Editing Budding

{{Short description|Form of cellular asexual reproduction}}
{{About|the form of asexual reproduction|other uses|Budding (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}
[[File:S cerevisiae under DIC microscopy.jpg|thumb|''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'' reproducing by budding]]

'''Budding''' or '''blastogenesis''' is a type of [[asexual reproduction]] in which a new [[organism]] develops from an outgrowth or bud due to [[cell division]] at one particular site. For example, the small bulb-like projection coming out from the [[yeast]] cell is known as a bud. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a [[cloning|clone]] and, excepting [[mutation]]s, is genetically identical to the parent organism. Organisms such as [[Hydra (genus)|hydra]] use [[regeneration (biology)|regenerative]] cells for reproduction in the process of budding.

In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell  division of the parent body at one specific site. These buds develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.

Internal budding or endodyogeny is a process of asexual reproduction, favored by parasites such as ''[[Toxoplasma gondii]]''. It involves an unusual process in which two daughter cells are produced inside a mother cell, which is then consumed by the offspring prior to their separation.<ref name=smyth>{{cite book |author=James Desmond Smyth, Derek Wakelin |title=Introduction to animal parasitology |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=101–102 |edition=3 |isbn=0-521-42811-4 }}</ref>

Endopolygeny is the division into several organisms at once by internal budding.

==Cellular reproduction==
Some cells [[cell division|divide]] asymmetrically by budding, for example ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', the yeast species used in baking and brewing. This process results in a 'mother' cell and a smaller 'daughter' cell. Cryo-electron tomography recently revealed that mitochondria in cells divide by budding.

==Animal reproduction==
[[File:Hydra_oligactis.jpg|thumb |[[Hydra (genus)|Hydra]] with two buds]]
[[File:Hydra Budding.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[Hydra (genus)|Hydra]]'' budding:

1. Non-reproducing

2. Creating a bud

3. Daughter growing out

4. Beginning to cleave

5. Daughter broke off

6. Daughter [[Clone (cell biology)|clone]] of parent]]
In some multicellular [[animal]]s, offspring may develop as outgrowths of the mother. Animals that reproduce by budding include [[coral]]s, some [[sponge]]s, some acoels (e.g., ''[[Convolutriloba]]''), [[echinoderm#Asexual reproduction|echinoderm]] larvae, [[placozoa]]ns, [[symbion]]s, [[pterobranchia]]ns, [[entoprocta]]ns, some [[polychaete]]s,  [[bryozoa]]ns, [[tunicate]]s, [[flatworm]]s and a single [[phoronid]] species.

==Colony division==
Colonies of some bee species have also exhibited budding behavior, such as ''[[Apis dorsata]]''. Although budding behavior is rare in this bee species, it has been observed when a group of workers leave the natal nest and construct a new nest usually near the natal one.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oldroyd|first1=B.P.|title=Colony relatedness in aggregations of ''Apis dorsata'' Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Apidae)|journal=Insectes Sociaux|volume=47|issue=47|pages=94–95|doi=10.1007/s000400050015 |year=2000|s2cid=40346464}}</ref>

==Virology==
In [[virology]], budding is a form of [[viral shedding]] by which enveloped [[virus]]es acquire their external [[viral envelope|envelope]] from the host [[cell membrane]], which bulges outwards and encloses the [[virus#Structure|virion]].

==Plant multiplication==
{{See also|Shield budding|Vegetative reproduction|Chip budding}}

In [[agriculture]] and [[horticulture]], budding refers to [[grafting]] the bud of one plant onto another.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plantpropagation.org/budding |title=Budding Plant Propagation Technique |publisher=plantpropagation.org |access-date=2022-10-31 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602014212/https://plantpropagation.org/budding/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Fragmentation (reproduction)]]
*[[Paratomy]]
*[[Fission (biology)]]
*[[Strobilation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |title=Budding {{!}} MU Extension |url=https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g6972 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=extension.missouri.edu}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Plant reproduction]]
[[Category:Asexual reproduction]]