Editing Bug (river)

{{Short description|Major Central European river}}
{{ about|the Bug, a tributary of the Narew|the river in Southern Ukraine|Southern Bug}}

{{Infobox river
| name               = Bug
| native_name        = {{unbulletedlist|{{native name|pl|Bug}}|{{native name|uk|Західний Буг}}|{{native name|be|Заходні Буг}}|{{native name|ru|Западный Буг}}}}
<!-- IMAGE & MAP -->
| image              = Wyszkow_Bug.jpg
| image_size         = 250
| image_caption      = Bug River in the vicinity of [[Wyszków]], [[Poland]]
| map                = Vistula river map.png
| map_size           = 250px
| map_caption        = Bug River
| pushpin_map_size   = 250px
| mapframe           = yes
| mapframe-zoom      = 5
<!-- LOCATION -->
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[Poland]], [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]]
| subdivision_type2  = Voivodeship<br />Region<br />Oblast
| subdivision_name2  = [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]], [[Masovian Voivodeship|Mazovian]], [[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]], [[Brest Region|Brest]], [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]]
| subdivision_type3  = Cities
| subdivision_name3  = [[Sheptytskyi]], [[Sokal]], [[Włodawa]], [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Drohiczyn]], [[Wyszków]], [[Serock]]
<!-- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length             = {{convert|774|km|mi|abbr=on}} 
| discharge1_location= [[Serock]]
| discharge1_avg     = {{convert|1|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_location= [[Narew]]
| discharge2_avg     = {{convert|155|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
<!-- BASIN FEATURES -->
| source1_location   = near [[Verkhobuzh]], [[Lviv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|49.8715|25.0960|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|310|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Narew]]
| mouth_location     = near [[Serock]], [[Poland]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|52.50814|21.08408|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|75|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = {{RNarew}}
| basin_size         = {{convert|38712|km2|abbr=on}}
}}

The '''Bug''' or '''Western Bug'''{{efn|{{langx|pl|Bug}} {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Bug.ogg|b|u|k}}, {{langx|uk|Західний Буг}}, ''Zakhidnyi Buh,'' {{langx|be|Захо́дні Буг}}, ''Zakhodni Buh''; {{langx|ru|Западный Буг}}, ''Zapadnyy Bug''}} is a major river in [[Central Europe]] that flows through [[Belarus]] (border), [[Poland]], and [[Ukraine]], with a total length of {{convert|774|km|mi}}.<ref name=yearbook>[http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/en/defaultaktualnosci/3328/2/17/1/statistical_yearbook_of_the_republic_of_poland_2017.pdf Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2017], [[Central Statistical Office (Poland)|Statistics Poland]], p. 85-86</ref> A [[tributary]] of the [[Narew]], the Bug forms part of the [[Belarus–Poland border|border]] between Belarus and Poland for {{convert|178|km|mi}} and part of the [[Poland–Ukraine border|border]] between Ukraine and Poland for {{convert|185|km|mi}}.<ref name="floodwise"/><ref name=statistics>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus. Main characteristics of the largest rivers of Belarus |publisher = Data of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |access-date = 27 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140115190617/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/237-main-characteristics-of-the-largest-rivers.html |archive-date = 15 January 2014 |url-status = dead }}</ref> 

The Bug is connected with the [[Dnieper]] by the [[Dnieper–Bug Canal]]. Out of its {{convert|38712|km2|mi2}} [[drainage basin]], half is in Poland,<ref name=yearbook/> just over a quarter in Belarus, and slightly under a quarter in Ukraine.<ref name="floodwise"/>

==History==
According to [[Zbigniew Gołąb]], the Slavic hydronym ''Bug'' as ''*bugъ''/''*buga'' derives from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root ''*bheug-'' (with cognates in old [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*bheugh-'' etc. with the meaning 'bend, turn, move away'), with the hypothetical original meaning 'pertaining to a (river) bend', and derivatives in Russian ''búga'' 'low banks of a river overgrown with bushes', Polish ''bugaj'' 'bushes or woods in a river valley or on a steep river bank', and Latvian ''bauga'' 'marshy place by a river'.<ref>{{citation |first=Zbigniew |last=Gołąb |author-link = Zbigniew Gołąb |year=1992 |title=The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/39006 |location=[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] |publisher=Slavica |pages=258–260 |isbn=9780893572310}}</ref>

Traditionally (e.g., by the drafters of the [[Curzon Line]]), the Bug River has been considered the ethnographic border between the East and West as well as the border between [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] (Ukrainians, Belarusians) and [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] (Poles) peoples.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lwow.com.pl/przes2.html|title= POLSKIE PRZESIEDLENIA - HISTORIA NIEZNANA|website= www.lwow.com.pl|access-date= 13 August 2018}}</ref> {{verify source|date=October 2020}}

The Bug was part of the frontier between the territories occupied by Austria, Russia, and Prussia after the [[Third Partition of Poland]] in 1795, the southern half of the eastern border of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] and [[Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission]] (1809–1815), [[Congress Poland]] and Russia proper (1815–1867), of the [[Vistula Land]] and Russia proper (1867–1913), and of the [[Regency Kingdom of Poland]] and [[Belarusian Democratic Republic|BPR]] (1917–1918). The Bug also formed part of the dividing line between German [[Wehrmacht]] and Soviet [[Red Army]] zones specified in a secret clause of the [[German–Soviet Frontier Treaty]] of 28 September 1939 following the September 1939 [[invasion of Poland]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]].

==Geographic characteristics==

[[File:Łazienki - Pałac na wodzie - 20.jpg|thumb|left|''Allegory of the Bug River'', a statue on the terrace of the [[Łazienki Palace]] in [[Łazienki Park|Royal Baths Park]], [[Warsaw]], Poland]]
The Bug is a left tributary of the [[Narew]]. It flows from the [[Lviv Oblast]] in the west of Ukraine northwards into the [[Volyn Oblast]], before passing along the Ukraine-Polish and [[Polish-Belarusian]] border and into Poland, where it follows part of the border between the [[Masovian Voivodeship|Masovian]] and [[Podlaskie Voivodeship|Podlaskie]] [[Voivodeship]]s. It joins the Narew at [[Serock]], a few kilometers upstream of the artificial [[Zegrze Lake]], which was constructed in 1963 with a hydroelectric complex.<ref name="floodwise">{{cite web | url=http://www.lugv.brandenburg.de/media_fast/4055/final_floodwise_proj.pdf | title=Characteristics and cross-border cooperation within the river basins of the FLOOD-WISE project | publisher=[[Zuyd University of Applied Sciences]] [[Maastricht]], the Netherlands | year=2010 | access-date=29 October 2013 | author1=D.François | author2=J. Kikken | author3=P. Moiret | author4=J. Paulzen | author5=B. Stevens | pages=49–55 | archive-date=31 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031203749/http://www.lugv.brandenburg.de/media_fast/4055/final_floodwise_proj.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

This part of the Narew between the confluence and the Vistula is sometimes referred to as [[Narew#Name of the lower portion|Bugo-Narew]] but on December 27, 1962, the Prime Minister of Poland's act abolished the name "Bugo-Narew", soon after Zegrze Lake was completed.<ref name="Monitor">{{in lang|pl}} "Monitor Polski" 1963, nr 3, poz. 6</ref>

On the Bug, a few kilometers from the [[Vysokaye]] in [[Kamenets Raion|Kamenets District]] of the [[Brest Region]], is the westernmost point of [[Belarus]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html |title = Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus |publisher = The Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise “National Cadastre Agency” of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus |year = 2011 |website = Land of Ancestors |access-date = 20 September 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053717/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html |archive-date = 21 September 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is also connected with the [[Dnieper]] via the [[Mukhavets]], a right-bank tributary, by the [[Dnieper-Bug Canal]].

==Basin==

The total basin area of the Bug is {{convert|38712|km2|mi2}} of which half, {{convert|19239|km2|mi2}} or, 50%, is in Poland.<ref name=yearbook/> Somewhat more than a quarter, {{convert|11400|km2|mi2}} or 29%, is in Belarus, and a bit under a quarter, {{convert|8700|km2|mi2}} or 22% lies in Ukraine.<ref name="floodwise"/>

The climate of the Bug basin is [[Temperate climate|temperate]].<ref name="floodwise"/>

The basin experiences annual high-water levels during spring flooding due to thawing snow, after which a low flow period starts and lasts until October or mid-November. Occasional summer floods often occur in the headlands, where mountains influence favorable [[flash-flood]] conditions. In Autumn the water level increases are inconsiderable; in some years they do not happen at all. During the winter the river can have temporary ice-outs that sometimes provoke ice jams, causing an increase of the level up to {{convert|2|m|ft}}. The resultant water levels are changeable due to the instability of ice cover.<ref name="floodwise"/>

==Flooding==

Significant floods during the last 60 years in Belarus were registered in 1958, 1962, 1967, 1971 and 1974.<ref name="floodwise"/> The largest spring flood was observed in 1979, when the maximum water discharge was 19.1 cubic metres per second on 24 March 1979, at the village of [[Chersk]]; 166 cubic metres per second near the village of [[Tyukhinichi]] ([[Lyasnaya]] river) on 31 March 1979; and 269 cubic metres per second near [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] on 1 April 1979. A similar spring flood occurred in 1999 when the spring run-off in March–May exceeded the average annual value by almost half again (48%).

The last time the Bug flooded in Poland and Ukraine was in 2010 and the last time it flooded in Belarus was in 1999.<ref name="floodwise"/>

==Tributaries==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
'''Left bank'''
* [[Poltva]]
* [[Bukowa (Bug)|Bukowa]]
* [[Huczwa]]
* [[Uherka (river)|Uherka]]
* [[Włodawka]]
* [[Krzna]]
* [[Toczna]]
* [[Liwiec]]
* [[Kałamanka]]

'''Right bank'''
* [[Solokiya]]
* [[Luha]]
* [[Mukhavets]]
* [[Lyasnaya]] 
** [[Leśna Prawa]]
** [[Lyevaya Lyasnaya]]
* [[Nurzec]]
* [[Brok River|Brok]]
* [[Warenzhanka]]
}}

==Photo gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Bug_wlodawa01b-04.jpg | Bug River in the vicinity of [[Włodawa]]
Image:Bug Nur.jpg | Bug River in the vicinity of [[Nur, Poland|Nur]]
Image:Rzeka Bug w Drohiczynie.jpg | Bug River in the vicinity of [[Drohiczyn]]
Image:Rzeka Bug.jpg | Bug River landscape near Nadbużański
Image:Bug..JPG | Bug River in the vicinity of [[Małkinia Górna]]
Image:Bug Serpelice.JPG | Bug River in the vicinity of [[Serpelice]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Western_Bug|Bug River}}

* {{annotated link|Bug Landscape Park}}
* {{annotated link|Geography of Belarus}}
* {{annotated link|Geography of Poland}}
* {{annotated link|Geography of Ukraine}}
* {{annotated link|Rivers of Belarus}}
* {{annotated link|Rivers of Poland}}
* {{annotated link|Rivers of Ukraine}}
* {{annotated link|Southern Bug}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
===Sources===
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* {{in lang|pl}} [http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_I/450 Bug] in the [[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]] (1880)

{{Polish rivers}}
{{Rivers of Ukraine}}
{{Borders of Belarus}}
{{Borders of Poland}}
{{Borders of Ukraine}}
{{Europe topic |Borders of}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Belarus–Poland border]]
[[Category:Belarus–Ukraine border]]
[[Category:Poland–Ukraine border]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Borders of Belarus]]
[[Category:Borders of Poland]]
[[Category:Borders of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Bug basin| ]]
[[Category:International rivers of Europe]]
[[Category:Natura 2000 in Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Belarus]]
[[Category:Rivers of Brest region]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lublin Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Rivers of Lviv Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Masovian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Rivers of Podlaskie Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Rivers of Poland]]
[[Category:Rivers of Volyn Oblast]]