Editing Bruce Graham

{{Short description|Peruvian-American architect (1925–2010)}}
{{for multi|the Australian politician|Bill Graham (Australian politician)|the Canadian ice hockey player|Bruce Graham (ice hockey)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Bruce Graham
| image              = Bruce Graham (architect, born 1925).jpg
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = Bruce John Graham
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1925|12|1}}
| birth_place        = [[La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca]], Colombia
| death_date         = {{death date and age|2010|03|6|1925|12|1}}
| death_place        = [[Hobe Sound, Florida]] U.S.
| nationality        = Peruvian-American
| occupation         = architect
| spouse             = 
| children           = 
| alma_mater         = [[University of Pennsylvania School of Design]]<br>[[Case Western Reserve University]]<br/>[[University of Dayton]]
}}
'''Bruce John Graham''' (December 1, 1925 &ndash; March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-born Peruvian-American [[architect]]. Graham built buildings all over the world and was deeply involved with evolving the [[Burnham Plan of Chicago]]. Among his most notable buildings are the [[Inland Steel Building]], the [[Willis Tower]] (formerly the Sears Tower), and the [[John Hancock Center]].<ref name="kamin">{{cite news|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2010/03/bruce-graham-architect-of-willis-tower-and-john-hancock-center-dies-.html|title=Bruce Graham, architect of Willis Tower and John Hancock Center, dies at age 84|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=March 8, 2010|access-date=March 9, 2010|archive-date=November 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118021558/http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2010/03/bruce-graham-architect-of-willis-tower-and-john-hancock-center-dies-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
He was also responsible for planning the  [[Broadgate]] and [[Canary Wharf]] developments in [[London]].<ref name="yochicago.com">{{Cite web|url=http://yochicago.com/bruce-graham-a-self-described-chicago-architect/30930/|title=Bruce Graham, a self-described Chicago architect|date=18 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="broadgate.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.broadgate.co.uk/135-Bishopsgate|title=Eat, Drink, Shop in Broadgate &#124; Shops, Restaurants, Bars, Gym & Salons}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Skidmore,+Owings+%26+Merrill%27s+Bruce+Graham+to+be+Honored+at+Tribute.-a0161997131 |title=Skidmore, Owings & Merrill's Bruce Graham to be Honored at Tribute. - Free Online Library |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515025117/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Skidmore,+Owings+%26+Merrill%27s+Bruce+Graham+to+be+Honored+at+Tribute.-a0161997131 |archive-date=2014-05-15}} </ref>

Architectural historian Franz Schulze called him "the [[Daniel Burnham|Burnham]] of his generation."<ref name=kamin/>  He was a 1993 [[Pew Fellowships in the Arts|Pew Fellow]].

==Life==
Born on December 1, 1925, in [[La Cumbre, Colombia|La Cumbre]], Valle del Cauca, [[Colombia]], Graham was the son of a [[Canadians|Canadian]]-born father who was an international [[bank]]er,<ref name="wgrimesnyt">[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/arts/design/10graham.html?ref=obituaries Grimes, William. "Bruce J. Graham, Chicago Architect Who Designed Sears Tower, Dies at 84," ''The New York Times'', Wednesday, March 10, 2010.]</ref> and a [[Peru]]vian mother. His first language was Spanish.<ref name="kamin" />

He attended [[Colegio San José (San Juan, Puerto Rico)|Colegio San Jose]] de [[Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico]], and graduated in 1944. He studied at the [[University of Dayton]], Ohio, and  Structural Engineering at the [[Case School of Engineering|Case School of Applied Sciences]] in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1948 with a degree in Architecture.  When he first came to Chicago, he worked for [[Holabird and Root]] and joined the Chicago office [[Skidmore, Owings and Merrill]], the largest architectural firm in the United States in 1951.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news|title=Apostle of Architecture's Power Left Mark on Chicago Skyline|work=Wall Street Journal|date=March 10, 2010|page=A5|first=Stephen|last=Miller}}</ref>

==Career==
During his 40-year tenure at SOM, Bruce Graham designed notable buildings all over the world from his home in Chicago, to Guatemala, Hong Kong, London, Cairo, and many other cities. He designed the [[Willis Tower]], tallest building in the world for nearly 36 years, the 100 story tall [[John Hancock Center]], [[One Shell Plaza]] etc.

He was extremely involved with the University of Pennsylvania, especially the School of Fine Arts.  He believed that teachers of architecture should be currently involved in its practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.som.com/content.cfm/bruce_graham_interview|title=Bruce Graham Interviewed by Detlef Mertins|publisher=SOM Journal 2|date=August 7, 2002|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301135848/http://www.som.com/content.cfm/bruce_graham_interview|archivedate=March 1, 2010}}</ref>  He was committed to the study of architectural theory and started the [[SOM Foundation]]. He also taught an architectural studio at Harvard.  Graham was a great collector of art. He befriended [[Alexander Calder]], [[Joan Miró]], [[Chryssa Vardea Mavromichali|Chryssa]] and [[Eduardo Chillida|Chillida]], among others.  He invited these artists to create public works of art for the city of Chicago. He believed that to create great work an architect should be informed by philosophy, history, music and literature.

==Design philosophy==
Graham had studied structural engineering at Case Western and brought that knowledge and respect of the structure of an edifice to all his buildings. The Hancock building in particular, uses structural design for esthetic expression. Graham later expressed this in [[Hotel Arts]] in Barcelona and many other buildings including his buildings in London at Broadgate. Bruce Graham firmly believed that architecture like dance and music were a combination of structure and beauty. He believed that these forms of art represented the highest achievements of culture. Like other forms of Art, Graham believed that architecture was a result and a reflection of the morals of the culture in which it was built.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.somchina.cn/publication/bruce-graham-interviewed-detlef-mertins |title=Bruce Graham Interviewed by Detlef Mertins &#124; SOM &#124; Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP |accessdate=2014-05-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515014029/https://www.somchina.cn/publication/bruce-graham-interviewed-detlef-mertins |archivedate=2014-05-15 }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Sears Tower ss.jpg|[[Willis Tower]]
File:John Hancock Center 2.jpg|[[John Hancock Center]]
File:Hotel Arts.jpg|[[Hotel Arts]]
</gallery>

==England projects==
Graham left a major influence on [[London]], where he was responsible for designing the master plans for the massive [[Broadgate]] and [[Canary Wharf]] developments.<ref name="yochicago.com"/> He also designed nine buildings in London.<ref name="broadgate.co.uk"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/arts/design/10graham.html?_r=0|title = Bruce J. Graham, Chicago Architect Who Designed Sears Tower, Dies at 84|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 10 March 2010|last1 = Grimes|first1 = William}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/mar/25/bruce-graham-obituary|title = Bruce Graham obituary|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = 25 March 2010}}</ref>

Graham said, "We design our buildings for the inhabitants and for those who see them from the street. We try to design buildings that are a part of London, not in an imitation of period styles but an invention."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.broadgate.co.uk/Content/PDF/BroadgateArchitectureLeaflet.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514222000/http://www.broadgate.co.uk/Content/PDF/BroadgateArchitectureLeaflet.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Cabot Square, Canary Wharf - June 2008.jpg|[[Canary Wharf]], view east from Cabot Square
File:Canary Wharf Skyline 2, London UK - Oct 2012.jpg|[[Canary Wharf]]
File:Broadgate Tower.jpg|[[Broadgate]]
</gallery>

==Major works==
*1958 - [[Inland Steel Building]], Chicago, Illinois, USA
*1970 - [[John Hancock Center]], Chicago, Illinois, USA
*1973 - [[Sears Tower]] (renamed [[Willis Tower]]), Wacker Drive, Chicago, USA
*1973 - [[U.S. Bank Center (Milwaukee)|First Wisconsin Plaza]], Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
*1982 - [[Broadgate]], London, England
*1988 - [[Canary Wharf]], London, England
*1992 - [[Hotel Arts]], Barcelona, Spain

==Death==
[[File:Graves of Fazlur Rahman Khan (1929–1982) and Bruce John Graham (1925–2010) at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Graves of Fazlur Rahman Khan and Graham at Graceland Cemetery]]

Graham died March 6, 2010, at the age of 84 in [[Hobe Sound, Florida]]. The cause was complications of Alzheimer’s disease, said his son, George.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.som.com/content.cfm/030810_legendary_architect_bruce_j_graham_dies|title=Legendary Architect Bruce J. Graham Dies|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312074224/http://www.som.com/content.cfm/030810_legendary_architect_bruce_j_graham_dies|archivedate=2010-03-12}}</ref> Graham was buried at [[Graceland Cemetery]] next to [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]].

On October 14, 2010, Chicago Alderman Brendan Reilly, 42nd Ward, dedicated the streets to the south and east sides of the [[John Hancock Center]] – one of Graham’s most iconic achievements – as Honorary Bruce J. Graham Way. It runs along Chestnut Street between Mies van der Rohe Street and Michigan Avenue and along Mies van der Rohe Street – named after famed architect, [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] - between Chestnut and Delaware Streets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.som.com/content.cfm/late_som_architect_bruce_graham_honored|title=Late SOM Architect Bruce Graham Honored; In Recognition of Graham's 40-year Career in Chicago, the Tribute to the Mastermind of the Willis (Sears) Tower and John Hancock Center Included the Dedication of Honorary Bruce J. Graham Way|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806161550/http://www.som.com/content.cfm/late_som_architect_bruce_graham_honored|archivedate=2011-08-06}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[BMA Tower]] in [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
*[[Srinivasa 'Hal' Iyengar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2010/03/architect-of-willis-tower-john-hancock-center-dies.html Architect of Willis Tower and John Hancock Center dies]
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/bruce-graham Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Bruce}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian architects]]
[[Category:American people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Peruvian descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)]]
[[Category:Colegio San José alumni]]
[[Category:Colombian architects]]
[[Category:Colombian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Colombian people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Colombian people of Peruvian descent]]
[[Category:University of Dayton alumni]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Bogotá]]
[[Category:People from Hobe Sound, Florida]]
[[Category:Peruvian architects]]
[[Category:Pew Fellows in the Arts]]
[[Category:Skyscraper architects]]