Editing British sitcom

{{Short description|British television situation comedy}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
A '''British [[sitcom]]''' or a '''Britcom''' is a situational comedy programme produced for [[Television in the United Kingdom|British television]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Definition of Britcom |url= https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/britcom |access-date=30 December 2021 |website=Lexico Dictionaries |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211127145409/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/britcom |archive-date=27 November 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

British sitcoms have predominantly been recorded on studio sets, while some include an element of location filming. Live audiences and multi-cameras were first used in the US by [[Desi Arnaz]] and [[Lucille Ball]] for their American show ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' in 1951 and the system was adopted in the UK.<ref name = "RTS"/> Several are made almost entirely on location (for example, ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'') and shown to a studio audience prior to final post-production to record genuine laughter. In contrast to the American team writing system, [[Galton and Simpson|Ray Galton and Alan Simpson]]'s huge successes were of such quality that they became the paradigm for British sitcom writing.<ref name="BFI1">{{cite web |last1=Wickham |first1=Phil |author-link=Phil Wickham |title=Sitcom |url= http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/445368/index.html |website=screenonline |publisher=British Film Institute |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

By the time the television set had become a common part of home furnishing, sitcoms were significant expressions of everyday life and were often a window on the times of enormous social changes in the British class system and its conflicts and prejudices.<ref name="BFI1"/> The period from 1970 to 1979 in particular is often considered the 'Golden Age' of British sitcom.<ref name="BFI1"/> Since the turn of the century however, many are filmed on a single-camera set-up or entirely on location, with no studio screening or laugh track, such as ''[[The Royle Family]]'' (1998–2000, 2006–2012), and ''[[PhoneShop]]'' (2009–2013).<ref name="BFI1"/>

A subset of British comedy consciously avoids traditional situation comedy themes, storylines, and home settings to focus on more unusual topics or narrative methods. ''[[Blackadder]]'' (1983–1989) and ''[[Yes Minister]]'' (1980–1988, 2013) moved what is often a domestic or workplace genre into the corridors of power.<ref name="SAJ">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37167744 |title=Yes Minister writer Sir Antony Jay dies at 86 |date=24 August 2016 |work=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> A later development was the [[mockumentary]] genre exemplified by series such as ''[[The Office (British TV series)|The Office]]'' (2001–2003), which also heralded the modern trend of the single-camera sitcom dispensing with live audiences.

A 2004 poll by the BBC, ITV, and Channel 4 in the 12-episode documentary series ''[[Britain's Best Sitcom]]'', produced a list topped by traditional sitcoms with ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'' holding the first place, and included favourites such as [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft's]] ''[[Dad's Army]]'', ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'', and ''[[Hi-de-Hi!]]''.<ref name = "RTS"/> It was not until ''[[The Royle Family]]'' (1998–2000) in place 19 that a show without a live studio audience was featured.<ref name = "RTS">{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Tim |work=The Independent |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-return-of-the-sitcom-2201279.html |access-date=7 August 2024 |title=The return of the sitcom |location= London |date=2 February 2011}}</ref>

British Christmas TV programming has a long-standing tradition of heavily featuring comedy and sitcoms in the schedules, often with episodes that capture holiday spirit, and sometimes emotional moments. In her review in ''The Guardian'' of the 2024 ''Gavin & Stacey'' grand finale Rachel Aroesti states "...our greatest sitcoms tend to bow out at their peak, but the festive revival traditionally comes to the rescue, extending the lifespans of iconic shows such as ''The Royle Family'' and ''Only Fools and Horses'' by a decade or more. If there’s still any doubt, Gavin & Stacey (which ostensibly concluded in 2024) belongs firmly in the same modern classic category."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aroesti |first1=Rachel |title=Gavin & Stacey: The Finale review – you will be forcibly moved to tears |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/dec/25/gavin-stacey-the-finale-review-you-will-be-forcibly-moved-to-tears |access-date=28 December 2024 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited |date=25 December 2024}}</ref> The 2024 Gavin & Stacey Christmas Day special, serving as the grand finale, peaked the ratings and further solidifies Britcom's legacy as a staple of British festive television.<ref name="bbc3"/>

On a suggestion to [[Miranda Hart]] by sitcom writer Abigail Wilson, who collaborated with comedy actors [[Dawn French]] (''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'' 1994–2000) and [[Jennifer Saunders]] (''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' 1992–1995),<ref>{{cite web |title=Abigail Wilson |url= https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/abigail_wilson/ |work=British Comedy Guide |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> the 2009 ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'' series staged a highly successful comeback for the 'old school' 20th century concept of sitcoms with live audiences and multiple cameras.<ref name="TT">{{cite news |last1=Maxwell |first1=Dominic |work=[[The Times]] |location= London |url= https://www.thetimes.com/article/miranda-hart-stands-head-and-shoulders-above-the-rest-wctrpc8f0f3 |access-date=7 August 2024 |title= Miranda Hart stands head and shoulders above the rest |date=12 November 2009}}</ref>

{{Blockquote
|text=As a race, the British have one peculiarity that sets them apart from the rest of mankind: that extraordinary sense of humour; their ability to laugh at others, to laugh at the sublime ''and'' the ridiculous, to laugh at disaster and triumph, to be indifferent to the subject of the joke but to seek and find humour in everything..
|author=[[Barry Took|Took, Barry]]
|title=(1976)
|source=<ref name="AAA"/>
}}

Writing for the [[British Film Institute]], Phil Wickham, film and TV critic and author of several books about British TV, concludes:

{{Blockquote
|text=Sitcoms have had an important influence on British life in the last 40 years. They have made us think about ourselves by making us laugh at our own absurdity. Good sitcoms are a kind of virtual reality - they reflect the rhythms of everyday life, the pain of the human condition and, of course, the joy of laughter.<ref name="BFI1"/>
}}

==Early years==
{{see also|Category:1950s British sitcoms}}
===Beginnings===

The origins of British TV sitcoms trace back to radio comedies of the 1940s and 1950s like ''Hancock's Half Hour'', which aired on BBC Radio in 1954, British TV sitcoms were initially inspired by American comedy formats, but they quickly developed their own style that highlighted dry wit, social satire, and the nuances of British life.<ref name = "RTS"/>  Early shows of the 1950s often featured archetypal British characters such as the staff and pupils in ''Whack-O!'' and the various facets portrayed in ''Hancock's Half Hour'', and set the stage for what would become the British TV sitcom genre. They were set in post [[World War II]] working-class or domestic environments, highlighting issues of class, family dynamics, and British culture, while ''The Army Game'', ITV's first sitcom, parodied the life of army conscripts during the last years of the [[Conscription_in_the_United_Kingdom#After_1945|National Service]] which ended in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1272 |title=What was National Service? |last=Imperial War Museum |author-link=Imperial War Museum |website=archive.iwm.org.UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112133452/http://archive.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1272 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

===''Pinwright's Progress''===

Written by Rodney Hobson, ''[[Pinwright's Progress]]'' (1946–1947) was the world's first regular half-hour televised sitcom.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0387750/ IMDB]: Rodney Hobson. Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref> Broadcast live by the BBC from [[Alexandra Palace]], it was about J. Pinwright, the proprietor of a small shop. Storylines involved his hated rival and his staff, who only added to his problems by attempting to be helpful. The series featured an ensemble cast including [[James Hayter (actor)|James Hayter]] as J. Pinwright, Clarence Wright as Aubrey,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0942291/ IMDB] : Clarence Wright. Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref> Sara Gregory as Sally Doolittle,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1477224/ IMDB] : Sara Gregory. Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref> Daphne Maddox as Miss Peasbody,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0534700/ IMDB] : Daphne Maddox.Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref> Doris Palmer as Mrs Sigsbee,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0658206/IMDB IMDB] : Doris Palmer. Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref> [[Leonard Sharp (actor)|Leonard Sharp]] as Ralph, Benita Lydal as Mrs Rackstraw,<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0527960/ IMDB] : Benita Lydal. Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref> [[Charles Irwin]] as a salesman, and Jill Christie as Pinwright's daughter.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0160338/ IMDB] : Jill Christie. Retrieved 9 January 2022</ref><ref name="Pinwright's Progress">[http://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/pinwrights_progress/ "Pinwright's Progress"], British Comedy Guide website</ref><ref name="RTLewis"/> and produced and directed by [[John Glyn-Jones]]. The [[script editor]] was [[Ted Kavanagh]], who during the [[World War II]] years also wrote the [[BBC Radio]] comedy series ''[[It's That Man Again]]'' (''ITMA'' ), which according to Foster and Furst was "entirely new, breaking away from the conventions of both radio and music hall comedy".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Andy |last2=Furst |first2=Steve |author-link2=Steve Furst |title=Radio Comedy, 1938–1968: A Guide to 30 Years of Wonderful Wireless |year=1999 |publisher=Virgin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-86369-960-3 }}</ref>

===''Hancock's Half Hour''===
Transferred to television in 1956 after 48 episodes on BBC radio which began in 1954, ''[[Hancock's Half Hour]]'' (1956–1961) by [[#Galton and Simpson|Galton and Simpson]] was the first modern TV sitcom. Whilst moving away from audio variety towards character development, the radio series had been influential in the development of TV situation comedy. The radio series continued to be produced alongside the TV version.<ref name="BFIhank">{{cite web
|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/482549/index.html
|title=Hancock's Half Hour (1956-60)
|last=Clark
|first=Anthony
|work=BFI Screenonline
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> [[Tony Hancock]] played a fictionalised version of himself, a loser whose plans and aspirations are continually ruined by bad luck.<ref name="BCGHHH">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/hancocks_half_hour/
|title=Hancock's Half Hour
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> Its only other regular cast member was the more worldly [[sidekick]] played by [[Sid James]], later of ''[[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]]'' fame and [[Bless This House (British TV series)|''Bless This House'']] . Other occasional participants included [[John Le Mesurier]] (''[[Dad's Army]]''), [[Kenneth Williams]],<ref name="BCGHHH" /> and [[Patricia Hayes]].<ref name="dnb">Dennis Barker, "Hayes, Patricia Lawlor (1909–1998)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, Sept 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/70907 available online]. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</ref> Hancock's biographer John Fisher dates the first use of the term 'situation comedy' in British broadcasting to a BBC memo dated 31 March 1953 from radio comedy producer [[Peter Eton]], suggesting the format as the ideal vehicle for Hancock's comedic style.<ref>John Fisher ''Tony Hancock. The Definitive Biography'', London: HarperCollins, 2008, p. 138</ref> "Hancock's persona of the pompous loser out of his depth in an uncomprehending society still informs many programmes today", according to Phil Wickham.<ref>Phil Wickham [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/445368/ "Sitcom"], BFI screenonline</ref> The final BBC series of this show was broadcast under the shorter title ''Hancock''.<ref name="BCGHHH" /> In 1963, Hancock changed his writers and moved to ITV for a further 13-episode series also named ''Hancock''.<ref name="BCGHHH" /> The series, though relatively well received, has been described as "clearly not up to the standard of [Hancock's] BBC work".<ref name="BFIHHH">{{cite web
|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/482549/index.html
|title=Hancock's Half Hour (1956-60)
|last=Clark
|first=Anthony
|work=BFI Screenonline
|publisher=BFI Screenonline (courtesy of BBC)
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Whack-O!''===
Starring [[Jimmy Edwards]] in the lead role as Professor James Edwards, ''[[Whack-O!]]'' written by [[Frank Muir]] and [[Denis Norden]], is about the drunken, gambling, devious, cane-swishing headmaster who tyrannised staff and children at the fictitious Chiselbury [[Independent school (United Kingdom)|public school]] "for the sons of Gentlefolk". From 1956 to 1960 and 1971–1972, it ran for 60 episodes over 8 series. The first six episodes were subtitled "Six of the Best", alluding to the frequent and traditional [[School corporal punishment|caning]] of disobedient pupils in the UK at the time. The series was revived in colour with updated scripts in 1971–72, slightly retitled ''Whacko!''. Other members of the cast included [[Arthur Howard]] (series 1–7),
[[Julian Orchard]] (series 8),
[[Kenneth Cope]],
[[Norman Bird]],
John Stirling,
[[Peter Glaze]],
[[Edwin Apps]] (series 1–7),
[[Peter Greene]] (series 8),
David Langford,
[[Keith Smith (actor)|Keith Smith]],
[[Brian Rawlinson]],
Gordon Phillot, Harold Bennett (series 8),
Frank Raymond,
[[Gary Warren (actor)|Gary Warren]] (series 8), and
Greg Smith (series 8). A feature film, ''[[Bottoms Up (1960 film)|Bottoms Up]]'', was made in 1960.

===''The Army Game''===
[[Peter Eton]]'s series of ''[[The Army Game]]'' (1957–1961) was probably British television's most successful sitcom of this period and ran for 154 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=ITV's First Sitcom - The Army Game |url=https://www.britishclassiccomedy.co.uk/thearmygame |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=British Classic Comedy |language=en-GB}}</ref> Many of its stars went on to become household names.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishclassiccomedy.co.uk/thearmygame|title=ITV's First Sitcom - The Army Game|date=31 March 2020}}</ref> The original cast consisted of [[William Hartnell]], [[Michael Medwin]], [[Geoffrey Sumner]], [[Alfie Bass]], [[Charles Hawtrey (actor, born 1914)|Charles Hawtrey]], [[Bernard Bresslaw]] and [[Norman Rossington]]. The cast of ''The Army Game'' would change over the years with actors such as [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]], [[Bill Fraser]], [[Ted Lune]], [[Frank Williams (actor)|Frank Williams]], [[Harry Fowler]] and [[Dick Emery]] appearing in subsequent series. ''The Army Game'' follows the exploits of Hut 29, a fictional dysfunctional group of conscripted [[National service#United Kingdom|National Service]] soldiers during the post-war years.<ref>[http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/armygame.htm "The Army Game"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709092240/http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/armygame.htm |date=9 July 2009 }}, Television Heaven website</ref> Writers included creator [[Sid Colin]], [[Larry Stephens]], Maurice Wiltshire, Lew Schwarz, John Jowett, [[John Antrobus]], [[John Foley (author)|John Foley]], [[Marty Feldman]], [[Barry Took]], David Climie, David Cumming, Derek Collyer, Brad Ashton, [[John Junkin]], [[Talbot Rothwell]], Sidney Nelson, Stan Mars, Bob Perkins and Alan MacKinnon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ctva.biz/UK/Granada/ArmyGame.htm|title=CTVA UK - "The Army Game" (Granda/ITV)(1957-61)|website=ctva.biz}}</ref> At least three episodes are uncredited. In June 1959, a short ''The Army Game'' scene was performed by [[Michael Medwin]], Alfie Bass, Norman Rossington, Bill Fraser and Ted Lune at the [[Royal Variety Performance]] in front of [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalvarietycharity.org/royal-variety-performance/archive/detail/1959-manchester-palace|title=Performances :: 1959, Manchester Palace &#124; Royal Variety Charity|first=Royal Variety|last=Charity|website=www.royalvarietycharity.org}}</ref> This was the last Royal Variety Performance that was not televised. This successful series inspired a film spin-off, ''[[I Only Arsked!]]'' (1958), and in 1958, just a year after the series debuted, the first ''[[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]]'' film, the very similar ''[[Carry On Sergeant]]'', was released, also featuring Hawtrey, Rossington and Hartnell.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/466460/index.html|title=Carry On Sergeant (1958)|work=BFI Screenonline}}</ref>

==The 1960s==
{{see also|Category:1960s British sitcoms}}

===Two channel TV===

ITV sitcoms began with the channel's launch in 1957 and throughout the 1960s helped shape British comedy with varied and often experimental styles. In the 1960s, the BBC produced a then-rare workplace comedy with ''[[The Rag Trade]]'' (1961–1963, 1977–1978) written by [[Chesney and Wolfe|Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney]]. The success of the series was due partly to the strength of the female ensemble playing the workforce, who included [[Sheila Hancock]], [[Barbara Windsor]] and [[Esma Cannon]].<ref name="GAUG"/><ref>John Oliver [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/572407/index.html "Chesney, Ronald (1920-) and Wolfe, Ronald (1924-)"], BFI screenonline</ref> It also made the earliest of [[Richard Waring (writer)|Richard Waring]]'s domestic comedies, ''[[Marriage Lines]]'' (1961–1966), starring [[Richard Briers]] (later to star in ''[[The Good Life (1975 TV series)|The Good Life]]'') and [[Prunella Scales]] (who went on to star in ''[[Fawlty Towers]]''), and ''[[Not in Front of the Children (TV series)|Not in Front of the Children]]'' (1967–70), starring [[Wendy Craig]].
Women were usually only cast in secondary roles in this period, though several series with Craig in the lead were an exception. Sitcoms developed by [[Carla Lane]], the first successful female writer in the form,<ref>Julia Hallam [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/975584/index.html "Lane, Carla (1937-)"], BFI screenonline</ref> began with ''[[The Liver Birds]]'' (1969–1979, 1996), initially in collaboration with others.

Another change, with ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'' (1962–65, 1970–74) and ''[[The Likely Lads]]'' (1964–1966), producers began to cast actors, rather than the comedians around whom earlier series like ''Whack-O!'', with Jimmy Edwards, or ''Hancock's Half Hour'', had been built.<ref>John Oliver [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/467108/index.html "Galton, Ray (1930-) and Simpson, Alan (1929-)"], BFI screenonline</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2570620/Ray-Galton-and-Alan-Simpson-look-back-in-laughter.html
|title=Ray Galton and Alan Simpson look back in laughter
|date=16 August 2008
|work=The Telegraph
|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>

===''Bootsie and Snudge''===
As a spin-off sequel to ''The Army Game'' and also starring Bill Fraser and Alfie Bass, ''[[Bootsie and Snudge]]'', (1960–1963, 1974) was written by a large team over its 104 episodes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bootsie and Snudge |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0053486/ |website=imdb.com |access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref> Writers for the 1960–63 episodes included Marty Feldman, Barry Took,<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/barry_took/
|title=Barry Took
|year=2021
|work=British Comedy Guide
|publisher=Digital Mark Ltd
|access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> John Antrobus, [[Ray Rigby (screenwriter)|Ray Rigby]], David Cumming, Derek Collyer, James Kelly, Peter Lambda, Tom Espie, [[Jack Rosenthal]], [[Harry Driver]], and Doug Eden. The 1974 series was written by David Climie, [[Ronald Cass|Ronnie Cass]] and Lew Schwarz.<ref name="RTLewis"/> The series established the reputation of actor [[Clive Dunn]], leading to his role as [[Lance Corporal Jones|Corporal Jones]] in ''[[Dad's Army]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/clive-dunn-mn0000464341/biography|title=Clive Dunn &#124; Biography & History|website=AllMusic}}</ref>

===''Marriage Lines''===
Running for 43 episodes over 5 series (1963–1966),  first titled ''The Marriage Lines'',  ''[[Marriage Lines]]'' was written by Richard Waring and directed and produced by [[Robin Nash]] and Graeme Muir.<ref name="BCGML">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/marriage_lines/
|title=Marriage Lines
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0611357/ IMDB, Graeme Muir] Retrieved 8 January 2022</ref> The traditional domestic comedy about a young couple learning to cope with married life reflected social attitudes of the times, and provided its lead stars [[Richard Briers]] (''[[The Good Life (1975 TV series)|The Good Life]]'', ''[[Ever Decreasing Circles]]'') and [[Prunella Scales]] (''[[Fawlty Towers]]'') with a significant boost to their careers.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/august/marriage-lines/
|title=The Marriage Lines
|work=BBC 100
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> The supporting cast included [[Edward de Souza]], [[Ronald Hines]] and [[Christine Finn]].<ref name="BCGML" />

===''Steptoe and Son''===
With its cast of only two regular characters played by [[Harry H. Corbett]] and [[Wilfrid Brambell]], airing 1962–65 and 1970–74, ''[[Steptoe and Son]]'' was a [[Galton and Simpson]] creation and ran for 57 episodes over 8 series. Producers included [[Duncan Wood]], [[John Howard Davies]], Graeme Muir, and [[Douglas Argent]].<ref name="BBCstep"/> In 2000, the show was ranked number 44 on the [[BFI TV 100|100 Greatest British Television Programmes]] compiled by the [[British Film Institute]]. In a 2001 [[Channel 4]] poll Albert was ranked 39th on their list of the [[100 Greatest (TV series)|100 Greatest TV Characters]],<ref name="100Actors">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/tv_characters/results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531160558/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/tv_characters/results.html |archive-date=31 May 2009 |title=100 Greatest TV Characters |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref><ref name="100great">{{cite web |url=http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/ITVProgs/2001/05/05/Y22090001/ |title=100 Greatest ... (100 Greatest TV Characters (Part 1)) |publisher=[[ITN Source]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221233837/http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/ITVProgs/2001/05/05/Y22090001/ |archive-date=21 February 2015 |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> The series was derived from a one-off Galton and Simpson comic play, "The Offer", shown on their BBC series Comedy Playhouse in 1962. It is regularly repeated and gave rise to four feature films.<ref name="BBCstep">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/steptoeandson/
|title=Steptoe and Son
|work=BBC Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Till Death Us Do Part''===
Written by [[Johnny Speight]] and broadcast 1965–1968 and 1972–1975, ''[[Till Death Us Do Part]]'' featured [[Warren Mitchell]] as [[Alf Garnett]] and was an instant hit. Centred on the bigoted character of Alf Garnett, it addressed racial and political issues that had been becoming increasingly prevalent in British society. It was criticised by campaigner [[Mary Whitehouse]] for its bad language, and due to changing attitudes in [[political correctness]] it is seldom repeated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/till-death-us-do-part-theres-a-reason-why-thisjaw-droppingly-racist-show-will-stay-buried-40765880.html
|title=Till Death Us Do Part: There's a reason why this jaw-droppingly racist show will stay buried
|last=Stacey
|first=Pat
|date=19 August 2021
|work=Irish Independent
|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref>Jonathan Brown [https://web.archive.org/web/20101001223421/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/mary-whitehouse-to-some-a-crank-to-others-a-warrior-617910.html "Mary Whitehouse: To some a crank, to others a warrior: Mary Whitehouse On"], ''The Independent'', 24 November 2001</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/tv-radio/article/controversial-seventies-tv-shows-omitted-by-uk-streaming-service-britbox-q2fs56k2v
|title=Bigot ban as new Britbox streaming service shuns 1970s TV shows
|last=Moore
|first=Matthew
|date=8 November 2019
|work=[[The Times]]
|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>

===''Dad's Army''===
Based on a World War II theme, ''[[Dad's Army]]'' (1968–1977) by [[Jimmy Perry]] and [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]], was a gentle mockery of Britain's 'finest hour' and the [[Home Guard (United Kingdom)|Home Guard]]. One of the most enduring British sitcoms, it starred [[Arthur Lowe]] and [[John Le Mesurier]], whose interaction with Lowe's character [[Captain Mainwaring]] was described by ''The Times'' as "a memorable part of one of television's most popular shows".<ref name="Times Obit">
{{cite news|title=Obituary: John Le Mesurier|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=16 November 1983|location=London|page=14}}</ref> It also starred [[Clive Dunn]], [[John Laurie]], [[Ian Lavender]] and [[Arnold Ridley]]. During its original television run, the show was nominated for multiple [[British Academy Television Awards]], including "Best Situation Comedy" in 1973, 1974 and 1975, although only won "Best Light Entertainment Production Team" in 1971. In 2000, the show was voted 13th in a British Film Institute poll of industry professionals of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes. In 2004, championed by [[Phill Jupitus]], it came fourth in the BBC poll to find [[Britain's Best Sitcom]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/winner.shtml The final top-ten of Britain's Best Sitcom], URL accessed 4 June 2006</ref> As of 2022 it is one of British television's most regularly repeated sitcoms.

===''All Gas and Gaiters''===
Bringing the first light-hearted satirical look at the [[Church of England|church]], during 1966–1971 ''[[All Gas and Gaiters]]'' paved the way for ''[[Bless Me, Father]]'' (1978–1981) with Arthur Lowe, and farcical ecclesiastical comedies such as ''[[Father Ted]]'' and ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'' in the 1990s.<ref name="BBCagag">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/allgasandgaiters/
|title=All Gas and Gaiters
|date=21 October 2014
|work=BBC Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> Starring [[Derek Nimmo]] with [[Robertson Hare]], [[William Mervyn]], [[John Barron (actor)|John Barron]], [[Joan Sanderson]] (''[[Please Sir!]]'', ''[[Fawlty Towers]]''), and [[Ernest Clark]],<ref name="BCCagag">{{cite web
|url=https://www.britishclassiccomedy.co.uk/a-comedy-playhouse-classic-all-gas-and-gaiters
|title=All Gas And Gaiters
|date=24 September 2021
|work=British Classic Comedy
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> it was written by husband-and-wife team [[Pauline Devaney]] and [[Edwin Apps]] and directed by [[John Howard Davies]] and Stuart Allen.<ref name="INDYnimmo">{{cite web
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-derek-nimmo-1073206.html
|title=Obituary: Derek Nimmo
|last=Hayward
|first=Anthony
|date=26 February 1999
|work=Independent
|publisher=Independent News & Media
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="BCGagag">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/all_gas_and_gaiters/
|title=All Gas And Gaiters
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> The successful series, which after an initial controversy became a favourite of Britain's [[clergy]],<ref name="BBCagag"/> was followed by two spin-offs also starring Nimmo: ''[[Oh, Brother!]]'' (1968–1970), 19 episodes written by David Climie and Austin Steele, with supporting roles by [[Felix Aylmer|Sir Felix Aylmer]], [[Patrick McAlinney]] and [[Derek Francis]], and its sequel ''[[Oh, Brother!#Sequel series|Oh, Father!]]'' (1973) with Felix Aylmer, [[Laurence Naismith]], [[Pearl Hackney]] and [[David Kelly (actor)|David Kelly]], also written by Climie and Steele.<ref name="BCGof">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/oh_father/cast_crew/
|title=Oh Father!
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> ''All Gas and Gaiters'' was produced by Stuart Allen, John Howard Davies, and Robin Nash,<ref name="BCCagag"/> and the music was provided by [[Stanley Myers]].<ref name="BCGagag"/>

===''Me Mammy''===
With [[Milo O'Shea]], and [[Yootha Joyce]] (''[[Man About the House]]'', ''[[George and Mildred]]'')  in the lead roles, ''[[Me Mammy]]'' was written by [[Hugh Leonard]], produced by [[James Gilbert (producer)|James Gilbert]] and [[Sydney Lotterby]] for the BBC and aired 1968–1971 for 21 episodes over 3 series. Bunjy Kennefick, played by O'Shea, is an Irish [[mother's boy]] living in London. He is a top executive of a company and lives a bachelor lifestyle. However, his old-fashioned Catholic mother often puts a stop to his plans, many of them involving his girlfriend Miss Argyll, played by Joyce.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/me_mammy/
|title=Me Mammy
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

==The 1970s==
{{see also|Category:1970s British sitcoms}}
===The Golden Era===
The 1970s is often regarded as the golden era of British sitcom. Well-remembered series include [[John Cleese]] and [[Connie Booth]]'s farcical ''Fawlty Towers'' (1975, 1979) often cited as the greatest sitcom of all time.<ref name="Guardian19">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/09/fawlty-towers-greatest-ever-british-sitcom
|title=Fawlty Towers named greatest ever British TV sitcom
|last=Busby
|first=Mattha
|date=9 April 2019
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Collider">{{cite web
|url=https://collider.com/fawlty-towers-comedy-why-its-good/
|title=Why 'Fawlty Towers' Is Still Comedy Gold After All These Years
|last=Farley
|first=Lloyd
|date=17 May 2022
|work=Collider
|publisher=Collider.com
|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="BRIT">{{cite encyclopedia
|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fawlty-Towers
|title=Fawlty Towers
|encyclopedia=Britannica
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
|access-date=23 December 2022}}</ref> [[Esmonde and Larbey|John Esmonde and Bob Larbey]]'s self-sufficiency comedy ''The Good Life'' (1975–78) and ''[[To the Manor Born]]'' by [[Peter Spence]] and [[Christopher Bond]] were also highly successful. ''[[Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?]]'' (1973–74), a sequel to ''The Likely Lads'', is thought to have surpassed the original,{{By whom|date=March 2022}} while its writers, [[Dick Clement]] and [[Ian La Frenais]], provided [[Ronnie Barker]] with his most significant sitcom vehicle, ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)|Porridge]]'' (1974–77). Barker also starred (along with [[David Jason]]) in ''[[Open All Hours]]'' (1973, 1976–85), written by [[Roy Clarke]], whose ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'' began in 1973 and ended in 2010, becoming the world's longest running sitcom. The decade also saw the broadcast of ''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'' (1974–81), which has been criticised for the "stereotypes of its handful of Indian supporting characters as alternately servile, foolish, lazy or devious".<ref name="BFISrace" />

The commercial station [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] had successes with ''[[Rising Damp]]'' (1974–78, sometimes called the best of all ITV sitcoms),<ref name="Rising Damp 1974–78">Phil Wickham [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/579131/index.html "Rising Damp (1974–78)"], BFI screenonline</ref> ''[[Man About the House]]'' (1973–76) and ''[[George and Mildred]]'' (1976–79). ''Rising Damp'' star [[Leonard Rossiter]] also played the lead role in the BBC's ''[[The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin]]'' (1976–79). The decline in cinema attendance meant that many of these series were turned into cinema films;{{Clarify|date=March 2022}}<ref name="bodnotbod.org.uk">Matthew Coniam [http://www.bodnotbod.org.uk/kettering/Kettering1.pdf "A Users Guide to the Great British Sitcom Movie"], ''Kettering: The Fanzine of Elderly British Comedy'', [n.d., c.2003] No.1, pp. 3–9</ref> the [[On the Buses (film)|first film version]] of ''[[On the Buses]]'' (1969–73) was the biggest hit at the British box office in 1971.<ref name="On the Buses">[http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/buses.htm "On the Buses"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629122247/http://www.televisionheaven.co.uk/buses.htm |date=29 June 2011 }}, Television Heaven website</ref> According to [[Jeff Evans]], ''On the Buses'' was a "cheerfully vulgar comedy" in which "leering and innuendo dominate[d]."<ref>Jeff Evans ''The Penguin TV Companion'', London: Penguin, 2006, p. 621</ref> Some of the network's other ratings successes from this era included ''[[Love Thy Neighbour (1972 TV series)|Love Thy Neighbour]]'' (1972–76)<ref name="Love Thy Neighbour 1972–76"/> and ''[[Mind Your Language]]'' (1977–79, 1986),<ref name="screenonline.org.uk"/> which attempted to find humour in racial or ethnic conflict and misunderstandings, but were increasingly criticised over time for "obvious racial name-calling... recurring with distressing regularity" and "offer[ing] only the crudest caricatures".<ref name="BFISrace"/>

Increasing relaxation in regard to the discussion of sex allowed [[farce]] and [[Camp (style)|camp humour]] to become a familiar form in the 1970s and were used in series like ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'' and comedian [[Frankie Howerd]]'s ''[[Up Pompeii!]]'', which ran for 16 episodes (1969–70, 1975, 1991)<ref>Anthony Clark [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/783908/ "Up Pompeii! (1970)"], BFI screenonline</ref> and starred several female stalwarts from the ''Carry On'' film series, including Barbara Windsor, [[Wendy Richard]] and [[Valerie Leon]]. A feature of the show which inspired three films was Howerd's frequent [[Fourth wall|breaking of the fourth wall]].

Other controversial topics for comedy included series written by Richard Waring and Wendy Craig. ''[[...And Mother Makes Three]]'' (1971–73), and its sequel ''[[...And Mother Makes Five]]'' (1974–76), starred Craig (who also co-wrote) as a widowed mother who eventually remarries a divorced single father. ''[[My Wife Next Door]]'' (1972), created by [[Brian Clemens]], concerned a divorced couple who accidentally moved next door to each other, ''[[Miss Jones and Son]]'' (1977–78) was about a single mother, and ''[[Rings on Their Fingers]]'' (1978–80) was about a young, unmarried couple.

===''On the Buses''===
Another creation by [[Chesney and Wolfe|Ronald Chesney and Ronald Wolfe]] is ''[[On the Buses]]'', starring [[Reg Varney]] and [[Bob Grant (actor)|Bob Grant]].<ref name="Standard2011">{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/on-the-buses-writer-dies-after-fall-at-home-6380075.html|title=On The Buses writer dies after fall at home|work=London Evening Standard|date=19 December 2011|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> Running 1969–1973 for 74 episodes over 7 series, it was initially rejected by the BBC, who did not see much comedy potential in a bus depot as a setting.<ref name = "BBCWolfe">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16239183 |title=On The Buses writer Ronnie Wolfe dies |work=BBC News |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=23 April 2018}}</ref> It was then commissioned by Frank Muir, then at [[London Weekend Television]] who said it was "rather at the baked beans end of my menu".<ref name="GAUG">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ronald-wolfe-writer-and-producer-best-known-for-the-rag-trade-and-on-the-buses-6280279.html|title=Ronald Wolfe: Writer and producer best known for 'The Rag Trade' and 'On The Buses'|last=Gaughan|first=Gavin|date=22 December 2011|work=The Independent|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="TimesChesney">{{cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/ronald-chesney-obituary-kj627vtn0 |title=Ronald Chesney obituary |work=[[The Times]] |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=31 December 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Despite poor critical reception, it gained an audience of up to 20 million. It has been described as cliche-ridden, stereotypical, occasionally racist and totally sexist by today's standards,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2015/aug/14/stephen-lewis|title=Stephen Lewis obituary|last=Dixon|first=Stephen|date=14 August 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> with Varney's and Grant's characters both lecherous womanisers and ethnic minorities used inappropriately for humour.<ref name="Scotsman2011">{{cite news |last=Steven |first=Alasdair |url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-ronald-wolfe-writer-of-tv-sitcoms-such-as-the-rag-trade-and-on-the-buses-1-2017582 |title=Obituary: Ronald Wolfe - Writer of TV sitcoms such as ''The Rag Trade'' and ''On the Buses'' |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=21 December 2011 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Irwin |author-first=Mary |chapter=The Rag Trade: 'Everybody Out!' Gender, Politics and Class on the Factory Floor |chapter-url= |editor-last1=Kamm |editor-first1=Jürgen |editor-last2=Neumann |editor-first2=Birgit |title=British TV Comedies: Cultural Concepts, Contexts and Controversies |location=Basingstoke & New York City |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2016 |isbn=9781137552952 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kijxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 77]}}</ref><ref name="TTJR">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3563176/Despite-Russell-Brand-and-Jonathan-Ross-comedy-still-needs-to-risk-giving-offence.html|title=Despite Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross, comedy still needs to risk giving offence|last=Davidson|first=Max|date=1 November 2008|work=The Telegraph|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> As David Stubbs wrote for ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2008, Grant and Varney were playing "two conspicuously middle-aged men" (Varney was in his 50s when the series began) pursuing "an endless array of improbably available 'dolly birds' ".<ref name="Stubbs">{{cite news|last=Stubbs|first=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/tvandradioblog/2008/nov/17/reg-varney-on-the-buses |title=Reg Varney reaches the end of the line|work=The Guardian |date=17 November 2008 |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> The series was made into three films, ''[[On the Buses (film)|On the Buses]]'' (1971), ''[[Mutiny on the Buses]]'' (1972), and ''[[Holiday on the Buses]]'' (1973).

===''Bless This House''===
Starring [[Sid James]] of ''Carry On'' fame, with [[Diana Coupland]] and [[Sally Geeson]], ''[[Bless This House (British TV series)|Bless This House]]''  was created by [[Vince Powell]] and [[Harry Driver]], but mainly written by others including [[Dave Freeman (British writer)|Dave Freeman]] and Carla Lane. Running from 1971 to 1976, It marked a departure from James' characteristic bawdy slapstick and famous 'dirty laugh' and ran for 65 episodes over 10 series. The series ended abruptly in 1976, when, just four days after the broadcast of the final episode, James died after collapsing on stage. Ironically, James had told Coupland, "It's such fun and so successful, we'll still be working on ''Bless This House'' till one of us kicks the bucket."<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/diana-coupland-424214.html
|title=Diana Coupland (obituary)
|date=14 November 2006
|work=The Independent
|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
In 2004, it came 67th in ''[[Britain's Best Sitcom]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbcattic.org/sitcom/top11to100.shtml
|title=Britain's Best Sitcom (top 11-100)
|date=7 February 2011
|work=Internet Archive
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=30 December 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013153757/http://www.bbcattic.org/sitcom/top11to100.shtml
|archive-date=13 October 2014}}</ref>

===''Clochemerle''===
In 1972 the lavish French farce in English based on the 1934 [[Clochemerle|novel of the same name]] by [[Gabriel Chevallier]], ''[[Clochemerle (TV series)|Clochemerle]]'' was adapted into 9 episodes by Galton and Simpson for the BBC.<ref name="BCGCL">{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/clochemerle/|title=Clochemerle|work=British Comedy Guide|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> It was a stark contrast to the dark comedy of their ''Steptoe and Son'' and ''Hancock's Half Hour''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theartsdesk.com/tv/dvd-clochemerle|title=Clochemerle: Galton and Simpson's forgotten, lavish French farce|last=Hasted|first=Nick|date=19 November 2013|work=The Arts Desk|publisher=The Arts Desk Ltd.|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Filmed on location in [[Colombier-le-Vieux]], in the [[Departments of France|department]] of [[Ardèche]], it starred [[Roy Dotrice]], [[Wendy Hiller]], [[Cyril Cusack]], [[Kenneth Griffith]], [[Cyd Hayman]], [[Bernard Bresslaw]], [[Hugh Griffith]], [[Micheline Presle]], [[Madeline Smith]], [[Christian Roberts (actor)|Christian Roberts]], [[Nigel Green]], [[Wolfe Morris]] and [[Gordon Rollings]], with narration by [[Peter Ustinov]]. The show was produced by [[Michael Mills (British producer)|Michael Mills]] as a [[co-production (film)|co-production]] between the [[BBC]] and West Germany's [[Bavaria Film]]. Incidental music was arranged by [[Alan Roper]] and played by L'Harmonie Du Rhone Orchestra, Lyon, under the musical direction of Raymond Jarniat.<ref name="BCGCL"/>

===''My Wife Next Door''===
Created by [[Brian Clemens]] and written by Richard Waring, ''[[My Wife Next Door]]''  was shown on BBC1 in 1972 and ran for 13 episodes. The series concerns George Basset, played by [[John Alderton]], and Suzie Basset, played by [[Hannah Gordon]], who each try to start afresh after their divorce by moving to the country, only to find that they have moved into adjoining cottages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/atoz/m.shtml#my_wife_next_door| title = Britain's Best Sitcom}}</ref> The music was by [[Dennis Wilson]]. In 1973, one episode won a [[British Academy Television Award for Best Situation Comedy]]. During a repeat run in January 1980, one episode gained 19.3 million viewers and was the second most-watched programme that week.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://the-mausoleum-club.org.uk/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?p=40314#p40314| title = The Mausoleum Club}}</ref>

===''Are You Being Served?''===

Set in a fictional, traditional London [[department store]], the show follows the antics of the staff of the retail ladies' and gentlemen's clothing departments .<ref>Phil Wickham [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/579093/index.html "Are You Being Served? (1972, 1973–85)"], BFI screenonline</ref> Known for its innuendo-laden humor, quirky characters, and catchphrases ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'' (1972–85) was one of the longest-running sitcoms of the era. It was created and written for the BBC by [[Jeremy Lloyd]] and [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]] and stars [[Frank Thornton]], [[Mollie Sugden]], [[Wendy Richard]], [[Nicholas Smith (actor)|Nicholas Smith]], and [[John Inman]], who of the original cast were to appear in all 69 episodes and the same five later featured in the sequel spin-off ''[[Grace & Favour]]''which aired in 1991–1992. Inman's camp characterisation of [[Mr. Humphries]] contributed greatly to the series' success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/579093/ |title=BFI Screenonline: Are You Being Served? (1973–1985) |publisher=Screenonline.org.uk |access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> In 2004, it ranked 20th in ''Britain's Best Sitcom''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Britain's Best Sitcom – Top 11 to 100|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/top11to100.shtml|work=BBC|access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> The series proved to be highly exportable, and is regularly repeated on [[BBC Two]], [[Drama (UK TV channel)|Drama]] and [[Gold (UK TV channel)|Gold]] in the UK, [[PBS]] and [[BBC America]] in the United States, and [[BBC UKTV]], [[Fox Classics]] and [[9Gem]] in Australia, and Jones! in New Zealand; as of 2024 it is also streamed on [[Britbox]], [[Apple TV]], and in the US on BritBox Amazon Channel. The series was nominated for the 1977 Best Situation Comedy BAFTA TV Award but the 1977 ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'' feature film starring the main cast was not well received.<ref name="mfb-review"/><ref name="rottentomatoes.com"/> A one-off episode with a new cast was broadcast in 2016.

===''Man About the House''===
Considered daring at the time because it featured a man sharing a flat with two single women, the flat-share comedy ''[[Man About the House]]'' was created by [[Brian Cooke]] and [[Johnnie Mortimer]]. It starred [[Richard O'Sullivan]], [[Paula Wilcox]]<ref name="herald">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11024682/Paula-Wilcox-These-days-its-the-old-ones-who-are-naughty.html|title=Paula Wilcox: 'These days it's the old ones who are naughty'|last=Gordon|first=Bryony Gordon|date=11 August 2014|website=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> and [[Sally Thomsett]], with [[Brian Murphy (actor)|Brian Murphy]] and [[Yootha Joyce]] as their landlord and landlady. 40 episodes were broadcast over six series on [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]], and ran from 1973 to 1976. The series is regularly repeated on [[ITV3]]. After the series ended in 1976, two successful spin-off series followed: ''[[George and Mildred]]'', in which the Ropers move to the suburbs, and ''[[Robin's Nest (TV series)|Robin's Nest]]'', in which Robin gets married and opens a [[bistro]]. The 1977 ''[[Man About the House (film)|Man About the House]]'' spin-off film which included guest stars [[Arthur Lowe]], [[Bill Pertwee]], [[Aimi MacDonald]], and [[Spike Milligan]] (as himself), "acquits itself better than most movie spin-offs from TV series."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1 January 1975 |title=Man About the House |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1305831918/1FADF3F52B74704PQ/1 |journal=[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]] |volume=42 |issue=492 |pages=11 |via=ProQuest}}</ref> ''Man About the House'' placed 69th out of 100 in a 2003 BBC poll to find ''[[Britain's Best Sitcom]]''.

===''Porridge''===
Based on life in a UK prison, the ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)|Porridge]]'' sitcom by writers Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais provided [[Ronnie Barker]] (''[[Open All Hours]]''), in the role of a prison inmate, with his most significant sitcom vehicle, supported by [[Richard Beckinsale]]. It ran from 1974 to 1977 on BBC1 for 22 episodes over three series. The series features two major supporting characters, both [[prison officer]]s: [[Characters of Porridge (TV series)#Mr Mackay|Mr Mackay]], played by [[Fulton Mackay]], and [[Characters of Porridge (TV series)#Mr Henry Barrowclough|Mr Barrowclough]], played by [[Brian Wilde]]. The sitcom focused on two prison inmates, Norman Fletcher, played by Barker, and Lennie Godber, played by Beckinsale, who are serving time in a fictional [[HM Prison|British prison]]. ''Porridge'' was critically acclaimed and was ranked No. 35 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute in 2000. In 2004, ''Porridge'' placed seventh in Britain's Best Sitcom. ''Porridge'' was appreciated by British prisoners. [[Erwin James]], an ex-prisoner who wrote a column for ''The Guardian'', stated: "What fans could never know, however, unless they had been subjected to a stint of Her Majesty's Pleasure, was that the conflict between Fletcher and Officer Mackay was about the most authentic depiction ever of the true relationship that exists between prisoners and prison officers in British jails up and down the country. I'm not sure how, but writers Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais grasped the notion that it is the minor victories against the naturally oppressive prison system that makes prison life bearable."<ref name="GuardJames">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/oct/05/broadcasting.bbc
|title=Doing time with Porridge
|last=James
|first=Erwin
|date=5 October 2005
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

===''Rising Damp''===
The ITV production of 28 episodes  (1974–78) of ''[[Rising Damp]]'' written by [[Eric Chappell]], is sometimes called the best of all ITV sitcoms.<ref name="Rising Damp 1974–78"/> It starred [[Leonard Rossiter]] as Rigsby, a miserly, seedy, and ludicrously self-regarding landlord of a run-down Victorian townhouse who rents out his shabby [[bedsit]]s to a variety of tenants: Ruth Jones, an unmarried woman approaching middle age, played by [[Frances de la Tour]]; Alan Moore, a medical student played by [[Richard Beckinsale]]; and Philip Smith, a cultured sales representative supposedly descended from African royalty, played by [[Don Warrington]]. Chappell defended Rigsby by saying "[he]was not a racist or a bigot, but he was prejudiced and suspicious of strangers. But he accepted Philip and his only concern afterwards was that he didn't get a leg over Miss Jones."<ref name="RDF"/> Warrington who was born in [[Trinidad]], stated: "There were certain aspects of it that were politically incorrect. On the other, you can see how it held up a mirror to the way we were living."<ref name="RDF">{{cite video|title=Rising Damp Forever|date=26 March 2016|publisher=ITV 3}}</ref> The series won the 1978 [[British Academy Television Award|BAFTA]] for [[British Academy Television Award for Best Scripted Comedy|Best Situation Comedy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Television: Situation Comedy in 1978|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1978/television/situation-comedy|website=Bafta.org|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> and was the highest-ranking ITV sitcom in the BBC's ''Britain's Best Sitcom'', coming in 27th overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbcattic.org/sitcom/top11to100.shtml |title=Britain's Best Sitcom: Top 11 to 100 |year=2004 |website=bbcattic.org |location=London |publisher=BBC |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013153757/http://www.bbcattic.org/sitcom/top11to100.shtml |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frances de la Tour received an [[Evening Standard British Film Award|''Evening Standard'' British Film Award]] in the category of "Best Actress" for her performance as Ruth Jones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/frances-de-la-tour/bio/3030430665/|title=Frances De La Tour Biography|work=TV Guide|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Happy Ever After''===
Broadcast 1974–1979 on BBC1 for 41 episodes over 5 series,  starring [[Terry Scott]] and [[June Whitfield]], with [[Beryl Cooke]], ''[[Happy Ever After (British TV series)|Happy Ever After]]'' was written by [[John Chapman (screenwriter)|John T. Chapman]], [[Eric Merriman]], Christopher Bond, [[John Kane (writer)|John Kane]] and Jon Watkins.  It was based on a ''[[Comedy Playhouse]]'' [[Television pilot|pilot]] called "Happy Ever After" which aired on 7 May 1974, with Scott and Whitfield playing a middle-class couple whose grown-up children had just left home.<ref name="RTLewis"/>

===''The Good Life''===
''[[The Good Life (1975 TV series)|The Good Life]]'' (1975–1978), written by [[Esmonde and Larbey|Bob Larbey and John Esmonde]], aired on [[BBC 1|BBC1]] for 30 episodes over four series and two specials. The final episode was recorded in the presence of [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|the Queen]] to mark her Silver Jubilee; it was reputedly one of her favourite shows.<ref>Eddington, Paul. ''So Far, So Good''. Hodder Paperbacks; New edition (6 Jun 1996). {{ISBN|978-0340654019}}</ref> [[Felicity Kendal]] and Richard Briers starred as Barbara and Tom Goode – a middle-class suburban couple who decide to quit the [[rat race]] and become self-sufficient, much to the consternation of their snooty but well-meaning neighbour Margo, played by [[Penelope Keith]], and her down-to-earth husband Jerry, played by [[Paul Eddington]]. The opening theme was composed by [[Burt Rhodes]].<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/burt-rhodes-3qggrq3k507 Burt Rhodes obituary], ''The Times'' 11 July 2003</ref> In 2004, ''The Good Life'' came 9th in ''Britain's Best Sitcom''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcattic.org/sitcom/winner.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013160237/http://www.bbcattic.org/sitcom/winner.shtml|title=BBC – Britain's Best Sitcom – Vote|archive-date=13 October 2014|work=bbcattic.org}}</ref> After its success, the four main cast members were given their own "vehicles" commissioned by the then Head of Comedy and producer of ''The Good Life'', [[John Howard Davies]]. The series provided [[Felicity Kendal]] with her big break on television and significantly boosted her career on stage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?AId=46954&ATypeId=1&search=true2&srchstr=++%22felicity+kendal+%22&srchtxt=0&srchhead=1&srchauthor=0&srchsandp=0&scsrch=0|title=Felicity Kendal's good (Jewish) life|date=26 October 2006|work=The Jewish Chronicle|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052106/http://website.thejc.com/home.aspx?AId=46954&ATypeId=1&search=true2&srchstr=++%22felicity+kendal+%22&srchtxt=0&srchhead=1&srchauthor=0&srchsandp=0&scsrch=0
|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

===''Fawlty Towers''===
Described in the BBC's profile of the show as "the British sitcom by which all other British sitcoms must be judged", ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'' (1975 and 1979) is eminently quotable; the repetition in the episode known as ''[[The Germans]]'' of 'don't mention the war' has become a [[catchphrase|catch phrase]]."<ref name="BBCFT1">{{cite news |title=Fawlty Towers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/fawltytowers/ |access-date=28 December 2021 |work=BBC Comedy}}</ref> In two series, only 12 half-hour episodes were made, because the writers, John Cleese and his then wife Connie Booth, felt that they could not continue to write comedy of the same quality.<ref name="BBCFT">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/september/fawlty-towers/|title=First episode of Fawlty Towers|work=BBC 100|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> The series starred Cleese as [[Basil Fawlty]], Prunella Scales as [[Sybil Fawlty]], Connie Booth as [[Polly Sherman]], and [[Andrew Sachs]] as [[Manuel (Fawlty Towers)|Manuel]]. Supporting roles included Major Gowen, played by [[Ballard Berkeley]], Chef Terry, played by [[Brian Hall (actor)|Brian Hall]], and Miss Gatsby and Miss Tibbs, played by [[Renee Roberts]] and [[Gilly Flower]]. Other well known guests from stage and screen, usually two or three for each episode, were featured in various episodes and among many others included [[Yvonne Gilan]], [[Conrad Phillips]], [[Bernard Cribbins]], [[James Cossins]], [[Allan Cuthbertson]], [[Ann Way]], [[Brenda Cowling]], [[Joan Sanderson]], [[Elspet Gray]], [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]], [[Derek Royle]], [[Richard Davies (Welsh actor)|Richard Davies]], [[Ken Campbell]], [[Una Stubbs]], and [[John Quarmby]]. The show was produced by [[John Howard Davies]] and [[Douglas Argent]], directed by Davies and [[Bob Spiers]] and the music was by [[Dennis Wilson (composer)|Dennis Wilson]]. The show was ranked first on a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000,<ref name="BBCFT"/> and in 2019 it was named the greatest ever British TV sitcom by a panel of comedy experts compiled by the ''[[Radio Times]]''.<ref name="The Guardian">Mattha Busby, 9 April 2019, [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/09/fawlty-towers-greatest-ever-british-sitcom "Fawlty Towers named greatest ever British TV sitcom"]. ''The Guardian'', Retrieved 31 December 2021</ref> Basil Fawlty has been listed by Channel 4 as the second greatest television character.<ref name="GreatestTVcharacters"/><ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/2019-04-09/fawlty-towers-and-father-ted-top-list-of-britains-favourite-sitcoms/ "Fawlty Towers and Father Ted top list of Britain's favourite sitcoms"]. ITV. Retrieved 31 December 2021</ref>

===''George and Mildred''===
The spin-off from ''[[Man About the House]]'', starring Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy, with [[Norman Eshley]], [[Sheila Fearn]], and child star [[Nicholas Bond-Owen]],   a domestic sitcom ''[[George and Mildred]]'' is focused on a clash of social class.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/579074/index.html|title=BFI Screenonline: George and Mildred (1976–79)|website=www.screenonline.org.uk}}</ref> Written by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer, it ran for 38 episodes and is regularly repeated on ITV3. Yootha Joyce died suddenly in August 1980, just before production of a sixth and final series.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/tragedy-much-loved-icon-yootha-joyce-will-make-edinburgh-fringe-goers-laugh-and-cry-543197
|title=The tragedy of much-loved icon Yootha Joyce will make Edinburgh Fringe-goers laugh and cry
|last=Rudden
|first=Liam
|date=5 August 2019
|work=Edinburgh Evening News
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Open All Hours''===
Created and written by [[Roy Clarke]] for the BBC, ''[[Open All Hours]]''  ran for 26 episodes in four series (1976, 1981, 1982 and 1985) and starred Ronnie Barker and David Jason, with a regular supporting cast including [[Lynda Baron]], [[Stephanie Cole]], [[Barbara Flynn]], [[Maggie Ollerenshaw]], and [[Kathy Staff]].<ref name="BBC100oah">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/february/open-all-hours/
|title=Open All Hours
|work=BBC 100
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="BCGOAH">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/open_all_hours/
|title=Open All Hours
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
The programme, produced and directed by [[Sydney Lotterby]] and developed from a [[television pilot]] broadcast in Barker's comedy [[anthology series]] ''[[Seven of One]]'' (1973), centred around the antics of the eccentric and miserly owner of a traditional English [[convenience store|corner shop]].<ref name="BBC100oah"/> Barker took his idea for Arkwright's famous stutter from the 1950s writer and performer Glenn Melvyn.<ref name="YPoah">{{cite web
|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/where-arkwright-open-all-hours-found-his-signature-stutter-2922574
|title=Where Arkwright in Open All Hours found his signature stutter
|last=Behrens
|first=David
|date=25 July 2020
|work=YORKSHIRE POST
|publisher=JPIMedia Publishing Ltd
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> ''Open All Hours'' came 8th in the 2004 Britain's Best Sitcom poll.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/winner.shtml Britain's Best Sitcom:Top Ten], URL accessed 2 December 2006.</ref> Although it ended in 1985, ''Open All Hours'' had been repeated over 3,000 times by 2021.<ref name="BBC100oah"/><ref name="BCGoahR">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/open_all_hours/repeats/
|title=All repeats of Open All Hours
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> The theme tune was composed by [[Joseph Ascher]] (1829–1869),<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/piece-info.cgi?id=433
|title=Alice, Where Art Thou?
|date=16 January 2015
|work=MUTOPIA PROJECT
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> arranged for a brass band and performed by [[Max Harris (composer)|Max Harris]], who also wrote the incidental music. A sequel, ''[[Still Open All Hours]]'', with David Jason and many members of the original cast, began airing nearly 30 years later in 2013 and ran until 2019 for 41 episodes.<ref name="BBC100oah"/>

===''Miss Jones and Son''===
First broadcast on ITV in 1977 and running for 12 episodes, ''[[Miss Jones and Son]]'' (1977–78) was written by Richard Waring and produced and directed by Peter Frazer-Jones.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nostalgiacentral.com/television/tv-by-decade/tv-shows-1970s/miss-jones-son/|title=Miss Jones And Son – Nostalgia Central|date=27 June 2014|website=nostalgiacentral.com}}</ref> It starred [[Paula Wilcox]] (''[[Man About The House]]''), [[Christopher Beeny]], [[Charlotte Mitchell]] and [[Norman Bird]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/people/norman-bird/|title=Norman Bird|last=TV.com|website=TV.com|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318163435/http://www.tv.com/people/norman-bird/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-hvrxsq/miss-jones-and-son/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128222848/https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-hvrxsq/miss-jones-and-son/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2021|title=Miss Jones and Son (TV Series)|website=Radio Times}}</ref> The series depicted the life of Elizabeth Jones, played by Wilcox, a young woman coming to terms with the responsibility of looking after her baby alone. Emotional support came in the form of next-door-neighbour and friend Geoffrey, played by Beeny. Difficulties included the reproaches of her parents, played by Mitchell and Bird, a difficult social life, and a reduced income. The theme song, "Bright Idea", was written by [[Roger Webb]].<ref>Sleeve notes Network DVD 7953355</ref>

===''Rings on Their Fingers''===
Also written by Richard Waring, ''[[Rings on Their Fingers]]'' (1978–80)  ran from 1978 to 1980 for 20 episodes in 3 series and was and produced by [[Harold Snoad]] for the BBC.<ref name="evans">{{cite book |last= Evans |first= Jeff |title=The Penguin TV Companion |year=2001 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-051467-8}}</ref> It concerns a young unmarried couple, Sandy Bennett, played by [[Diane Keen]], and Oliver Pryde, played by [[Martin Jarvis (actor)|Martin Jarvis]]. The cast also included [[Tim Barrett (actor)|Tim Barrett]], [[Barbara Lott]], [[Anna Dawson]], [[John Kane (writer)|John Kane]] and [[Royce Mills]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/rings_on_their_fingers/
|title=Rings On Their Fingers
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> Sandy wishes to marry whereas Oliver is happy to remain unmarried. During the first series they do marry and in the second series they adjust to married life.<ref name="evans"/> A proposed fourth series would have concerned Sandy becoming pregnant unexpectedly, and Sandy and Oliver adapting to parenthood, but the series was not re-commissioned.<ref name="evans"/>

===''To the Manor Born''===
Co-starring [[Penelope Keith]] as Audrey fforbes-Hamilton and [[Peter Bowles]] as Richard DeVere, ''[[To the Manor Born]]'' (1979–1981, 2007) was a 'feel-good' series following the leading characters' 'will-they-won't they' love story. Written by [[Peter Spence]] and [[Christopher Bond]] and produced and directed by [[Gareth Gwenlan]],<ref name="BFIthmb">{{cite web
|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7eace1bd
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120003704/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7eace1bd
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=20 November 2017
|title=To the Manor Born[12/10/80] (1980)
|work=BFI
|publisher=British Film Institute
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> it was a sitcom with one of the largest audience ratings of the period. The final episode of series 1, which aired on 11 November 1979, was the most watched British television programme (excluding live events) of the 1970s, drawing 23.95 million viewers.<ref name="BFImanor">{{cite news|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/mostwatched/1970s.html |title=BFI – Britain's Most Watched TV – the 1970s |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |date=4 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122221511/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/mostwatched/1970s.html |archive-date=22 November 2005}} Retrieved 4 January 2022.</ref> The final episode in 1981 received 17.80 million viewers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.barb.co.uk/25years/top10.php?section=events&callyear=1981|title=Highest Rated Programmes – 1981|publisher=[[Broadcasters' Audience Research Board]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925183706/http://www.barb.co.uk/25years/top10.php?section=events&callyear=1981|archive-date=25 September 2006}} Retrieved 4 January 20221</ref> The series has been repeated over 1,000 times.<ref name="BCGtmbR">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/to_the_manor_born/repeats/
|title=All repeats of To The Manor Born
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="INDYmanor">{{cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article3021298.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014221554/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article3021298.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 October 2007|title=Obituary – Ronnie Hazlehurst|first=Spencer|last=Leigh|work=[[The Independent]]|date=3 October 2007}}</ref> Major supporting roles were played by [[Angela Thorne]] as Audrey's friend Marjory and [[Daphne Heard]] as Mrs Polouvicka, Richard's mother. Other members of the cast included [[Alan David (actor)|Alan David]], [[John Rudling]], [[Michael Bilton]], [[Gerald Sim]], [[Michael Cochrane]], and [[Georgie Glen]]. The music was written by [[Ronnie Hazlehurst]].<ref name="BFIthmb"/><ref name="INDYmanor"/>

===''Terry and June''===
Spun off from ''[[Happy Ever After (British TV series)|Happy Ever After]]'' after it ended,  Terry Scott and June Whitfield returned to star in the 65 episodes of ''[[Terry and June]]'' (1979–1987). It was mostly written by [[John Kane (writer)|John Kane]]. [[John Chapman (screenwriter)|Chapman]], one of the original writers, said that the original programme had run out of ideas and had to end. BBC Comedy, however, were unwilling to end a successful 'cozy' show, and so brought in fresh new writers; for legal reasons the programme title had to be changed, and, on 24 October 1979, ''Terry and June'' was born. It was similar to ''Happy Ever After'' without Aunt Lucy, but Terry and June's surname changed from Fletcher to Medford and the characters moved to Purley in London.<ref name="RTLewis">{{cite book|last=Lewisohn|first=Mark |author-link=Mark Lewisohn|title=Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy|year=2003|publisher=[[BBC Worldwide]]|location=[[London]]|isbn=978-0-563-48755-5}}</ref> In 2004, it came joint 73rd in ''Britain's Best Sitcom'' with ''Happy Ever After''.

===''Come Back Mrs. Noah''===
The sci-fi sitcom ''[[Come Back Mrs. Noah]]'', set in space in 2050, was broadcast on BBC1 from 17 July to 14 August 1978, with a pilot being aired on 13 December 1977, but it was not a success and ran for only six episodes. Although written by Jeremy Lloyd and David Croft, and featuring an all-star sitcom cast including [[Mollie Sugden]] (''[[Are You Being Served?]]''), [[Ian Lavender]] (''[[Dad's Army]]''), [[Gorden Kaye]] (''[['Allo 'Allo!]]''), [[Donald Hewlett]] (''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'' and ''[[You Rang, M'Lord?]]'') and [[Michael Knowles (actor)|Michael Knowles]] (''It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' and ''You Rang, M'Lord?''), along with [[Vicki Michelle]] (''[['Allo 'Allo!]]'') and [[Harold Bennett]] (''[[Dad's Army]]'' and ''[[Are You Being Served?]]''), some regarded it as one of the worst British sitcoms ever made. It has never been repeated.<ref>{{cite web&nbsp;
|archive-date=5 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405124516/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/c/comebackmrsnoah_1299000654.shtml |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/c/comebackmrsnoah_1299000654.shtml |title=Come Back Mrs. Noah |work=[[BBC Guide to Comedy]] |access-date=21 July 2024}}</ref> Writing in ''The British Comedy Guide'' on 27 June 2021, in his article "Stranger Things: When sitcoms strain to be different", citing in detail three examples including ''Come Back Mrs. Noah'', Graham McCann explains how a sitcom, even when written, produced and acted by a highly successful team, can go horribly wrong.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=27 June 2021|title=Stranger Things: When sitcoms strain to be different - Comedy Chronicles|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/features/comedy_chronicles/strange-sitcoms/|access-date=21 July 2024|website=British Comedy Guide|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==The 1980s==
{{see also|Category:1980s British sitcoms}}

===The alternatives' incursion===
In the 1980s, the emerging [[Alternative comedy|alternative comedians]] began to develop sitcoms, partly as a response to series such as ''Terry and June'' (1979–87), with their "complacent gentility, outmoded social attitudes and bourgeois sensibilities".<ref>Matthew Coniam [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/579057/index.html "Terry and June (1979-87)"], BFI screenonline</ref> The alternatives' incursion began with ''[[The Young Ones (TV series)|The Young Ones]]'' (1982–84), written by [[Rik Mayall]], [[Ben Elton]] and others. To help make it stand out, the group opted to combine traditional sitcom style with violent slapstick, [[non sequitur (literary device)|non-sequitur]] plot turns, and surrealism. These older styles were mixed with the working and lower-middle class attitudes of the growing 1980s alternative comedy boom. Mayall was also the star of ''[[The New Statesman (1987 TV series)|The New Statesman]]'' (1987–92), a series created by [[Maurice Gran]] and [[Laurence Marks (British writer)|Laurence Marks]], whose biggest success, ''[[Birds of a Feather (TV series)|Birds of a Feather]]'' (1989–98, 2014–20), also deviated from British practice in being scripted by a team of writers.
The alternative comedy genre continued with ''[[Blackadder]]'' (1983–89), mainly written by Ben Elton and [[Richard Curtis]] and starring [[Rowan Atkinson]], [[Tony Robinson]], [[Tim McInnerny]], [[Miranda Richardson]], [[Stephen Fry]] and [[Hugh Laurie]]. Atkinson's [[Edmund Blackadder]] came at number three in the Channel 4 list of 100 greatest television characters.<ref name="GreatestTVcharacters"/> Other high-ratings mainstream, slice-of-life shows of the decade included ''[[Bread (TV series)|Bread]]'' (1986–1991) written by Carla Lane, about a close-knit, working-class family in [[Liverpool]]. Running for 74 episodes, at its peak it attracted 21 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/b/bread_1299000416.shtml |title=BBC – Comedy Guide – Bread |date=29 December 2004 |access-date=9 January 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229225910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/b/bread_1299000416.shtml |archive-date=29 December 2004}},</ref> Another notable series was the [[Science fiction]] comedy ''[[Red Dwarf]]'' (1988–), while ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]'' another Croft and Lloyd creation is set in German occupied France during World War II.

===''Yes Minister''===
Starring [[Paul Eddington]], with [[Nigel Hawthorne]] and [[Derek Fowlds]] in the supporting roles, ''[[Yes Minister]]''  which ran for 21 episodes on BBC2 (1980–1984), and its sequel ''Yes, Prime Minister'' (1986–88), which ran for 16 episodes, were political [[satire]]s.  Established Shakespearean actor Hawthorne picked up four [[British Academy Television Awards|BAFTA TV Awards]] for [[British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Performance|Best Light Entertainment Performance]] for his role. Created by [[Antony Jay]] and [[Jonathan Lynn]],<ref name="SAJ"/> the series received several BAFTAs and in 2004 was voted sixth in the ''Britain's Best Sitcom'' poll. Writer [[Michael Dobbs]] said Jay and Lynn "really got to the heart of so much of what goes on in Whitehall and Westminster".<ref name="SAJ"/> As the series revolved around the inner workings of central government, most of the scenes take place privately in offices and exclusive [[Gentlemen's club|members' clubs]]. Lynn said that "there was not a single scene set in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] because government does not take place in the House of Commons. Some politics and much theatre takes place there. Government happens in private. As in all public performances, the real work is done in rehearsal, behind closed doors. Then the public and the House are shown what the government wishes them to see."<ref name="lynnweb">{{cite web|title=Yes Minister Questions & Answers |work=Jonathan Lynn Official Website |url=http://www.jonathanlynn.com/tv/yes_minister_series/yes_minister_qa.htm |access-date=6 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141119211928/http://www.jonathanlynn.com/tv/yes_minister_series/yes_minister_qa.htm |archive-date=19 November 2014 }}</ref> Lynn and Jay explained: "After we wrote the episode, we would show it to some secret sources, always including somebody who was an expert on the subject in question. They would usually give us extra information which, because it was true, was usually funnier than anything we might have thought up."<ref name="lynnweb"/> In a 2004 BBC programme paying tribute to the series, it was revealed that Jay and Lynn had drawn on information provided by two insiders from the governments of [[Harold Wilson]] and [[James Callaghan]], namely [[Marcia Falkender, Baroness Falkender|Marcia Falkender]] and [[Bernard Donoughue, Baron Donoughue|Bernard Donoughue]].<ref>Jonathan Lynn Comedy Rules: From the Cambridge Footlights to Yes, Prime Minister. Faber & Faber, 18 August 2011 {{ISBN|9780571277971}}</ref> The series was the favourite television programme of the then [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]].<ref name="cockerell">{{cite book |last=Cockerell |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Cockerell |title= Live from Number 10: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television |year=1988 |publisher= Faber and Faber|location= London|isbn= 0-571-14757-7|page=288}}</ref><ref name="SAJ"/> In 2012, Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] admitted that "I can tell you, as prime minister, it is true to life."<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/apr/12/david-cameron-yes-minister-true
|title=David Cameron: Yes Minister is true to life
|last=Jones
|first=Sam
|date=12 April 2012
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Hi-de-Hi!''===
Set in 1959–60 in a fictional holiday camp, ''[[Hi-de-Hi!]]''  was filmed on location at the real Warner's Holiday Centre at Dovercourt Bay.  It ran for 58 episodes (1980–1988) on the BBC and is often repeated. It was co-written by [[Jimmy Perry]], based on his experience as a [[Butlin's]] Redcoat, and director-producer [[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-41281850
|title=Hi-de-Hi! star 'comforted' by hotel plan
|date=7 January 2018
|work=BBC News
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-essex-42772378
|title=Morning campers! The inside story of 80s sitcom Hi-de-Hi!
|last=Halford
|first=Jodie
|date=30 January 2018
|work=BBC News
|publisher=BB
|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>  With its [[ensemble cast]] comprising 	[[Paul Shane]], [[Simon Cadell]], [[Ruth Madoc]], [[Jeffrey Holland (actor)|Jeffrey Holland]], [[Su Pollard]], and [[David Griffin (actor)|David Griffin]], the series gained large audiences and won a BAFTA for Best Comedy Series in 1984. In a 2008 poll on Channel 4, "Hi-de-Hi!" was voted the 35th most popular comedy catchphrase. According to comedy researcher [[Mark Lewisohn]], "Plots became somewhat outlandish during the latter episodes and by the time the BBC called it a day in 1988, it is arguable that the show had already outstayed its welcome by a good couple of years. All in all, though, this was a good British sitcom."<ref>{{cite book
|last=Lewisohn
|first=Mark
|title=Radio Times TV Comedy Guide
|date=10 August 1998
|publisher=BBC Books
|isbn= 0563369779}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/h/hidehi_7773230.shtml
|title=Hi-de-Hi!
|last=Lewisohn
|first=Mark
|year=1980
|work=BBC Guide to Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=28 December 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614133254/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/h/hidehi_7773230.shtml
|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref>

===''Only Fools and Horses''===
One of the most successful British sitcoms of all time, ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]'' (1981–2003) starred David Jason as [[Del Boy|Derek "Del Boy" Trotter]] and [[Nicholas Lyndhurst]] as his younger brother [[Rodney Trotter|Rodney]]. It began in 1981 and ran for 64 episodes, with specials, until 2003. It was the most durable of several series written by [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]]. The 1996 episode "[[Time on Our Hands]]" (originally billed as the last episode) holds the record for the [[List of most watched television broadcasts#United Kingdom|highest UK audience for a sitcom episode]], attracting 24.3 million viewers.<ref name="fullerton">{{cite web | url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/the-bbc-were-embarrassed-by-the-success-of-only-fools-and-horses/ | title=The BBC were "embarrassed" by the success of Only Fools and Horses | work=Radio Times | first=Huw | last=Fullerton | date=30 September 2015 | access-date=20 September 2020 | archive-date=9 February 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209073135/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/comedy/the-bbc-were-embarrassed-by-the-success-of-only-fools-and-horses/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> A ratings success with viewers, the series received numerous awards, including recognition from [[BAFTA]], the [[National Television Awards]] and the [[Royal Television Society]], as well as winning individual accolades for Sullivan and Jason. It was voted Britain's Best Sitcom in a 2004 BBC poll. In a 2001 Channel 4 poll Del Boy was ranked fourth on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.<ref name="GreatestTVcharacters"/> The series influenced [[British culture]], contributing several words and phrases to the English language. It was named one of the top 20 cult television programmes of all time by TV critic Jeff Evans. Evans spoke of: "[shows] such as ''Only Fools and Horses'', which gets tremendous viewing figures but does inspire conventions of fans who meet in pubs called the Nag's Head and wander round dressed as their favourite characters."<ref>{{cite news
| date=7 August 2001
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/1477234.stm
| title=Doctor Who named cult favourite
| publisher=BBC
| access-date=30 December 2006
}}</ref> The theme music was by Ronnie Hazlehurst (1981) and John Sullivan (1982–2003). ''Only Fools and Horses'' came top in a research and analysis by a team of scientists led by Dr [[Helen Pilcher]], a molecular neurobiologist and stand-up comedian with a speciality in scientific humour.<ref name="GUARD">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jun/07/arts.media
|title=Del Boy is top of the class, say sitcom scientists
|last=Wainwright
|first=Martin
|date=7 June 2005
|work=The Guardian
|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>

===''Last of the Summer Wine''===
Running on the BBC for 295 episodes over 31 series and four decades, ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'' (1973–2010) was entirely written by [[Roy Clarke]] (''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'', ''[[Open All Hours]]'' and  ''[[Still Open All Hours]]'') and produced by [[Alan J. W. Bell]], with music by [[Ronnie Hazelhurst]].<ref name="How Not to Cry at Weddings">{{cite web | title=Last of the Summer Wine, Series 31, How Not to Cry at Weddings | url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tmhyf| work =BBC One Programmes| publisher = BBC | access-date = 7 January 2022 }}</ref> It is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world.<ref name="TGcablegirl">{{cite news | first=Lucy | last=Mangan | title=Cable girl: why has the Summer Wine lasted? | date=6 November 2007 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/culture/tvandradioblog/2007/nov/06/cablegirlwhyhasthesummerwinelasted | work =The Guardian | publisher = Guardian News and Media | access-date = 7 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="30 Years LOTSW">{{cite AV media| title = 30 Years of Last of the Summer Wine | people = Producer and director: Alan J. W. Bell | publisher = BBC One | date = 13 April 2003}}</ref><ref name="BBCLOTSW">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/lastofthesummerwine/
|title=Last of the Summer Wine
|date=28 October 2014
|work=BBC Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> The [[family-friendly]] show was about the antics of a group of male pensioners looking for adventure, "portraying the elderly in a positive and non-stereotypical light."<ref name="Dlotsw"/> The show was filmed largely in the small town of [[Holmfirth]] in Yorkshire, a location recommended by [[Barry Took]], and surrounding countryside.<ref name="Dlotsw">{{cite web
|url=https://drama.uktv.co.uk/last-of-the-summer-wine/article/about-last-summer-wine/
|title=About Last of the Summer Wine
|work=DRAMA
|publisher=UKTV
|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> and features [[Bill Owen (actor)|Bill Owen]], 186 episodes, [[Peter Sallis]], 295 episodes, and [[Kathy Staff]], 245 episodes, along with [[Dame Thora Hird|Thora Hird]], 152 episodes (''[[Bootsie and Snudge]]''), [[Stephen Lewis]], 135 episodes, (''[[On the Buses]]''), 
[[Frank Thornton]], 135 episodes (''[[Are You Being Served?]]''), 
[[Brian Murphy (actor)|Brian Murphy]], 73 episodes,  (''[[Man About the House]]'', ''[[George and Mildred]]''), 
[[Josephine Tewson]], 62 episodes, (''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]''), 
[[Dora Bryan]], 50 episodes, (''[[Happily Ever After (1961 TV series)|Happily Ever After]]''), 
[[June Whitfield]], 44 episodes, (''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'', ''[[Father, Dear Father]]'', ''[[Terry and June]]''), 
[[Trevor Bannister]], 25 episodes,  (''[[Are You Being Served?]]''), and over the years included many other actors for a total cast of 459.<ref name="BCGlotsw"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10218448
|title=Long-running TV series Last of the Summer Wine to end
|date=2 June 2010
|work=BBC News
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Series cast |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0069602/fullcredits/cast |website=IMDB |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc |access-date=1 August 2024}}</ref>

It later became the first comedy series to completely do away with studio sets and a live audience, moving all filming to Holmfirth.<ref>{{cite book |last       = Bright
 |first      = Morris
 |author2    = Ross, Robert
 |title      = Last of the Summer Wine: The Finest Vintage
 |publisher  = BBC Worldwide
 |date       = 6 April 2000
|location   = London
 |isbn       = 0-563-55151-8
 |url-access = registration
 |url        = https://archive.org/details/lastofsummerwine0000brig
}}
</ref> The episodes were then shown to preview audiences, whose laughter was recorded for a laugh track to avoid the use of canned laughter.<ref name="30 Years LOTSW"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=Morriss |last2=Ross |first2=Robert |title=Last of the Summer Wine: The Finest Vintage |date=6 April 2000 |publisher=BBC Worldwide |location=London |isbn=0-563-55151-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/lastofsummerwine0000brig}}</ref>
''Last of the Summer Wine'' was nominated numerous times for British television industry awards; it was proposed five times between 1973 and 1985 for the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|British Academy Film Awards]], twice for the Best Situation Comedy Series award (in 1973 and 1979) and three times for the Best Comedy Series award (in 1982, 1983, and 1985).<ref>{{cite news|title=Awards Database – Last of the Summer Wine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918082006/http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Last%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSummer%2BWine |url=http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Last+of+the+Summer+Wine |work=British Academy of Film and Television Awards |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=18 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The show was also considered for the [[National Television Awards]] four times since 1999 (in 1999,<ref name="NTA winner">{{cite news |title=Thaw's double TV victory | date=27 October 1999 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/486481.stm| work =BBC News | access-date = 7 January 2022 }}</ref> 2000,<ref>{{cite news |title=National Television Awards: The winners | date=10 October 2000 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/966147.stm| work =BBC News | access-date = 7 January 2022 }}</ref> 2003,<ref>{{cite news|title=And the winners are&nbsp;... |date=25 October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001212932/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/archive/2003/10/25/The%2BNorth%2BEast%2BArchive/7011396.And_the_winners_are___ |url=http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/archive/2003/10/25/The+North+East+Archive/7011396.And_the_winners_are___/ |work=The Northern Echo |archive-date= 1 October 2012 |access-date=7 January 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 2004),<ref>{{cite news |title=Stars battle it out for TV awards | date=16 October 2004 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3953631.stm| work =BBC News | access-date = 7 January 2022 }}</ref> each time in the Most Popular Comedy Programme category. In 1999 the show won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme.<ref name="NTA winner" /> Repeated over 17,000 times, it is regularly broadcast on [[Gold (British TV channel)|Gold]], [[Yesterday (TV channel)|Yesterday]], and [[Drama (British TV channel)|Drama]].<ref name="BCGlotsw">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/last_of_the_summer_wine/
|title=Last Of The Summer Wine
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> It is also seen in more than 25 countries.<ref name="Summer Wine Story">{{cite web|title=The Summer Wine Story |url=http://www.summer-wine.com/story.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501132716/http://www.summer-wine.com/story.htm |work=Summer Wine Online |publisher=Summer Wine Appreciation Society |archive-date= 1 May 2008 |access-date=7 January 2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===''Ever Decreasing Circles''===
On BBC1 for four series and one feature-length special, ''[[Ever Decreasing Circles]]'' (1984–1989) was made in a total of 27 episodes. It was written by John Esmonde and Bob Larbey, and it reunited them with [[Richard Briers]], of their previous hit show ''The Good Life''. [[Sydney Lotterby]] directed 13 episodes and 14 episodes were produced by [[Harold Snoad]]. The show also featured guest appearances by [[Peter Blake (actor)|Peter Blake]], [[Ronnie Stevens (actor)|Ronnie Stevens]], [[Victoria Burgoyne]] and [[Ray Winstone]]. Centred around Martin Bryce, the eccentric mover and shaker of his local community who feels threatened by the verve and aplomb of a new arrival in the village, played by [[Peter Egan]]. Its handling was much less brash than most sitcoms, and ''The Guardian'' described it as having "a quiet, unacknowledged and deep-running despair to it that in retrospect seems quite daring".<ref name=guardian>{{cite news| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/blog/2012/mar/19/cricket-match-ever-decreasing-circles| title = "The cricket match in Ever Decreasing Circles", ''The Guardian'', 19 March 2012. Accessed 4 January 2022| newspaper = The Guardian| date = 19 March 2012}}</ref> Reappraising the series, Andy Dawson observed that "''Ever Decreasing Circles'' strayed far from the well-worn path that other Britcoms trudged along in the 70s and 80s. There was a very real darkness at the heart of it, with Martin existing in what was almost certainly a state of permanent mental anguish."<ref>{{cite web|first=Andy|last=Dawson|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/richard-briers-dead-good-life-1716574|title=''The Good Life'' was the show that made Richard Briers famous, but ''Ever Decreasing Circles'' was his finest hour|website=Daily Mirror|date=4 January 2022}}</ref> The show was voted number 52 in the BBC's ''Britain's Best Sitcom'' poll in 2003. At its peak, it attracted television audiences of around 12 million.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite web|first=Ellie|last=Pithers|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/9746219/Penelope-Wilton-on-working-with-Richard-Briers.html|title=Penelope Wilton on working with Richard Briers|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=14 December 2012}}</ref>

==='''Allo 'Allo!''===
Reminiscent of their 1970s sitcoms such as ''Are You Being Served?'' ''It Ain't Half Hot Mum'', and ''Dad's Army'', ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]''  was another creation of the writer/producer team of David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd.<ref>Hannah Hamad [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1114934/index.html "'Allo 'Allo (1984-92)"!], BFI screenonline</ref> Set in [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Nazi-occupied France]] and starring [[Gorden Kaye]] as René, a café owner, 85 episodes were produced over nine series.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006xyt3
|title='Allo 'Allo!
|work=BBC One
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> Croft and Lloyd, who wrote the first six series (the rest were scripted by Lloyd and Paul Adam) devised the concept as a farcical parody of BBC wartime drama ''[[Secret Army (TV series)|Secret Army]]'' (1977-1979) from which many elements were directly taken.<ref name="BBCallo"/> Some actors from ''Secret Army'' also appeared in ''{{'}}Allo 'Allo!'': [[Richard Marner]], [[Guy Siner]], [[John D. Collins]] and [[Hilary Minster]]. Although it did not have the success of ''Dad's Army'', it gained respectable ratings,<ref name="BBCallo">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/alloallo/index.shtml
|title='Allo 'Allo!
|date=24 September 2014
|work=BBC Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> and was adapted to stage. The BBC were able to sell the series to Germany, possibly because its Nazis were depicted 'as harmlessly pervy and bumbling'.<ref name="TELEGRlloydobit">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11310788/Jeremy-Lloyd-obituary.html Lloyd obituary], telegraph.co.uk; accessed 9 January 2022.</ref>
<ref name="GUARDlloyd">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2014/dec/23/jeremy-lloyd
|title=Jeremy Lloyd obituary
|last=Jeffries
|first=Stuart
|date=23 December 2014
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> A special entitled ''[[The Return of 'Allo 'Allo!]]'' aired in 2007, featuring cast members returning to reprise their original roles in a special story, alongside a documentary about the sitcom including a highlight reel of episodes, and interviews with the cast, production team and fans.<ref name="BBCallo"/>

===''The Mistress''===
Starring [[Felicity Kendal]] (''The Good Life'') and [[Jane Asher]], ''[[The Mistress (TV series)|The Mistress]]'' (1985–1987) aired on [[BBC Two|BBC2]] for 12 episodes and was written by Carla Lane.<ref name="RTLewis"/> Kendal played Maxine, a young florist having an affair with a married man, whose wife was played by Asher. The series was produced and directed by [[Gareth Gwenlan]].<ref name="Summary">{{cite web|url=http://www.phill.co.uk/comedy/mistress/index.html|title=The Mistress – Summary|access-date=12 January 2008|year=2006|publisher=British TV Comedy}}</ref> Series 2 attempted to broaden its scope, serving as a more general comedy while still retaining the thread of the affair.

===''Chelmsford 123''===
Running for only 13 episodes, ''[[Chelmsford 123]]'' (1988–1990), was a short-lived series set in [[Roman Britain]] about a young Roman general punished by the Emperor by being sent to govern cold, miserable Britannia, populated by hordes of drunken hooligans.<ref name="CH4">{{cite web
|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/chelmsford-123
|title=Chelmsford 123
|work=4
|publisher=Channel Four Television Corporation
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> Created and written by [[Jimmy Mulville]] and
[[Rory McGrath]], and starring themselves with [[Philip Pope]] and [[Neil Pearson]], it has fallen into relative obscurity. Both series are nevertheless available on [[All 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/programmes/chelmsford-123|title=Chelmsford 123|publisher=Channel4.com|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref>

==The 1990s==
{{see also|Category:1990s British sitcoms}}
The new [[Channel 4]] began to have successful long-running situation comedies. ''[[Desmond's]]'' (1989–94) was the first British sitcom with a black cast set in the workplace,<ref>Ali Jaafar [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/490845/index.html "Desmond's (1988-94)"], BFI screenonline</ref> and ''[[Drop the Dead Donkey]]'' (1990–98) brought topicality to the form as it was recorded close to transmission. ''[[Oh, Doctor Beeching]]'' (1995–1997) was the last of many sitcoms by producer David Croft.

Some of the biggest hits of the 1990s were ''[[Men Behaving Badly]]'', ''[[Game On (British TV series)|Game On]]'', ''[[2point4 Children]]'', ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'', ''[[Goodnight Sweetheart (TV series)|Goodnight Sweetheart]]'', ''[[Bottom (TV series)|Bottom]]'', ''[[The Brittas Empire]]'', ''[[The Thin Blue Line (British TV series)|The Thin Blue Line]]'', ''[[Mr. Bean]]'' and ''[[One Foot in the Grave]]''.

===''Jeeves and Wooster''===
The [[Jeeves#Jeeves canon|"Jeeves" stories]] by novelist [[P. G. Wodehouse]] were made into ''[[Jeeves and Wooster]]'' (1990–1993),  a [[comedy-drama]] series in sitcom style. Twenty-three episodes in 4 series were adapted by [[Clive Exton]] for ITV, starring Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie, already well known writers and [[double act]] stars of their own [[sketch comedy]] television series ''[[A Bit of Fry & Laurie]]''. The productions were well received. The third series won a British Academy Television Award for Best Design for [[Eileen Diss]]. The final series won a British Academy Television Award for Best Graphics for Derek W. Hayes and was nominated for a [[British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series]]; it also earned a British Academy Television Award for Best Original Television Music for [[Anne Dudley]],<ref name=dudley>{{cite web|access-date=3 December 2009|url=http://www.annedudley.co.uk/Default.aspx?page=29&node=42|publisher=annedudley.co.uk|title=The World of Jeeves & Wooster – Original Soundtrack|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301100632/http://www.annedudley.co.uk/Default.aspx?page=29&node=42|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a British Academy Television Award for Best Costume Design for Dany Everett.<ref name="imdbaward">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098833/awards Awards for ''Jeeves and Wooster'' (1990)] from [[Internet Movie Database]]</ref> In retrospect, Michael Brooke of [[BFI Screenonline]] called screenwriter Exton "the series' real star", saying his "[[Literary adaptation|adaptations]] come surprisingly close to capturing the flavour of the originals" by "retaining many of Wodehouse's most inspired literary similes."<ref name="bfiscreen">{{Screenonline TV title|1060579}}</ref>

===''Waiting for God''===
Written by [[Michael Aitkens]], produced by [[Gareth Gwenlan]], and directed by Gwenlan and Sue Bysh, ''[[Waiting for God (TV series)|Waiting for God]]'' (1990–1994) ran on [[BBC1]] for 47 episodes over 5 series and was a major success.  It starred [[Stephanie Cole]] as Diana Trent and [[Graham Crowden]] as Tom Ballard, two elderly but spirited residents of Bournemouth's fictional Bayview Retirement Home, who are determined not to grow old gracefully, and spend their time running rings around the home's oppressive management and their own families.<ref name="BCGgod2"/> With [[Janine Duvitski]] in the main supporting role and a regular cast including Andrew Tourell, [[Sandra Payne (actress)|Sandra Payne]], [[Michael Bilton]] and Paddy Ward, much of the humour was derived from flying in the face of expectations about how the elderly ought to behave.<ref name="BCGgod2"/> The show became very successful,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/waitingforgod/ ''Waiting for God'']. BBC Comedy website. "Very quietly, ''Waiting For God'' became a huge success...",</ref><ref name="BCGgod2">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/waiting_for_god/
|title=Waiting For God
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> and came 37th in the 2004 poll to find ''Britain's Best Sitcom''. It is frequently repeated on the Drama and Gold channels.<ref name="BCGgod1">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/waiting_for_god/repeats/
|title=All repeats of Waiting For God
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Keeping Up Appearances''===
The frequently repeated and highly successful series ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'' (1990–1995, 1997, 2008), was written by Roy Clarke. The show, which comprised five series and 44 episodes, including four Christmas specials, starred [[Patricia Routledge]] as the snobbish [[Hyacinth Bucket|Hyacinth 'Bouquet' Bucket]], [[Clive Swift]], playing her husband, and [[Josephine Tewson]], playing her neighbour, with [[Judy Cornwell]], [[Mary Millar]] and [[Geoffrey Hughes (actor)|Geoffrey Hughes]] as her working class relatives. The theme music was composed by [[Nick Ingman]]. It is the BBC's most exported television programme, having been sold nearly 1,000 times to overseas broadcasters.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/bbcs-most-popular-show-overseas-is-keeping-up-appearances-a6880806.html|title=BBC's most popular show overseas is...Keeping Up Appearances |newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=18 February 2016|access-date=2 March 2016}}</ref> As of 2016 ''Keeping Up Appearances'' is the most-bought BBC and has outsold every other show to international broadcasters in the past 40 years. According to Roy Clarke : "...the secret to her wide fan base is that everyone knows a Hyacinth"<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/2029/keeping_up_appearances_bbc_most_successful_world/
|title=eeping Up Appearances is the BBC's most successful programme
|date=16 February 2016
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> In a 2004 BBC poll it placed 12th in Britain's Best Sitcom and in a 2001 Channel 4 poll, Hyacinth Bucket was ranked 52nd on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.<ref name="GreatestTVcharacters">{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/tv_characters/results.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531160558/http://www.channel4.com/entertainment/tv/microsites/G/greatest/tv_characters/results.html |archive-date=31 May 2009 |title=100 Greatest TV Characters |access-date=26 May 2019 |publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref> Production ended after Routledge decided to move on to other projects.

===''Absolutely Fabulous''===
Written by [[Jennifer Saunders]] and starring herself and [[Joanna Lumley]], with [[Julia Sawalha]] and [[June Whitfield]] in supporting roles, ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' (1992–1995) was based on the ''[[French and Saunders]]'' sketch "[[Modern Mother and Daughter]]".  It ran for 39 episodes with the first three series airing on BBC, followed a two-part special finale entitled ''The Last Shout'' in 1996. Saunders played [[Edina Monsoon]], a heavy-drinking, drug-abusing [[public relations|PR agent]] who spends her time in a desperate attempt to stay young and "hip", and Lumley played fashion magazine director [[Patsy Stone]], whose drug abuse and alcohol consumption far eclipsed Edina's. It returned for two more series and two one-hour specials from 2001 to 2004. In 1997, the pilot episode, "Fashion", was ranked #47 on [[TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time|''TV Guide''{{'}}s "100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time"]] list.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=28 June – 4 July 1997|title=Special Collectors' Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time|magazine=TV Guide}}</ref> A scene from the show was included in the ''[[100 Greatest (TV series)|TV's 100 Greatest Moments]]'' programme broadcast by [[Channel 4]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite episode|title=TV's 100 Greatest Moments|series=100 Greatest|series-link=100 Greatest (TV series)|number=1|airdate=11 September 1999|network=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref> In 2000, the show was ranked 17th in the [[BFI TV 100|greatest British television show of all time]] by the BFI.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 September 2000|title=Fawlty Towers tops TV hits|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/911085.stm|access-date=27 July 2020|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In 2004 and 2007, the show was ranked 24th and 29th on ''TV Guide''{{'}}s "Top Cult Shows Ever" list.<ref name="TopCultShows">{{cite web|date=29 June 2007|title=TV Guide Names the Top Cult Shows Ever|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/top-cult-shows-40239.aspx|access-date=10 October 2011|work=TV Guide}}</ref> In 2019, the series ranked 9th in ''Radio Times''<nowiki/>' top 20 British sitcoms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosseinsky|first=Katie|date=8 April 2019|title=Best British sitcom of all time revealed: From Fawlty Towers to Absolutely Fabulous here's the Top 20|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/fawlty-towers-named-as-best-british-sitcom-of-all-time-a4112321.html|access-date=25 February 2021|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> The series has a 96% rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]],<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2021|title=Absolutely Fabulous|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/absolutely_fabulous|access-date=25 February 2021|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> and ''[[Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie]]'', was released in 2016.

===''If You See God, Tell Him''===
The BBC1 mini-series of ''[[If You See God, Tell Him]]'' (1993), broadcast in four 45-minute episodes written by [[Andrew Marshall (screenwriter)|Andrew Marshall]] and [[David Renwick]], stars [[Richard Briers]], [[Ade Edmondson|Adrian Edmondson]], [[Imelda Staunton]] and [[Martin Clunes]]. The humour concerns a man who bumps his head and starts believing he must do everything adverts tell him, with catastrophic results. ''[[The Independent]]'' wrote: "It's not really a disaster but there's something decidedly uneven underfoot here, a feeling that this is the working model for a new type of comedy rather than the finished product. [...] while it's sustained with considerable energy by the actors and direction you have to doubt whether it really stands up for one episode, let alone four."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sutcliffe |first=Thomas |date=12 November 1993 |title=REVIEW / A Gormless Advert for Situation Comedy |newspaper=[[The Independent]]|location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/review-a-gormless-advert-for-situation-comedy-1503736.html |access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> Conversely, a retrospective review in ''The Guardian'' highlighted the series as "a gem from an era when the BBC took its black comedy seriously", praising both its dark content and humour, "a Richard Briers sitcom that's the opposite of The Good Life."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bass |first1=George |title=If You See God, Tell Him review: a Richard Briers sitcom that's the opposite of ''The Good Life'' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/jun/09/sitcom-richard-briers-if-you-see-god-box-set-review |website=The Guardian |access-date=4 January 2022 |date=9 June 2016}}</ref> The series was only broadcast once and never repeated; according to ''The Guardian'', this was "possibly because it was too much of a leap for fans of ''The Good Life'', but it has grown in cult status over the years."<ref name="GUARDRB">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2013/feb/18/richard-briars-a-life-in-clips
|title=Richard Briers: a life in clips
|last=Heritage
|first=Heritage
|date=18 February 2013
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

===''The Vicar of Dibley''===
In terms of ratings, ''[[The Vicar of Dibley]]'' (1994–2007) starring [[Dawn French]], is among the most successful British programmes of the digital era. The main character, [[Geraldine Granger]], was invented by [[Richard Curtis]], but he and French extensively consulted [[Joy Carroll]], one of the first female Anglican priests.<ref>{{cite book|title=Beneath the Cassock: The Real-life Vicar of Dibley|first=Joy|last=Carroll|author-link=Joy Carroll|isbn= 0-00-712207-1<!-- 978-0007122073 -->|publisher= HarperCollins|date=September 2002}}</ref>
The series exploited the 1992 [[Priests (Ordination of Women) Measure 1993|changes in the Church of England]] that permitted the ordination of women. The show included [[Cameo appearance|cameos]] from many actors and celebrities, many appearing as themselves, and including [[Sarah, Duchess of York]], [[Hugh Bonneville]], [[Mel Giedroyc]], [[Richard Griffiths]], [[Miranda Hart]], [[Alistair McGowan]], [[Geraldine McNulty]], [[Philip Whitchurch]], [[Nicholas Le Prevost]], [[Brian Perkins]] and [[Roger Sloman]], [[Pam Rhodes]], [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Rachel Hunter]], [[Terry Wogan]], [[Jeremy Paxman]], [[Martyn Lewis]], [[Darcey Bussell]], [[Sean Bean]], [[Richard Ayoade]], [[Orla Brady]], [[Fiona Bruce]], [[Annette Crosbie]], [[Johnny Depp]], [[Ruth Jones (actress)|Ruth Jones]], [[Hilary Kay]], [[Damian Lewis]], [[Maureen Lipman]], [[Jennifer Saunders]], [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] and his wife [[Trudie Styler]], [[Stephen Tompkinson]], [[Dervla Kirwan]], and [[Emma Watson]]. Dibley received multiple [[British Comedy Awards]], two [[List of International Emmy Award winners|International Emmys]], and was a multiple [[British Academy Television Awards]] nominee. In 2004, it was placed third in a BBC poll to find ''Britain's Best Sitcom''. In addition to the twenty main episodes between 1994 and 2007, the series included numerous shorter charity specials, as well as 'lockdown' episodes produced during the 2020-2021 [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/bbc-big-night-in-vicar-of-dibley-dawn-french-nhs-a9481056.html
|title=BBC Big Night In: Vicar of Dibley urges viewers to 'praise the lord and praise the NHS' as Dawn French reprises iconic role
|last=White
|first=Adam
|date=23 April 2020
|work=The Independent
|access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref> The theme music was a setting of [[Psalm 23]] composed by [[Howard Goodall]] as a serious piece of church choral music, and performed by the choir of [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford]], with George Humphreys singing the solo.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/classic/daily/stories/s631456.htm |title=ABC Classic FM Music Details: Saturday 10 June 2000 |publisher= Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref> The conductor was [[Stephen Darlington]].

===''Hamish Macbeth''===
The 20 episode [[comedy drama]] series ''[[Hamish Macbeth (TV series)|Hamish Macbeth]]'' (1995–1997), by Scottish screenwriter [[Daniel Boyle (writer)|Daniel Boyle]], was filmed mainly on location in the [[Scottish Highlands]], in a departure from the convention that sitcoms are filmed in studio and accompanied by a laugh track.<ref name="telegraphobit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/12/31/mc-beaton-prolific-author-created-phlegmatic-pc-hamish-macbeth/|title=MC Beaton, prolific author who created the phlegmatic PC Hamish Macbeth and the amateur sleuth Agatha Raisin – obituary|first=Telegraph|last=Obituaries|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=31 December 2019|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>  It was loosely adapted from the mystery novels by M. C. Beaton ([[Marion Chesney]]) by [[Daniel Boyle (writer)|Daniel Boyle]] and starred [[Robert Carlyle]] as a police officer.<ref name="telegraphobit"/>

===''Father Ted''===
The highly successful ''[[Father Ted]]'' (1995–1998) series created by Irish writers [[Graham Linehan]] and [[Arthur Mathews (writer)|Arthur Mathews]], produced by British [[Hat Trick Productions]] for [[Channel 4]] aired over three series, including a Christmas special, for 25 episodes. Set on the fictional [[Craggy Island]], off Ireland's west coast, it starred [[Dermot Morgan]] as [[Father Ted Crilly]], [[Ardal O'Hanlon]] as [[Father Dougal McGuire]] and [[Frank Kelly]] as [[Father Jack Hackett]]. Exiled to the island by [[Bishop Leonard Brennan]], played by [[Jim Norton (Irish actor)|Jim Norton]], the priests live together in the [[parochial house]] with their housekeeper [[Mrs Doyle]], played by [[Pauline McLynn]]. The show subverts parodies of [[Low comedy|low-brow humour]] as it portrays nuanced themes of [[loneliness]], [[agnosticism]], [[existentialism]] and [[purgatory]] experienced by its title character; this deeper meaning of the show has been much acclaimed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGonigle|first=Lisa|date=30 June 2012|title="Doesn't Mary Have a Lovely Bottom?": Gender, Sexuality and Catholic Ideology in Father Ted|url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesirlandaises/2999|journal=Études irlandaises|language=en|issue=37–1|pages=89–102|doi=10.4000/etudesirlandaises.2999|issn=0183-973X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Power|first=Ed|title=Careful now: Will we ever stop talking about Father Ted?|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/tv-radio-web/careful-now-will-we-ever-stop-talking-about-father-ted-1.3357384|access-date=6 December 2021|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 October 2019|title=Ardal O'Hanlon: 'Comedy never used to be a career – it was for slackers with ukuleles'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/oct/29/ardal-ohanlon-interview-father-ted-death-in-paradise-standup-comedy-tour|access-date=6 December 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> The series won several BAFTA awards, twice winning for [[British Academy Television Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series)|Best Comedy Series]]. In a 2001 poll by [[Channel 4]], Father Dougal was ranked fifth on a list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.<ref name="GreatestTVcharacters"/> In 2019, ''Father Ted'' was named the second-greatest British sitcom (after ''Fawlty Towers'') by a panel of comedy experts for the ''Radio Times''.<ref>[https://www.itv.com/news/2019-04-09/fawlty-towers-and-father-ted-top-list-of-britains-favourite-sitcoms/ "Fawlty Towers and Father Ted top list of Britain's favourite sitcoms"]. ITV. Retrieved 24 May 2019</ref>

===''dinnerladies''===
A winner of many awards, including "Best New TV Comedy" at the 1999 [[British Comedy Awards]],<ref name=bca1999>{{cite web|title=Past Winners 1999|url=http://www.britishcomedyawards.com/past-winners/1999.aspx|publisher=British Comedy Awards|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> and "Best TV Comedy" in 2000.<ref name=bca2000>{{cite web|title=Past Winners 2000|url=http://www.britishcomedyawards.com/past-winners/2000.aspx|publisher=British Comedy Awards|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=bafta>{{cite web|title=Awards Database: Search Results for "Dinnerladies"|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?sq=Dinnerladies|publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=bestsitcom>{{cite web|title=Britain's Best Sitcom: Top 11–100 Sitcoms|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/top11to100.shtml|publisher=BBC|access-date=31 August 2012|archive-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201111334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/top11to100.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=imdbawards>{{cite web|title=Awards for "Dinnerladies"|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0161140/awards|work=IMDb|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> Created, written and co-produced by [[Victoria Wood]], who also starred as the main character, Brenda Furlong, ''[[Dinnerladies (TV series)|dinnerladies]]'' is based on the lives and interactions of the employees of a works canteen and ran for a total of 16 episodes during 1998 and 2000.  The permanent cast occasionally featured guest actors, including [[Joanne Froggatt]], [[Tina Malone]], [[Dora Bryan|Dora Bryan OBE]], [[Lynda Baron]], [[Elspet Gray]], Janette Tough, [[Simon Williams (actor)|Simon Williams]], [[Kenny Doughty]] and [[Eric Sykes|Eric Sykes CBE]],<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09yhs79
|title=dinnerladies
|year=2021
|work=BBC One
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>
and [[Thora Hird|Dame Thora Hird DBE]]. Involving only one set throughout its run (with the exception of quiz show and hospital sets which are both seen on a television screen in the last two episodes), ''dinnerladies'' was entirely filmed at the London [[Television Centre, London|BBC Television Centre]] in front of a live [[studio audience]] employing a [[multiple-camera setup]].<ref name=independent>{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Tim|title=The return of the sitcom|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/features/the-return-of-the-sitcom-2201279.html|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=28 August 2012|location=London|date=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref name=rt>{{cite magazine|last=Rees|first=Jasper|title=Dinnerladies is served|url=http://www2.prestel.co.uk/cello/Dinnerladiesisserved.htm|magazine=Radio Times|access-date=28 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608014242/http://www2.prestel.co.uk/cello/Dinnerladiesisserved.htm|archive-date=8 June 2011}}</ref> The theme music was composed by Victoria Wood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dinnerladies |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0161140/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cl_sm |website=IMDB |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>

==2000–2010==
{{see also|Category:2000s British sitcoms}}
At the turn of the Millennium, examples of the hyperreal approach pioneered by Galton and Simpson in some of their ''Hancock'' scripts was evident in [[Steve Coogan]]'s 12-episode sitcom ''[[I'm Alan Partridge]]'' (1997–2002). Galton and Simpson's influence also found its way into ''[[The Office (British TV series)|The Office]]'', a [[mockumentary]], ''[[Early Doors]]'', ''[[Gavin & Stacey]]'' and many British [[dramedy|dramedies]].<ref name="GALTON">{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/obituary-ray-galton-6x8z6wbzt
|title=Ray Galton (obituary)
|date=8 October 2018
|work=[[The Times]]
|access-date=1 January 2022}}
</ref>
The BBC began using their digital channels [[BBC Three (former)|BBC Three]] and [[BBC Four]] to build a following for off-beat series including ''[[The Thick of It]]'' (2005–2012). Channel 4 had successes with ''[[Spaced]]'' (1999–2001), ''[[Black Books]]'' (2000–2004), ''[[Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights|Phoenix Nights]]'' (2001–2002), ''[[Peep Show (British TV series)|Peep Show]]'' (2003–2015), ''[[Green Wing]]'' (2004–2006), ''[[The IT Crowd]]'' (2006–2013) and ''[[The Inbetweeners]]'' (2008–2010). The late 2000s and early 2010s also saw a major resurgence in traditional-style sitcoms filmed in front of a studio audience and featuring a laughter track, such as ''[[Not Going Out]]'' (2006–), written by [[Lee Mack]], ''[[Miranda (TV series)|Miranda]]'' (2009–2015), ''[[Reggie Perrin]]'' (2009–2010), a remake of the 1970s series ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'' and Irish sitcom ''[[Mrs Brown's Boys]]'' (2011–). The most successful BBC sitcom of the time was ''[[My Family]]'' (2000–2011), which came 24th in the Britain's Best Sitcom poll in 2004 and was the most watched sitcom in the United Kingdom in 2008.

Other sitcoms in the new millennium included ''[[Outnumbered (UK TV series)|Outnumbered]]'' (2007–2016), ''[[Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps]]'' (2001–2011), about a group of young people living in [[Runcorn]], and ''[[The IT Crowd]]'' (2006–2013), about [[Information technology|IT]] colleagues.

===''The Royle Family''===
[[Caroline Aherne]] and [[Craig Cash]] wrote the 25 episodes of ''[[The Royle Family]]'' (1998–2012) for the BBC.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Royle Family – Queen of Sheba | publisher = BBC Press Office | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/wk44/unplaced.shtml#unplaced_theroyles | access-date = 5 November 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a497028/royle-family-wont-return-for-christmas-special-in-2013.html|title='Royle Family' won't return in 2013|website=[[Digital Spy]]|date=9 July 2013|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053602/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/tv/news/a497028/royle-family-wont-return-for-christmas-special-in-2013.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It centred on the lives of a television-fixated working-class family, the Royles, a stereotype of family life at the turn of the century, sharing elements of [[kitchen sink realism|kitchen sink drama]]. ''The Royle Family'' was placed 31st in the BFI's 2000 list of the 100 greatest British television programmes. In a 2001 Channel 4 poll, Jim Royle, the misanthropic head of the household, was ranked 11th on their list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters.<ref name="GreatestTVcharacters"/> In a 2004 BBC poll to find ''Britain's Best Sitcom'', ''The Royle Family'' was placed 19th. The series also won several BAFTA awards.

===''Doc Martin''===
Like ''Hamish Macbeth'' in the 1990s, ''[[Doc Martin]]'' (2004–2022), is a [[dramedy]] series of 79 episodes through its 18 years.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/doc-martin-season-10-release-date/
|title=When is Doc Martin season 10 on TV?
|last=Carr
|first=Flora
|date=15 September 2020
|work=Radio Times
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>. It stars [[Martin Clunes]] as Dr. Martin Ellingham, the [[general practitioner]] of a Cornish village, and [[Caroline Catz]] supported by a regular cast and many guests including [[Stephanie Cole]] (''[[Waiting for God (TV series)|Waiting for God]]'', ''[[Open All Hours]]''), and [[Dame Eileen Atkins]].  Created by [[Dominic Minghella]] and written and produced by [[Philippa Braithwaite]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly talk: Clunes enjoys affairs of the heart |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/telly-talk-clunes-enjoys-affairs-1141494 |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=16 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031093857/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/film-and-tv/telly-talk-clunes-enjoys-affairs-1141494 |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}</ref> it was filmed on location in the village of [[Port Isaac]], with most interior scenes shot in a converted local barn.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/11/overnights|title=ITV's Doc Martin kicks Spooks into touch|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 January 2022|location=London|first=Jason|last=Deans|date=11 November 2005}}</ref> In 2004, ''Doc Martin'' won the British Comedy Award for "Best TV Comedy Drama", having also been nominated as "Best New TV Comedy".<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.britishcomedyawards.com/past-winners/2004.aspx
|title=Past Winners 2004
|year=2014
|work=British Comedy Awards
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> The tenth (and final) series aired from 7 September 2022 to 26 October 2022; one last installment, a Christmas special that aired on 25 December 2022, was the programme's final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1621932/Doc-Martin-Martin-Clunes-leaving-ITV-series|title=Is Martin Clunes leaving Doc Martin?|website=express.co.uk|date=12 July 2022 |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

===''The Green Green Grass''===
Running for 32 episodes over four series and three [[Christmas special]]s ''[[The Green Green Grass]]'' (2005 and 2009) was a spin-off from ''Only Fools and Horses'', produced for the BBC and created and initially written by [[John Sullivan (writer)|John Sullivan]], who also wrote the theme music.  It starred [[John Challis]], [[Sue Holderness]] and [[Jack Doolan (actor)|Jack Doolan]] from ''Only Fools and Horses''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/06_june/23/grass.shtml
|title=From Peckham to pasture - Only Fools and Horses favourites head to the country
|date=23 June 2005
|work=BBC Press Office
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> It also featured several guest stars including [[Paula Wilcox]] (''[[Man About the House]]''),<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-b1n485/the-green-green-grass-season-2/?episode=b-irad62
|title=Season 2 Episode 7: Brothers and Sisters
|work=Radio Times
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> American actor [[George Wendt]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/the_green_green_grass/episodes/3/8/
|title=The Green Green Grass - Series 3 - The Special Relationship
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> and [[June Whitfield|Dame June Whitfield]] (''[[Happy Ever After (British TV series)|Happy Ever After]]'', ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'', ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'').<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/programme/b-eq121s/the-green-green-grass-season-3/?episode=b-ftrv8x
|title=Season 3 Episode 2: The Lonely Herdsman
|work=Radio Times
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Gavin & Stacey''===
[[James Corden]] and [[Ruth Jones]] wrote the 20 episodes of ''[[Gavin & Stacey]]'' produced by [[Baby Cow Productions]] (2007–2010) for [[BBC Cymru Wales]] over three series which were directed by Christine Gernonmover. It centres on two families, one in [[Billericay]], [[Essex]] and the other in [[Barry, Vale of Glamorgan|Barry]], [[South Wales]]. [[Mathew Horne]] and [[Joanna Page]] played [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Gavin Shipman|Gavin]] and [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Stacey Shipman|Stacey]] and the writers played their best friends [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Neil "Smithy" Smith|Smithy]] and [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Nessa Jenkins|Nessa]]. [[Alison Steadman]] and [[Larry Lamb]] played Gavin's parents [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Pam Shipman|Pam]] and [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Mick Shipman|Mick]], [[Melanie Walters]] played Stacey's mother [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Gwen West|Gwen]] and [[Rob Brydon]] played her uncle [[List of Gavin & Stacey characters#Bryn West|Bryn]]. Broadcast on Christmas Day 2009 and New Year's Day 2010, Christmas Day 2019, and Christmas Day 2024, episodes of the final series formed a significant part of the prime-time BBC seasonal programming. Acclaimed as both a hit and a breakthrough show for the BBC, it was the most nominated show in the 2007 British Comedy Awards. It won several awards, including the BAFTAs Audience Award, and the British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Award, both in 2008. In 2019, ''Gavin & Stacey'' was named the 17th-greatest British sitcom in a poll by ''Radio Times''.<ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/fawlty-towers-best-sitcom-british-list-only-fools-horses-father-ted-a8860986.html Fawlty Towers named best British sitcom of all time, beating Blackadder and Only Fools and Horses]. ''The Independent'', 9 April 2019.</ref> 18.49 million people watched the Christmas Day 2019 special, the most-viewed non-sporting event in a decade and the most-watched comedy episode for 17 years,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-50975665|title=Gavin and Stacey is biggest comedy for 17 years| work=BBC News |date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1133252827235717120|user=JKCorden|title=Ruth Jones and I have been keeping this secret for a while... We're excited to share it with you. See you on Christ…|date=28 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2019/1201/1096331-gavin-stacey-christmas-special-trailer-released/ |title =Gavin & Stacey Christmas special trailer released|date=1 December 2019|work=RTE|access-date=6 December 2019}}</ref> and the 2024 finale with 12.3 million TV viewers was the most watched show on Christmas Day since 2008.<ref name="bbc3">{{cite news |date=26 December 2024 |title=Gavin and Stacey tops Christmas Day TV ratings |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c86wy4ev7g3o |accessdate=28 December 2024}}</ref> After one week's consolidated viewing the finale episode had become the UK's most-watched scripted show since modern records began with 19.3 million viewers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Lily |date=2025-01-03 |title=‘Gavin & Stacey: The Finale’ Shatters U.K. Scripted Show Records With Nearly 20M Viewers |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/gavin-and-stacey-the-finale-record-ratings-1236098437/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gavin & Stacey: The Finale becomes the UK’s highest rating scripted show with 19.3 million viewers and counting |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/2025/gavin-and-stacey-the-finale-becomes-UKs-highest-rating-scripted-show |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>

===''Benidorm''===
Written and created by [[Derren Litten]] and produced by [[Tiger Aspect Productions|Tiger Aspect]] for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]],  ''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'' (2007–2018)  aired for 74 episodes over ten series.<ref name="BCGbeni"/> The series featured an [[ensemble cast]] of holidaymakers and staff at the Solana all-inclusive hotel in [[Benidorm]], [[Spain]] over the course of a week each year.<ref name="BCGbeniA">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/benidorm/about/
|title=Benidorm (about)
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>
The series had a large ensemble cast,<ref name="BCGbeniC">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/benidorm/cast_crew/
|title=Benidorm (cast)
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref> which changed throughout its ten seasons and included [[Abigail Cruttenden]],
[[Adam Gillen]],
[[Alan David (actor)|Alan David]],
{{ill|Asa Elliott|af||arz|اسا اليوت}},
[[Bel Powley]],
[[Bobby Knutt]],
[[Charlotte Eaton (actress)|Charlotte Eaton]],
[[Crissy Rock]],
[[Danny Walters (actor)|Danny Walters]],
[[Elsie Kelly]],
[[Geoffrey Hutchings]],
[[Hannah Hobley]],
[[Hannah Waddingham]],
[[Honor Kneafsey]],
[[Hugh Sachs]],
[[Jake Canuso]],
[[Janine Duvitski]],
[[John Challis]],
[[Johnny Vegas]],
[[Josh Bolt]],
[[Julie Graham]],
[[Kate Fitzgerald]],
[[Kathryn Drysdale]],
[[Kenny Ireland]],
[[Michelle Butterly]],
[[Nathan Bryon]],
[[Nicholas Burns (actor)|Nicholas Burns]],
[[Oliver Stokes]],
[[Paul Bazely]],
[[Perry Benson]],
[[Selina Griffiths]],
[[Sheila Reid]],
[[Shelley Longworth]],
[[Sheridan Smith]], 
[[Sherrie Hewson]], 
[[Simon Greenall]],
[[Siobhan Finneran]], 
[[Steve Edge]],
[[Steve Pemberton]],
[[Tim Healy (actor)|Tim Healy]],
[[Tony Maudsley]] and many guest stars.<ref name="BCGbeniC"/> The first series proved to be a hit for ITV, with critics describing it as "beautifully written and performed" and "a gem of wry observation in withering bad taste".<ref name="BCGbeni">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/benidorm/
|title=Benidorm
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=4 January 2022}}</ref>

==Since 2010==
{{see also|Category:2010s British sitcoms|Category:2020s British sitcoms}}

The censoring of repeats, especially where the [[Watershed (broadcasting)#United Kingdom|watershed]], the time after which adult programming is allowed to be broadcast, is being eroded by [[Video on demand|on demand viewing]] and [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] technology. The standard solution is to provide a warning to viewers of real-time transmissions that the programme contains language which some viewers may find offensive.<ref name="CTP">{{cite news
|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/article/censoring-the-past-0j887f3kg
|title=Censoring the Past
|date=22 February 2018
|work=[[The Times]]
|access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.predigitalmedia.com/The-Times-22--Feb-2018---Till-Death-Us-Do-Part.pdf| title = Transcript of 'Censoring the Past'}}</ref> 'Characters who are complicated, multi-dimensional and not always easy to like are now the norm and not the exception'<ref name="BBCbest100"/>
Other recent British sitcoms include ''[[Brassic (TV series)|Brassic]]'' (2019–present), ''[[Chewing Gum (TV series)|Chewing Gum]]'' (2015–2017), ''[[Friday Night Dinner]]'' (2011–2020), ''[[Bad Education (TV series)|Bad Education]]'' (2012–2014, 2022-2024), ''[[Cuckoo (TV series)|Cuckoo]]'' (2012–2019), ''[[Fleabag]]'' (2016–2019) which 'challenged audience expectations of characters',<ref name="BBCbest100"/> and ''[[Peter Kay's Car Share]]'' (2015–2018).

===''Still Open All Hours''===
The sequel to ''Open All Hours'', ''[[Still Open All Hours]]'' (2013–2019), was created and written by Roy Clarke for the BBC. Starring [[David Jason]] (''[[Open All Hours]]'', ''[[Only Fools and Horses]]''), its 41 episodes retain the 20th century sitcom traditions of its predecessor. The show is supported by [[James Baxter (actor)|James Baxter]] and a regular supporting cast of [[Lynda Baron]],[[Stephanie Cole]], [[Maggie Ollerenshaw]], [[Brigit Forsyth]], [[Johnny Vegas]], [[Kulvinder Ghir]], [[Geoffrey Whitehead]], [[Sally Lindsay]], [[Tim Healy (actor)|Tim Healy]], [[Sue Holderness]], Dean Smith, [[Archie Panjabi]] and [[Nina Wadia]], with Baron, Cole, and Ollerenshaw reprising their original characters from ''Open All Hours''.<ref name="BCGsoah"/>
Directed by Dewi Humphreys,<ref name="BCGsoahDH">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/dewi_humphreys/
|title=Dewi Humphreys
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="BFIdh">{{cite web
|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba168ff29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824194409/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba168ff29
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=24 August 2017
|title=Dewi Humphreys
|work=BFI
|publisher=British Film Institute.
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> and produced by Jason, Alex Walsh-Taylor<ref name="BBCawt">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/hyperdrive/actors/walshtaylor_person_page.shtml
|title=Alex Walsh-Taylor
|work=BBC Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="BCGsoahAW">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/alex_walsh_taylor/
|title=Alex Walsh-Taylor
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Sarah Hitchcock,<ref name="BCGsoahSH">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/people/sarah_hitchcock/
|title=Sarah Hitchcock
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> and [[Gareth Edwards (producer)|Gareth Edwards]], the series continued the theme of ''Open All Hours'' while focusing on the life of a much older Granville - still played by Jason - running his late uncle Arkwright's traditional English [[convenience store|corner shop]] with his son's help.<ref name="BCGsoah">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/still_open_all_hours/
|title=Still Open All Hours
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref>

===''Breeders''===
The British-American parental [[black comedy]] television series ''[[Breeders (TV series)|Breeders]]'' ran from 2020 to 2023 for 40 episodes over 4 seasons. The show was created by [[Martin Freeman]], [[Chris Addison]] and [[Simon Blackwell]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.parents.com/news/breeders-is-a-dark-comedy-that-gets-the-parenting-struggle/
|title='Breeders' Is a Dark Comedy That Gets the Parenting Struggle
|last=Pahr
|first=Kristi
|date=13 March 2020
|work=Parents
|publisher=Meredith Corporation
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> The series follows two parents who struggle with parenthood and is partially based on Freeman's own experiences. Freeman also plays the lead role.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/breeders/
|title=Breeders
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Breeders">{{Cite web|title=Breeders|url=https://www.sky.com/watch/breeders|work=[[Sky UK]]|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> The series premiered on 2 March 2020, on the American cable network [[FX (TV channel)|FX]], and on the British network [[Sky One]] on 12 March 2020.<ref name="Breeders"/> In July 2022, the series was renewed for a fourth and final season, which premiered on July 31, 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/breeders-fx-sky-to-end-four-seasons-1235426113/|title=FX & Sky's 'Breeders' To End After Four Seasons|first=Max|last=Goldbart|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 28, 2023|accessdate=1 June 2025|archive-date=June 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628153626/https://deadline.com/2023/06/breeders-fx-sky-to-end-four-seasons-1235426113/|url-status=live}}</ref>
===''The Office''===

''[[The Office (British TV series)|The Office]]'' is a workplace sitcom in [[mockumentary]] format in 12 episodes plus a two-part Christmas special. Broadcast in two seasons from 2001 to 2003 it was created, written and directed by [[Ricky Gervais]] and [[Stephen Merchant]]. The series follows the day-to-day lives of office employees in the [[Slough]] branch of the fictional Wernham Hogg paper company, centering on themes of social clumsiness, the trivialities of human behaviour, self-importance and conceit, frustration, desperation and fame. Gervais also starred in the series as the central character, [[David Brent]]. After a slow start it has since become one of the most successful of all British comedy exports. It has been sold to broadcasters in over 80 countries, including [[ABC1]] in Australia, [[The Comedy Network]] in Canada, [[TVNZ]] in New Zealand, and the pan-Asian [[satellite television|satellite channel]] [[Star World]], based in Hong Kong. It was shown in the United States on BBC America from 2001 to 2016, and later on [[Cartoon Network]]'s late night programming block [[Adult Swim]] from 2009 to 2011.<ref name="BBC100>{{Cite news |title=The Office comes to Adult Swim |agency=IGN |url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2009/04/29/the-office-comes-to-adult-swim |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>  In a 2021 BBC poll ''The Office'' came 9th out of 100 of the best shows of the 21st century. <ref name="BBCbest100">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20211015-the-100-greatest-tv-series-of-the-21st-century | title=The 100 greatest TV series of the 21st Century | date=19 October 2021 }}</ref>

==Writers, directors and producers==
===Barry Took===
[[Barry Took]] came to TV comedy following his hugely successful half-hour radio sketch comedies such as ''[[Beyond Our Ken]]'' (1958 - 1964) and its successor ''[[Round the Horne]]'' 1965 - 1968 and paved the way for the format of many television sitcoms.<ref name="TELEtook"/> Took, with writing partner [[Marty Feldman]] with whom he collaborated for over ten years in radio and television, created the early sitcoms ''[[The Army Game]]'' in 1958 starring [[Alfie Bass]] (''[[Till Death Us Do Part]]'' and ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'') and [[Bill Fraser]] ( ''[[Hancock's Half Hour]]'') and later wrote its sequel ''[[Bootsie and Snudge]]'' (1960) of which 100 episodes were made, pioneering TV comedy with one of its most enduring features, 'the ill-sorted pair'.<ref name="TGtookb">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/01/broadcasting.guardianobituaries
|title=Barry Took
|last=Purser
|first=Philip
|date=1 April 2002
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
The team's first BBC series was ''The Walrus and the Carpenter'' (1965), starring [[Warren Mitchell]] and [[Ronnie Barker]].<ref name="IMDBwalrus">{{cite web
|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0341995/
|title=The Walrus and the Carpenter
|publisher=IMDb
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Gifford |first=Dennis |title=Barry Took |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/barry-took-729876.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829061449/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/barry-took-729876.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2010 |date=1 April 2002 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> He became Head of Light Entertainment for [[London Weekend Television]] and he launched several shows, including the successful ''[[On the Buses]]'',  and was instrumental in launching the team that became ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]''.<ref name="TELEtook">{{cite web
|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1389535/Barry-Took.html
|title=Barry Took
|date=2 April 2002
|work=The Telegraph
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

===Roy Clarke===
[[Roy Clarke|Royston Clarke]] (born 28 January 1930), usually known as Roy Clarke, began his career 
In the late 1960s writing thrillers for BBC Radio. Clarke is a prolific television drama creator who wrote sixteen of Britain's best known sitcoms. In 2002, he received an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] for his contribution to British comedy. He was awarded the lifetime achievement award at the 2010 [[National Comedy Awards|British Comedy Awards]]. He is also the 1996 winner of the BAFTA Dennis Potter Award, the 2010 British Comedy Awards winner, and the 1971 Writers' Guild of Great Britain
Best Writer award.<ref name="IMDBrclarke">{{cite web
|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0164983/awards?ref_=nm_awd
|title=Roy Clarke awards
|publisher=IMDb
|access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Clarke was the sole writer of  ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', which at its peak had an audience of over 18 million viewers and is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world.<ref name="The Guardian 2007-11-06">{{cite news | first=Lucy | last=Mangan | title=Cable girl: why has the Summer Wine lasted? | date=6 November 2007 | url =https://www.theguardian.com/culture/tvandradioblog/2007/nov/06/cablegirlwhyhasthesummerwinelasted | work =The Guardian | publisher = Guardian News and Media | access-date = 4 December 2007 }}</ref><ref name="30 Years LOTSW"/> Among his well known works are ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'', ''[[Open All Hours]]'' and its sequel series, ''[[Still Open All Hours]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-25963719|title=Still Open All Hours commissioned for full series|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=30 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jan/30/bbc-still-open-all-hours-david-jason|title=BBC commissions full series of Still Open All Hours|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

===David Croft===
[[David Croft (TV producer)|David Croft]]  (1922–2011) was a [[screenwriter]], [[television producer|producer]] and [[television director|director]]. He produced and wrote a string of BBC sitcoms with partners [[Jimmy Perry]] and [[Jeremy Lloyd]], including ''Dad's Army'', ''It Ain't Half Hot Mum'' and ''Hi-de-Hi!''. Like Perry, he served in tropical Asia during the Second World War. While ''Dad's Army'' was still running, Croft began to co-write ''Are You Being Served?'' with Jeremy Lloyd. He continued both writing partnerships for the rest of his career in other series including ''You Rang, M'Lord'' with Perry and ''{{'}}Allo 'Allo!'' with Lloyd. His last full series, ''Oh, Doctor Beeching!'' (1995–1997), was co-written with [[Richard Spendlove]]. He created a television pilot in 2007, entitled ''Here Comes The Queen'', with Jeremy Lloyd, but the show was not continued as a series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidcroft.co.uk/Here-Comes-The-Queen/|title=Here Comes the Queen|website=David Croft|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> Together with Perry, Croft was presented with a British Comedy Award in 2003 for lifetime achievement, and in 1978 [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] for services to television. He also received the 1981 ''Desmond Davies Award'' from the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]], for his contributions to the industry.<ref name="BAFTAcroft">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/explore?sq=David%20Croft|title=BAFTA Awards|website=awards.bafta.org}}</ref>

===Jimmy Perry===
[[Jimmy Perry]] (1923–2016) created ''Dad's Army'' with David Croft. The song he wrote for the series, ''Who Do You Think You Are Kidding, Mr Hitler?'', won him an [[Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically|Ivor Novello Award]]. Croft and Perry wrote together for over 30 years. Along with Frank Muir and [[Denis Norden]], and Galton and Simpson, they were among the dominant writing teams of the period. Perry could send himself up as well as others. His autobiography was to be called ''A Boy's Own Story'', but it came out in 2002 under the title ''A Stupid Boy''.
<ref name="GUARDjp">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/23/jimmy-perry-obituary
|title=Jimmy Perry obituary
|last=Barker
|first=Dennis
|date=23 October 2016
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> In ''Dad's Army'', he drew on his experience as a young member of the Home Guard, on his service in India and Burma<ref name="INDYperry"/> during the war for ''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'', and his time as a Butlin's holiday camp Redcoat for ''Hi-de-Hi'', for which he wrote the song "Holiday Rock".<ref name="BBCperryobit">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-37743674
|title=Dad's Army creator Jimmy Perry dies
|date=23 October 2016
|work=BBC News
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> When he said he wanted to be a film star or a comedian, his father responded: "You stupid boy!" Perry used the phrase in ''Dad's Army'' and it became a catch phrase.
<ref name="INDYperry">{{cite web
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jimmy-perry-obituary-creator-of-muchloved-sitcom-dad-s-army-a7377946.html
|title=Jimmy Perry obituary: Creator of Dad's Army who used his own life experiences in much-loved sitcom
|last=Hayward
|first=Anthony
|date=24 October 2016
|work=The Independent
|publisher=Independent Newspapers
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> Perry effectively retired after ''You Rang, M'Lord?'' finished.<ref name="INDYperry" /> He was awarded an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] in 1978.<ref name="BBCperryobit"/> He won Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Writer's Guild (1995) and at the British Comedy Awards (2003).<ref name="INDYperry"/>

===Galton and Simpson===
[[Galton and Simpson|Ray Galton and Alan Simpson]] (1930–2018 and 1929–2017) wrote together for over 50 years; their most famous series were ''Hancock's Half Hour'' and ''Steptoe and Son''. Some of their scripts for Hancock almost repudiated a narrative structure altogether and attempted to reproduce an everyday environment with the intention of also reproducing its comedy. Both the character played by Tony Hancock in ''Hancock's Half Hour'', and [[List of Steptoe and Son characters#Harold Steptoe|Harold Steptoe]], played by [[Harry H. Corbett]], were pretentious would-be intellectuals who found themselves trapped by the squalor of their lives. The Galton and Simpson comedies were often characterised by a bleak and somewhat fatalistic tone. ''Steptoe and Son'' in particular was at times an example of [[black comedy]], and close in tone to [[Social realism]] drama.<ref name="GALTON"/>

===Chesney and Wolfe===
[[Chesney and Wolfe]] was a prolific comedy scriptwriting team of Ronald Chesney and Ronald Wolfe whose partnership contributed significantly to the genre of British sitcoms. Spanning the years from the mid-1950s to 1989, among their best shows are ''[[The Rag Trade]]''  starring [[Barbara Windsor|Dame Barbara Windsor]] ([[Carry On (franchise)|''Carry On'' films]]) with [[Penelope Keith|Dame Penelope Keith]] (''[[The Good Life (1975 TV series)|The Good Life]]'' and ''[[To the Manor Born]]''), who also starred again together in ''[[Wild, Wild Women]]'' with an all-star cast and [[Anna Karen]] who later starred in Chesney and Wolfe's  ''[[On the Buses]]''. These were workplace shows with sexist and humorously indecent comedy that obtained very high viewer ratings but were not well received by TV critics.<ref name="TGchesney">{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/apr/23/ronald-chesney-obituary
|title=Ronald Chesney obituary
|last=Hayward
|first=Anthony
|date=23 April 2018
|work=The Guardian
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="IMDBchesney"/> Their other credits include ''[[Meet the Wife (TV series)|Meet the Wife]]'', an episode of ''[['Allo 'Allo!]]'' (1989), and ''[[Watch This Space]]'' in 1980 which was less of a success.<ref name="IMDBwolfe"/> Their shows featured many of the regular actors from award-winning comedy shows and films and including among many others, [[Thora Hird|DameThora Hird]] - a household name and a British institution, [[Ian Lavender]] (''[[Dad's Army]]''), [[Reg Varney]] (''[[On the Buses]]''), [[Sheila Hancock]] (''[[Mr Digby Darling]]''), [[Prunella Scales]] (''[[Fawlty Towers]]''), [[Peter Jones (actor)]],<ref name="IMDBchesney">{{cite web
|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0156254/
|title=Ronald Chesney
|publisher=IMDb
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="IMDBwolfe">{{cite web
|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0938132/
|title=Ronald Wolfe
|publisher=IMDb
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> Their 1971 spin-off film, ''[[On the Buses (film)|On the Buses]]'', the first of the three based on the TV series, was the highest British box-office earner of that year.<ref name="TGwolfe">{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2011/dec/19/ronald-wolfe
|title=Ronald Wolfe obituary
|last=Hayward
|first=Anthony
|date=19 December 2011
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=On the Buses (1971)
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

===Jeremy Lloyd===
[[Jeremy Lloyd]] (1930–2014) co-wrote ''Are You Being Served?'' and ''{{'}}Allo {{'}}Allo!''; his sitcoms have been called "the essence of Britishness".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituaries: Comedy writer and actor Jeremy Lloyd |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-news/obituaries-comedy-writer-and-actor-jeremy-lloyd-30880156.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=independent |date=4 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> ''Are You Being Served?'' was based partly on his own experiences of working in a London department store as a suit salesman. Its success gave rise a spin-off, ''Grace and Favour'', which was a collaboration with David Croft.<ref name="BBClloydobit">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-30591740
|title='Allo 'Allo! comedy writer Jeremy Lloyd dies at the age of 84
|date=23 December 2014
|work=BBC News
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref>
During 1970 Lloyd was briefly married to actress, presenter and producer [[Joanna Lumley]] (''Absolutely Fabulous'') with whom he starred in the sitcom ''[[It's Awfully Bad for Your Eyes, Darling]]''.<ref name=death>{{cite news|title=Comedy writer Jeremy Lloyd dies|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30591740|access-date=9 January 2022|work=BBC News|date=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="iINDYlloydobit">{{cite web
|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jeremy-lloyd-actor-and-writer-who-teamed-up-with-david-croft-for-two-comedy-classics-are-you-being-served-and-allo-allo-9945187.html
|title=Jeremy Lloyd: Actor and writer who teamed up with David Croft for two comedy classics, 'Are You Being Served?' and ''Allo 'Allo!''
|last=Williamson
|first=Marcus
|date=25 December 2014
|work=The Independent
|publisher=Independent Newspapers
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> Lloyd was appointed an OBE in 2013.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=60367|date=29 December 2012|page=12 |supp=y}}</ref>

===John Howard Davies===
[[John Howard Davies]] (1939–2011) joined the BBC as a production assistant in 1966, and became a television director and producer specializing in comedy. In 1978 he became the head of comedy, and in 1982 the head of light entertainment.<ref name="GUARDjhd">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/24/john-howard-davies-obituary
|title=John Howard Davies obituary
|last=Sweet
|first=Matthew
|date=24 August 2011
|work=The Guardian
|publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited
|access-date=9 January 2022}}</ref> For four decades, he was a major influence as commissioning producer on shows such as<ref name="Telegraph JHD obit">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/tv-radio-obituaries/8718897/John-Howard-Davies.html Obituary: John Howard Davies], ''Daily Telegraph'', 23 August 2011</ref> ''Fawlty Towers'' by John Cleese and Connie Booth, Galton and Simpson's ''Steptoe and Son,'' ''All Gas and Gaiters'', ''[[The Goodies (TV series)|The Goodies]]'', and ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin''. Davies was also the producer of all four seasons of ''The Good Life''. When asked what the best formula for a sitcom is, he replied "All the best sitcom characters are relentlessly horrible."<ref name="GUARDjhd"/>

=== Cooke and Mortimer ===
[[Brian Cooke]] and [[Johnnie Mortimer]] were a comedy writing duo whose career began in radio with the critically acclaimed ''[[Round the Horne]]'' of 1968, and its sequel ''[[Stop Messing About]]'' created as a vehicle for [[Kenneth Williams]] of [[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]] fame. Together they penned many of the 1970s popular TV sitcoms often featuring well known comedy actors such as [[Paul Eddington]] of  ''The Good Life'' and ''Yes Minister'', [[Patrick Cargill]] (''[[Father, Dear Father]]''); [[Richard O'Sullivan]], [[Yootha Joyce]], and [[Brian Murphy (actor)|Brian Murphy]] of ''Man About the House ''; [[Peter Butterworth]] (Carry On), [[Peter Jones (actor)|Peter Jones]], [[Beryl Reid]], [[Roy Kinnear]], [[Joan Sanderson]]. Independently, Cooke created ''[[Tripper's Day]]'' featuring [[Leonard Rossiter]] of  ''[[The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin]]'' and [[Eric Chappell]]'s highly successful ''Rising Damp''.  On his own, Mortimer wrote ''[[Never the Twain]]'' starring [[Donald Sinden]] (''[[Two's Company (British TV series)|Two's Company]]'') and [[Windsor Davies]] (''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'').

==Composers==

===Burt Rhodes (1923–2003)===
[[Burt Rhodes|Rhodes]] wrote the title music for ''The Good Life''.<ref name="TST"/> He was a successful light entertainment composer and musical director including his arrangements for comedienne [[Beryl Reid]]'s 1968-67 ''Beryl Reid Says Good Evening''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/beryl_reid_says_good_evening/
|title=Beryl Reid Says Good Evening
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref> He collaborated with many stars including [[Judy Garland]], [[Pearl Bailey]], [[Sammy Davis Jr.]], [[Vic Damone]] and [[Bruce Forsyth]]. Rhodes was often referred to as "the musicians' musician", counting musicians such as Ronnie Hazlehurst, [[Monty Norman]] and [[Phil Phillips]] among his friends. In 1958 he scored the theme for ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr No]]'', the first [[Portrayal of James Bond in film|James Bond]] film.<ref name="TST">{{cite web
|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/uk-travel/england/london-travel/burt-rhodes-3qggrq3k507
|title=Burt Rhodes
|date=11 July 2003
|work=The Sunday Times
|access-date=2 January 2022}}</ref>

===Ronnie Hazlehurst (1928–2007)===
A prolific composer for sitcoms, comedy productions, game shows and other programmes, [[Ronnie Hazlehurst|Hazlehurst]]  joined the BBC in 1961, and became a staff arranger; his early works included the [[incidental music]] for ''The Likely Lads'' and ''The Liver Birds''.<ref name="Indy"/><ref name="TimesRH">{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2576976.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828214609/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article2576976.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2008|title=Obituary - Ronnie Hazlehurst|work=[[The Times]]|date=3 October 2007}}</ref> In 1968 he became the Light Entertainment Musical Director and composed the theme tunes of many sitcoms, including ''Are You Being Served?'', ''[[Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em]]'', ''Last of the Summer Wine'' (where he also wrote all the instrumental music for the show), ''[[I Didn't Know You Cared]]'', ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'', ''To the Manor Born'', ''Yes Minister'' and ''Yes, Prime Minister'', ''[[Just Good Friends]]'' and ''[[Three Up, Two Down]]''.<ref name="Indy">{{Cite news|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article3021298.ece|title=Obituary - Ronnie Hazlehurst|first=Spencer|last=Leigh|work=[[The Independent]]|date=3 October 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102184203/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ronnie-hazlehurst-395793.html|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="TimesRH"/><ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1565028/Ronnie-Hazlehurst.html|title=TV tunes composer Ronnie Hazlehurst dies, 79|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=3 October 2007}}</ref> He also arranged the themes for ''[[Butterflies (TV series)|Butterflies]]'', ''[[Sorry! (TV series)|Sorry!]]'' and the first series of ''Only Fools and Horses''.<ref name="TimesRH"/>
His theme tunes often included elements designed to fit the programmes, such as a [[Cash register|cash till]] in ''Are You Being Served?'', rises and falls in ''The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin'' and the [[Big Ben]] chimes for ''Yes Minister''.<ref name="Indy"/><ref name="BCGRH">{{cite web
|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/news/old_story/294/
|title=Composer Ronnie Hazlehurst dies aged 79
|date=2 October 2007
|work=British Comedy Guide
|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> For ''Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em'', Hazlehurst used [[Morse code]] to spell out the programme's title.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7026637.stm|title=Does the Frank Spencer music have Morse code?|work=BBC Magazine|date=4 October 2007}}</ref> During his career he composed the music for the opening of the BBC's coverage of the [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Olympics]].<ref name="Indy"/> [[Jon Plowman]], Head of BBC Comedy, said, "He was the composer of many of the best-loved signature tunes of the last 40 years of television - and some of his work is still heard today. He's associated with some of the best-loved shows of our lives."<ref name="BCGRH"/>

===Tony Russell (1929–1970)===
[[Tony Russell (musician)|Russell]] wrote the music for ''On the Buses'' and the children's programme ''[[The Herbs]]''.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Chilton
|first=John
|title=Who's Who of British Jazz: 2nd Edition
|edition=2nd
|series=Bayou Series
|year=2004
|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic
|isbn=9780826472342}}</ref> He studied composition with [[Richard Rodney Bennett]] and [[William Russo (musician)|Bill Russo]]. He was in Russo's London Jazz Orchestra and took over running this when Russo returned to the United States in 1965.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jazzpro.nationaljazzarchive.org.uk/interviews/William%20Russo_Tribute.htm|title=William Russo Tribute|website=Jazzpro.nationaljazzarchive.org.uk|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> He later became a busy composer and wrote the score of the musical ''[[The Matchgirls]]''.<ref name="Teddington Theatre Club">{{cite web | title=The Matchgirls | website=Hampton Hills Theatre | url=https://www.hamptonhilltheatre.org.uk/production/matchgirls | access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Intercultural Dialogue and Education 2015">{{cite web | title=Intercultural Dialogue and Education | website=Intercultural Dialogue and Education | date=27 September 2015 | url=http://www.interculturaldialogueandeducation.org/2015/ | access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref>

===Nick Ingman (born 1948)===
The title music for ''Keeping Up Appearances'' was written by [[Nick Ingman]], a visiting professor at the [[London College of Music]]. His collaborators include [[Paul McCartney]], [[Mick Jagger]], [[Björk]], and [[The X Factor (British TV series)|''The X Factor'']].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Espinoza|first=Javier|date=11 November 2011|title=Musician Nick Ingman Enjoys Quiet Village Life|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203804204577017623269941202|access-date=17 May 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>  His arrangements have accounted for fourteen No. 1 singles and five double platinum albums in the UK and he has been nominated for a [[Grammy Awards|Grammy]] three times.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grammy Nominations Honor Spring Awakening, A Chorus Line and More|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/96957/grammy-nominations-honor-spring-awakening-a-chorus-line-and-more/|website=Broadway.com|language=en|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

===Simon Brint (1950-2011)===
[[Simon Brint|Brint]] was closely associated with the [[Alternative comedy|Alternative Comedy]] movement and contributed music to several associated projects including the sitcoms [[Absolutely Fabulous]] and ''[[2point4 Children]].''

===Anne Dudley (born 1956)===
[[Anne Dudley|Dudley]]  composed the title and incidental music for ''[[Jeeves and Wooster]]''.  She is a composer, keyboardist, conductor and pop musician, winning many awards including an [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Musical or Comedy Score]] for the comedy film ''[[The Full Monty]]''. Dudley was the first [[BBC Concert Orchestra]]'s Composer in Association in 2001,<ref name=BBC>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/orchestras/concertorchestra/about_us/annedudley.shtml|title=Anne Dudley|publisher=BBC Concert Orchestra|access-date=4 February 2010}}</ref>  and has composed the scores for over twenty other films.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006050/
|title=Anne Dudley biography
|website=IMDb.com
|access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref>

===Peter Brewis===
[[Peter Brewis|Brewis]] has music credits for several comedy programmes including the sitcoms ''[[The Young Ones (TV series)|The Young Ones]]'' and ''[[Filthy, Rich and Catflap]]''.

===Howard Goodall (born 1958)===
The title themes for ''The Vicar of Dibley'', ''Blackadder'', ''Red Dwarf'' and ''Mr. Bean'' are among [[Howard Goodall]]'s most memorable melodies. He also presents music-based programmes on television and radio, for which he has won many awards. In 2008, he was named as a presenter and Composer-in-Residence at the British radio station [[Classic FM (UK)|Classic FM]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/may/15/commercialradio.radio|title=Blackadder composer joins Classic FM|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 May 2008 | location=London | first=Jemima | last=Kiss | access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> In 2009, he was named "Composer of the Year" at the [[Classic Brit Awards]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.fabermusic.com/news/goodall-composer-of-the-year-at-classical-brits-1210
|title=Goodall 'Composer of the Year' at Classical Brits
|date=14 May 2009
|work=FABER MUSIC
|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

===Jonathan Whitehead (1960-2020)===
An composer for many sitcoms and other comedies, [[Jonathan Whitehead|Whitehead]]'s sitcom credits include ''[[Black Books]]'', ''[[Green Wing]]'', ''[[Campus (TV series)|Campus]]'',  ''[[Nathan Barley]]'' and ''[[Rev. (TV series)|Rev.]]'' His music for ''Green Wing'' was nominated for a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] and won the [[RTS Award]] for Best Original Music. He occasionally wrote under the name "Trellis".
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=Chris |title=Jonathan Whitehead obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/jun/23/jonathan-whitehead-obituary |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News & Media Limited | date=23 June 2020 |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>

== Film spin-offs ==
{{main|List of films based on British television series#Comedy}}
By 2020, at least 45 British sitcoms had been adapted into over 50 feature films;<ref name="bodnotbod.org.uk"/> the first of the three ''[[On the Buses]]'' films was the biggest hit at the British box office in 1971.<ref name="On the Buses"/> However, they were not always critical successes. In a review of ''Are You Being Served?'', Michael Stailey of ''[[DVD Verdict]]'' regarded the [[Are You Being Served? (film)|1977 film]] as "guilty of violating almost every law of comedy and film."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/areyoubeingserved.php |title=DVD Verdict Review - Are You Being Served? The Movie |work=[[DVD Verdict]] |date=6 September 2002 |access-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517195150/http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/areyoubeingserved.php |archive-date=17 May 2011  }}</ref> John Pym of ''[[The Monthly Film Bulletin]]'' also gave the film a negative review, stating that "The humour consists mainly of a withering selection of patent British puns; an inflatable brassiere, some let's-insult-the-Germans jokes and a rickety [[Portable toilet|thunder-box]] which bolts from the outside are thrown in for good measure."<ref name="mfb-review">{{cite journal|journal=[[Monthly Film Bulletin]]|title=Are You Being Served?|last=Pym|first=John|volume=44|issue=516|year=1977|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|location=London}} [https://reader.exacteditions.com/magazines/22854/search?page=2&q=Are+You+Being+Served%3F Now in ''Sight & Sound'' archives]</ref> The film holds a 58% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes; the cutoff for a positive rating is 59%.<ref name="rottentomatoes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/are_you_being_served |title=Rotten Tomatoes: Are You Being Served/| website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> Moreover, as with the series they were based on, some films have been criticised for not meeting contemporary levels of political correctness.<ref name="TTJR"/>

Other sitcom adaptions from the era included
''[[Bottoms Up (1960 film)|Bottoms Up]]'' (1960), based on ''Whack-O!'',
''[[Till Death Us Do Part (film)|Till Death Us Do Part]]'' (1968) and its sequel ''[[The Alf Garnett Saga]]'' (1972),
''[[Dad's Army (1971 film)|Dad's Army]]'' (1971),
''[[On the Buses (film)|On the Buses]]'' (1971) and its sequels,
''[[Please Sir! (film)|Please Sir!]]'' (1971),
''[[Bless This House (film)|Bless This House]]'' (1972),
''[[Steptoe and Son (film)|Steptoe and Son]]'' (1972) and its sequel,
''[[Nearest and Dearest (film)|Nearest and Dearest]]'' (1972),
''[[Father, Dear Father (film)|Father, Dear Father]]'' (1973),
''[[Love Thy Neighbour (1972 TV series)|Love Thy Neighbour]]'' (1973),
''[[Man About the House (film)|Man About the House]]'' (1974),
''[[The Likely Lads (film)|The Likely Lads]]'' (1976),
''[[Porridge (film)|Porridge]]'' (1979), and
''[[George and Mildred (film)|George and Mildred]]'' (1980).

==Criticism and social issues==
British sitcoms reflect changes in public opinion and culture through the times. They began at a time in which, for example, "class and ethnic prejudices were challenged and mocked".<ref name="CTP"/> They heavily featured [[Slapstick Humor|slapstick humour]] and offensive slurs.<ref name="CTP"/> Series such as ''[[Love Thy Neighbour (1972 TV series)|Love Thy Neighbour]]'' (1972–76),<ref name="Love Thy Neighbour 1972–76">Vic Pratt [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/501026/index.html "Love Thy Neighbour (1972–76)"], BFI screenonline</ref> and ''[[Mind Your Language]]'' (1977–79, 1986),<ref name="screenonline.org.uk">Vic Pratt [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1108213/index.html "Mind Your Language (1977–79, 1986)"], BFI screenonline</ref> which attempted to find humour in racial or ethnic conflict and misunderstandings, have been increasingly criticised over time.<ref name="BFISrace">Mark Duguid [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1108234/index.html "Race and the Sitcom"], BFI screenonline</ref> [[Johnny Speight]], the creator of ''In Sickness and In Health'', defended its depiction of the central character [[Alf Garnett]], saying: "If you do the character correctly, he just typifies what you hear - not only in pubs but in golf clubs around the country. To make him truthful he's got to say those things, and they are nasty things. But I feel as a writer that they should be out in the open so we can see how daft these comparisons are."<ref name="BBCSpeight">{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/breakfast/2380565.stm| title = BBC News: "Tribute to Alf Garnett's creator"| date = 31 October 2002}}</ref>

The contemporary ''[[It Ain't Half Hot Mum]]'' has also been criticised for racism,<ref name="BFISrace" /> homophobia, and [[Whitewashing in film|whitewashing its cast]]. The writer, [[Jimmy Perry]], defended it saying those elements were true to life.<ref name="Jeffries">{{cite news|last=Jeffries|first=Stuart|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/03/race.stuartjeffries|title=Some like it hot|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=3 February 2003|access-date=16 February 2018|quote= But why did you cast a white man (Michael Bates) as an Indian bearer? 'At the time we found it impossible to find an Indian actor who could perform the role, to be perfectly honest.'}}</ref> Meanwhile, ''Whack-O!'', a 1960s series set in a private school, has been described as "a little painful" to watch today for its depictions of [[School corporal punishment|caning]].<ref name="BBCwo">{{cite web
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/whacko/
|title=Whack-O!
|date=28 October 2014
|work=BBC Comedy
|publisher=BBC
|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Even ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', considered one of the best sitcoms of all time, has been criticised for its cruelty.<ref name="TTJR"/>

==Research==
In 2005, a group of scientists led by Dr. [[Helen Pilcher]] was commissioned by the satellite channel [[Gold (British TV channel)|UKTV Gold]] to study 20 years of British sitcoms. Using the medical drama ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' as a control, the team came up with a formula for measuring the success or failure of sitcoms. This formula assessed the recognisability of the main character and their delusions of grandeur, the wittiness of the script, the physical injuries the cast suffer and their differences in social statues, and the success of any plans. There was a maximum score of 1120, and ''Casualty'' scored 5.5. The top shows and their scores were ''Only Fools and Horses'' (which scored 696), ''The Office'' (678), ''Father Ted'' (564), ''Fawlty Towers'' (557), and ''Blackadder'' (374.5).

The very worst sitcoms were:
* ''[[Eyes Down]]'' (2003–2004), starring [[Paul O'Grady]] and [[Sheridan Smith]], which scored 96. 
* ''[[According to Bex]]'' (2005), with [[Jessica Hynes|Jessica Stevenson]], and written by Katie Douglas, [[Julia Barron]] and [[Fred Barron]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2003/11_november/27/barron_series.shtml |title=My Family creator Fred Barron gets new BBC ONE series |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=[[BBC]] press office }}</ref> Critical reception to this show was negative, with ''[[The Stage]]'' calling it "the biggest sitcom disaster of the year"<ref name="stage">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/features/feature.php/11114/doctor-in-the-house-tv-highlights-2005
 |title=Doctor in the house – TV Highlights 2005 |access-date=28 May 2009 |work=[[The Stage]] website }}</ref> and the ''British Comedy Guide'' describing it as "dull and predictable".<ref name="guide">{{cite web |url=http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/tv/according_to_bex
 |title=According to Bex |access-date=28 May 2009 |work=British Comedy Guide }}</ref> Despite reports that a second series had been planned,<ref name="mirror">{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv-entertainment/tv/tv-land/2004/12/04/gosh-and-bex-115875-14943865 |title=GOSH AND BEX |access-date=28 May 2009 |work=[[Daily Mirror|The Mirror]] website }}</ref> the show was cancelled after the first series due to low ratings.<ref name="guardianPlun">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/jan/31/overnights |title=BBC1 comedy slips to ratings low |access-date=30 December 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] website | location=London | first=John | last=Plunkett | date=31 January 2005}}</ref> Stevenson considered the series so bad that she quit her agent.<ref name="guardian_agent">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/25/broadcasting.genderissues |title='I went mainstream. It really wasn't me' |access-date=14 February 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] website | location=London | first=Gareth | last=McLean | date=30 December 2021}}</ref> It scored 67.
* ''[[Sam's Game (TV series)|Sam's Game]]'' (2001), starring TV presenter [[Davina McCall]] and comedian [[Ed Byrne (comedian)|Ed Byrne]]. Written by Byrne and uncredited contributors, it ran for only six episodes. It scored 22.
* ''[[Babes in the Wood (TV series)|Babes in the Wood]]'' (1998–1999), a flat-share comedy created and written by [[Modern Romance (band)|Geoff Deane]]. ''The Times'' called it "very shoddy".<ref>{{cite news|title=Carry on Denise – Interview|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=11 September 1999|page=Times Magazine 16}}</ref> ''The Rough Guide to British Cult Comedy'' called it "hackneyed".<ref>{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Julian|title=The Rough Guide to British Cult Comedy|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetobrit00hall|url-access=registration|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetobrit00hall/page/131 131]|publisher=Rough Guides| isbn=9781843536185 }}</ref> The ''Daily Mirror'' was highly critical of [[Claire King]]'s guest appearance.<ref>{{cite news|last=Purnell|first=Tony|title=LAST NIGHT'S VIEW|newspaper=Daily Mirror (UK)|date=25 August 1999|page=24}}</ref> In an overview of ITV programmes, columnist Stuart Heritage of ''The Guardian'' named ''Babes in the Wood'' as one of the worst shows in the network's history. He described ''Babes in the Wood'' as "a show where some babes live in [[St John's Wood]] and literally nothing else happens".<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2015/sep/22/brideshead-revisited-celebrity-wrestling-best-worst-itv-60 "Brideshead Revisited or Celebrity Wrestling: the best and worst of ITV"] ''The Guardian'', 22 September 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2021.</ref> It scored 8.
* ''[['Orrible]]'' (2001), written by and starring [[Johnny Vaughan]], and lasting only for 8 episodes, came last with a score of 6.5.

== British sitcoms overseas ==
=== United States ===
British sitcoms are often seen on the Public Broadcasting Service ([[PBS]]), usually thanks to the effort of [[WGBH-TV|WGBH]], and increasingly on cable television, including [[BBC America]] and [[Comedy Central]]. ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'', ''[[Keeping Up Appearances]]'' and ''[[As Time Goes By (TV series)|As Time Goes By]]'' became sleeper hits when they aired on PBS, while ''[[Absolutely Fabulous]]'' enjoyed a significant following when it aired on Comedy Central and ''[[The Office (British TV series)|The Office]]'' won a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] award in 2004 for "Best Television Series—Musical or Comedy", surpassing American series such as ''[[Sex and the City]]'' and ''[[Will & Grace]]''.

Several British sitcoms have been successfully [[List of American television series based on British television series|remade for the American market]]. Notable examples include ''Steptoe and Son'' which became ''[[Sanford and Son]]'', ''Till Death Us Do Part'', which became ''[[All in the Family]]'', and ''The Office'' which was remade into [[The Office (American TV series)|an American series]] of the same name. ''[[Three's Company]]'', a remake of ''[[Man About the House]]'', had its own spinoffs: ''[[The Ropers]]'', based on ''George and Mildred'', and ''[[Three's a Crowd]]'', based on ''[[Robin's Nest (TV series)|Robin's Nest]]''. Other American remakes of British sitcoms include ''[[What a Country!]]'', based on ''Mind Your Language''. More recently, shows such as ''[[The Inbetweeners]]'' was adapted into [[The Inbetweeners (American TV series)|an American version]], as was ''[[The Thick of It]]'' as ''[[Veep]]''. A large number of US adaptations end up being cancelled early or are not commissioned after their pilots are created. Another notable difference, which can be both positive or negative depending upon the skill of the cast and writers, is the American media culture of 20 or more episodes in a season, as opposed to the British tendency to have fewer than 10 episodes per series.

=== Australia and New Zealand ===
In Australia, many British comedy series are aired on the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], which is the Australian equivalent of the BBC. British shows are also sometimes shown on the three commercial [[Television broadcasting|television network]]s in Australia, especially [[Seven Network]] during the 1970s. In New Zealand, state-run [[TVNZ]] also broadcasts many British series. The majority of British comedies now air in both countries on the subscription channels [[The Comedy Channel]] and [[UKTV]].

Australian commercial television channels made their own versions of British comedies during the 1970s, often using members of the original casts. These included: ''[[Are You Being Served? (Australian TV series)|Are You Being Served?]]'', ''[[Father, Dear Father#Australian version|Father, Dear Father]]'', ''[[Doctor Down Under]]'', ''[[Love Thy Neighbour in Australia]]''. In both countries, locally produced sitcoms have historically been heavily influenced by the structure of British sitcoms, such as in the New Zealand sitcom ''[[Gliding On]]''.

=== India ===
In the 1980s, India's national broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] showed ''Fawlty Towers'', ''[[Yes Minister]]'' and ''Mind Your Language''.

== See also ==
*[[Black comedy]]
*[[British humour]]
*[[List of BBC sitcoms]]
*[[List of American television series based on British television series]]

*[[Sitcom]]
*[[List of films based on British television series#Comedy|Lists of films based on British TV comedies]]
{{Portal|Comedy|Television|United Kingdom}}
== Further reading ==

*''The Sitcom Family'',  [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/1368302/index.html Duguid, Mark. British Film Institute, ScreenOnline]

*''Sitcom'', [http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/445368/index.html Wickham, Phil. British Film Institute, ScreenOnline]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="AAA">{{cite journal
|last=Alexander
|first=Richard
|title=British Comedy and Humour: Social and Cultural Background
|year=1984
|journal=AAA: Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik
|publisher=Narr Francke Attempto Verlag GmbH Co. KG
|volume=9
|issue=1
|pages=63–83
|jstor=43023313
|url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/43023313
|access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
* Cook, Jim, ed. ''B.F.I. Dossier 17: Television Sitcom,'' (London: British Film Institute, 1982).
* Gray, Frances. "Privacy, embarrassment and social power: British sitcom." in ''Beyond a Joke'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2005) pp.&nbsp;146–161.
* Gray, Frances. "British sitcom: a rather sad story." in ''Women and Laughter'' (Palgrave, London, 1994) pp.&nbsp;80–111.
* Griffin, Jeffrey, "The Americanization of The Office: a comparison of the offbeat NBC sitcom and its British predecessor". ''Journal of Popular Film and Television'' 35 (2008): 154–16
* Heaney, Dermot. "Taboo infringement and layered comedy: a linguistic analysis of convolution in Gervais and Merchant's Life's Too Short." ''Comedy Studies'' 7.2 (2016): 152–168.
* Hunt, Leon. ''Cult British TV Comedy: From Reeves and Mortimer to Psychoville'' (Manchester University Press, 2015).
* Kamm, Jürgen, and Birgit Neumann, eds. ''British TV comedies: Cultural concepts, contexts and controversies'' (Springer, 2016).
* Kilborn, Richard. "A golden age of British sitcom? Hancock's Half Hour and Steptoe and Son." in ''British TV Comedies'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2016) pp.&nbsp;23–35.
* Lewisohn, Mark (2003) ''Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy''. 2nd Ed. Revised – BBC Consumer Publishing. {{ISBN|0-563-48755-0}}
* Mills, Brett. ''Television Sitcom'' (London: BFI, 2005).
* Mills, Brett. "The television sitcom." in ''The Routledge Companion to British Media History'' (Routledge, 2014) pp.&nbsp;469–477.
* Mortimer, Claire. "Angry old women: Peggy Mount and the performance of female ageing in the British sitcom." ''Critical Studies in Television'' 10.2 (2015): 71–86.
* Schwind, Kai Hanno. "'Chilled-out entertainers'–multi-layered sitcom performances in the British and American version of The Office." ''Comedy Studies'' 5.1 (2014): 20–32.
* Wickham, Phil. "Twenty-First Century British Sitcom and 'the Hidden Injuries of Class'." in ''Social Class and Television Drama in Contemporary Britain'' (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2017) pp.&nbsp;201–213.
* Zalmanovich, Tal. "Sharing a laugh: Sitcoms and the production of post-imperial Britain, 1945–1980" (PhD dissertation, Rutgers University, 2013) [https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/40743/PDF/1/play/ online].

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527205911/http://www.classicsitcoms.co.uk/ The Classic British Sitcoms Forum]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom BBC Britain's Best Sitcom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727072305/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/ |date=27 July 2014 }}
* [http://www.comedy.co.uk/ British Comedy Guide]
* Martin Wainwright, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 7 June 2005, [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1500811,00.html "Del Boy is top of the class, say sitcom scientists"] – scientist develops formula for measuring (British) sitcom success

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{{BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy (Programme or Series)}}

[[Category:British radio comedy|Sitcom]]
[[Category:British television sitcoms|*]]