozt/tael.

The sum was to be distributed as follows: Russia 28.97%, Germany 20.02%, France 15.75%, Britain 11.25%, Japan 7.73%, United States 7.32%, Italy 7.32%, Belgium 1.89%, Austria-Hungary 0.89%, Netherlands 0.17%, Spain 0.03%, Portugal 0.02%, Sweden and Norway 0.01%.<ref>{{cite book |publisher = M.E. Sharpe |title = A History of Modern Shanghai Banking |ol=8054799M |last = Ji |first=Zhaojin |date = March 2003 |isbn=9780765610027|page=75}}</ref><!-- Also, additional 16,886,708 taels were paid locally in 17 provinces. By 1938, 652.37&nbsp;million taels had been paid {{full|date=September 2018}}{{Dubious|reason=More than original, and loans were forgiven|date=July 2017}}. -->

=== Other clauses included ===
* To prohibit the importation of arms and ammunition, as well as materials for the production of arms or ammunition, for two years, extensible further two years as the Powers saw necessary.
* The destruction of [[Taku Forts]].<ref name="Sondhaus">{{cite book |last1=Sondhaus |first1=Lawrence |title=Naval warfare, 1815–1914 |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9780415214773}}</ref>
* [[Peking Legation Quarter|Legation Quarters]] occupied by the Powers shall be considered a special area reserved for their use under the exclusive control, in which Chinese shall not have the right to reside and may be defensible. China recognized the right of each Power to maintain a permanent guard in the said Quarters for the defense of its Legation.
* Boxers and government officials were to be punished for crimes or attempted crimes against foreign governments or their nationals. Many were sentenced to execution, deported to [[Xinjiang under Qing rule|Xinjiang]], imprisoned for life, forced to commit suicide, or suffered posthumous degradation.
* The "Office in Charge of Affairs of All Nations" (''[[Zongli Yamen]]'') was replaced with a Foreign Office, which ranked above the other six boards in the government.
* The Chinese government was to prohibit forever, under pain of death, membership in any anti-foreign society, civil service examinations were to be suspended for five years in all areas where foreigners were massacred or subjected to cruel treatment, and provincial and local officials would personally be held responsible for any new anti-foreign incidents.
* The [[emperor of China]] was to convey his regrets to the [[German emperor]] for the assassination of [[Klemens von Ketteler|Baron von Ketteler]].
* The emperor of China was to appoint Na't'ung to be his [[envoy extraordinary]] and direct him to also convey to the [[emperor of Japan]] his expression of regrets and that of his government at the assassination of Mr. Sugiyama.
* The Chinese government would have to erect on the spot of the assassination of Baron von Ketteler a commemorative arch inscribed in [[Latin]], German, and Chinese.
* Concede the right to the Powers to station troops in the following places:<ref>Pamphlets on the Chinese-Japanese War, 1939–1945. [Published 1937]
Sino-Japanese Conflict, 1937–45. Digitized May 30, 2007. No ISBN.</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Traditional Chinese
! Simplified Chinese
! Pinyin
! Transliterated names from early text using a system that pre-dates Pinyin
|-
| 黃村 || 黄村 || [[Huangcun]] || Huang-tsun
|-
| 郎坊（廊坊） || 郎坊(廊坊) || [[Langfang]] || Lang-fang
|-
| 楊村 || 杨村 || [[Yangcun]] || Yang-tsun
|-
| 天津 || 天津 || [[Tianjin]] || Tien-tsin
|-
| 軍糧城 || 军粮城 || [[Junliangcheng]] || Chun-liang-Cheng
|-
| 塘沽 || 塘沽 || [[Tanggu District|Tanggu]] || Tong-ku
|-
| 蘆臺 || 芦台 || [[Lutai]] || Lu-tai
|-
| 唐山 || 唐山 || [[Tangshan]] || Tong-shan
|-
| 灤州 || 滦州 || [[Luanzhou]] || Lan-chou
|-
| 昌黎 || 昌黎 || [[Changli]] || Chang-li
|-
| 秦皇島 || 秦皇岛 || [[Qinhuangdao]] || Chin-wang Tao
|-
| 山海關 || 山海关 || [[Shanhaiguan District|Shanhaiguan]] || Shan-hai Kuan
|}

== Hoax demands ==
The French Catholic vicar apostolic, Msgr. Alfons Bermyn, wanted foreign troops garrisoned in [[Christianity in Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]], but the governor refused. Bermyn resorted to lies and falsely petitioned the Manchu [[Enming]] to send troops to [[Hetao]], where Prince Duan's Mongol troops and General Dong Fuxiang's Muslim troops allegedly threatened Catholics. It turned out that Bermyn had created the incident as a hoax.<ref name="Ann Heylen 2004 203">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSl5cl_wt24C&q=ma+fuxiang+gelaohui&pg=PA203|title=Chronique du Toumet-Ortos: looking through the lens of Joseph Van Oost, missionary in Inner Mongolia (1915–1921)|author=Ann Heylen|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven, Belgium|page=203|isbn=90-5867-418-5|access-date=June 28, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2japTNPRNAC&q=prince+mongol+general+whole+affair+hoax+catholic&pg=PA539|title=Han-Mongol encounters and missionary endeavors: a history of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911|author=Patrick Taveirne|year=2004|publisher=Leuven University Press|location=Leuven, Belgium|page=539|isbn=90-5867-365-0|access-date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> One of the false reports claimed that Dong Fuxiang wiped out Belgian missionaries in Mongolia and was going to massacre Catholics in Taiyuan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fire and sword in Shansi: the story of the martyrdom of foreigners and Chinese Christians |first=E. H. |last= Edwards |year=1903 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fireswordinshans00edwauoft/page/167 167] |publisher = Revell |location = New York |ol= 13518958M |url=https://archive.org/details/fireswordinshans00edwauoft}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The I. G. in Peking: Letters of Robert Hart, Chinese Maritime Customs, 1868–1907|first1=Robert|last1=Hart|first2=James Duncan|last2=Campbell|editor1-first=John King|editor1-last=Fairbank|editor2-first=Katherine Frost|editor2-last=Bruner|editor3-first=Elizabeth MacLeod|editor3-last=Matheson|year=1975|publisher=Harvard University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZybVIprRUMC&pg=PA1271|page=1271|isbn=0674443209|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>

== Demands rejected by China ==
The Qing did not capitulate to all foreign demands. The Manchu Governor [[Yuxian (Qing dynasty)|Yuxian]] was executed, but the Imperial court refused to execute the Chinese General [[Dong Fuxiang]], although both were anti-foreign and had been accused of encouraging the killing of foreigners during the rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40WRdm1LstQC&q=doing+fuxiang+russian&pg=PA98|title=Beijing: a concise history|author=Stephen G. Haw|author-link=Stephen G. Haw|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|page=98|isbn=978-0-415-39906-7|access-date=June 28, 2010}}</ref> Instead, General Dong Fuxiang lived a life of luxury and power in "exile" in his home province of Gansu.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia  |title=Encyclopædia of religion and ethics |volume=8 |editor1-last=Hastings |editor1-first=James |editor2-last=Selbie |editor2-first=John Alexander |editor3-last=Gray |editor3-first=Louis Herbert |year=1915 |publisher=T. & T. Clark |page=894 |url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofr08hastuoft |location=Edinburgh |oclc = 3065458}}</ref><ref name="M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck 1993 850">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&q=ma+fu-hsiang&pg=PA850|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936|author=M. Th. Houtsma, A. J. Wensinck|year=1993|publisher=Stanford Brill|page=850|isbn=90-04-09796-1|access-date=June 28, 2010}}</ref>

In addition to sparing Dong Fuxiang, the Qing refused to exile the Boxer supporter Prince [[Zaiyi]] to Xinjiang, as the foreigners demanded. Instead, he moved to Alashan, west of [[Ningxia]], and lived in the residence of the local Mongol prince. He then moved to Ningxia during the [[Xinhai Revolution]] when the Muslims took control of Ningxia, and finally moved to Xinjiang with Sheng Yun.<ref>{{cite book |last=Teichman |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Teichman |url=https://archive.org/stream/travelsofconsula00teic#page/188/mode/2up |title=Travels of a Consular Officer In North-West China |publisher=CUP Archive |location=Cambridge |page=188 |ol=14046010M |date=1921 |oclc=2585746}}</ref>
Prince Duan "went no farther than Manchuria for exile, and was heard of there in 1908".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Boxer Rebellion: A Political and Diplomatic Review |first=Paul Henry |last=Clements |year=1915 |publisher=Columbia University |page=[https://archive.org/details/boxerrebellionpo00clem/page/201 201] |url=https://archive.org/details/boxerrebellionpo00clem |ol=24661390M }}</ref>

== Spending and remittance ==
On December 28, 1908, the United States remitted $11,961,121.76 of its share of the Indemnity to support the [[Boxer Indemnity Scholarship Program|education of Chinese students in the United States]] and the construction of [[Qinghua University|Tsinghua University]] in Beijing,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elleman|first1=Bruce A.|title=Diplomacy and deception : the secret history of Sino-Soviet diplomatic relations, 1917–1927|date=1998|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=Armonk (N.Y.)|isbn=0765601435|page=144}}</ref> thanks to the efforts of the Chinese ambassador [[Liang Cheng]].<ref name="culturalchina">{{cite web | url=http://history.cultural-china.com/en/47History11546.html | title=Liang Cheng, The "Diplomatic Hero" | work=Cultural China | publisher=Shanghai News and Press Bureau | access-date=November 22, 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023161302/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/47History11546.html | archive-date=October 23, 2012 | df=mdy-all }}</ref>

When China declared war on Germany and Austria in 1917, it suspended the combined German and Austrian share of the Boxer Indemnity, which totaled 20.91 percent. At the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], Beijing succeeded in completely revoking the German and Austrian shares of the Boxer Indemnity.<ref>{{harvnb|Elleman|1998|p=145}}</ref>

The history surrounding Russia's share of the Boxer Indemnity is the most complex of all the nations involved. On December 2, 1918, the Bolsheviks issued an official decree abolishing Russia's share of the Indemnity (146). Upon the arrival of [[Lev Karakhan]] in Beijing during the fall of 1923, however, it became clear that the [[Soviet Union]] expected to retain control over how the Russian share was to be spent. Though Karakhan was initially hesitant to follow the United States' example of directing the funds toward education, he soon insisted in private that the Russian share had to be used for that purpose and, during February 1924, presented a proposal stating that the "Soviet portion of the Boxer Indemnity would be allocated to Chinese educational institutions."<ref>{{harvnb|Elleman|1998|p=147}}</ref> On March 14, 1924, Karakhan completed a draft Sino-Soviet agreement stating, "The government of the USSR agrees to renounce the Russian portion of the Boxer Indemnity." Copies of these terms were published in the Chinese press, and the positive public reaction encouraged other countries to match the USSR's terms. On May 21, 1924, the U.S. Congress agreed to remit the final $6,137,552.90 of the American share to China. Ten days later, however, it became apparent that the USSR did not intend to carry through on its earlier promise of full renunciation. When the final Sino-Soviet agreement was announced, it specified that Russia's share would be used to promote education in China and that the Soviet government would retain control over how the money was to be used, an exact parallel to the U.S. remittance of 1908.<ref>{{harvnb|Elleman|1998|p=148}}</ref>

On March 3, 1925, Great Britain completed arrangements to use its share of the Boxer Indemnity to support railway construction in China. On April 12, France asked that its indemnity be used to reopen a defunct Sino-French Bank. Italy signed an agreement on October 1 to spend its share on the construction of steel bridges. The Netherlands' share paid for harbor and land reclamation. The Netherlands also used its indemnity for the establishment of the Sinological Institute at [[Leiden University]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Idema|first1=Wilt|title=Chinese Studies in the Netherlands: Past, Present and Future|date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-26312-3|page=77}}</ref> The Belgian funds were earmarked to be spent on railway material in Belgium. Finally, Japan's indemnity was transferred to develop aviation in China under Japanese oversight.<ref>{{harvnb|Elleman|1998|p=154}}</ref> Once these countries' approximately 40 percent of the Boxer Indemnity was added to Germany's and Austria's combined 20.9 percent, the United States' 7.3 percent, and the Soviet Union's 29.0 percent share, the Beijing government had accounted for over 98 percent of the entire Boxer Indemnity. Hence, by 1927, Beijing had almost entirely revoked Boxer Indemnity payments abroad and successfully redirected the payments for use within China.<ref>{{harvnb|Elleman|1998|p=155}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[China Relief Expedition]]
* [[Boxer Rebellion]]
* [[Mutual Protection of Southeast China]]
* [[Beijing Legation Quarter]]
* [[Imperial decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol]]
* [[China Consortium]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Boxer Protocol}}
* [http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E4%B8%91%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84 Wikisource Xinchou treaty] {{in lang|zh}}
* [http://www.100jia.net/china1900/ereignisse/boxerprotokoll.htm Text of Boxer Protocol, Peking 7. September 1901]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060514183720/http://www.thecorner.org/hist/china/boxer.htm The Corner.org boxer protocol]

{{Sino-Russian treaties}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}

[[Category:Boxer Protocol| ]]
[[Category:1901 in China]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1901]]
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[[Category:Unequal treaties]]
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[[Category:Peace treaties of China]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Germany]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Treaties of the German Empire]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria-Hungary]]
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