Editing Buginese language

{{short description|Language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Buginese
| nativename = ''Basa Ugi''<br>{{Script|Bugi|ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ}}
| states = [[Indonesia]]
| region = [[South Sulawesi]]; enclaves elsewhere in Sulawesi, [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]], [[West Papua (region)|Papua]]
| ethnicity = [[Buginese people|Buginese]]
| speakers = [[L1 speakers|L1]]: {{sigfig|3.527800|2}} million <br/>[[L2 speakers|L2]]: 500,000 <br/> Total speakers: 4 million
| date = 2015 [[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]]
| ref = e22
| familycolor = Austronesian
| fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3 = [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]]
| fam4 = [[South Sulawesi languages#Internal classification|Bugis]]–[[Tamanic languages|Tamanic]]
| fam5 = Bugis
| script = [[Latin script]]<br/>[[Lontara script]]
| iso2 = bug
| iso3 = bug
| glotto = bugi1244
| glottorefname = Buginese
| map = Bugis-speaking area.svg
| mapcaption = The distribution of Buginese and [[Campalagian language|Campalagian]] speakers throughout [[Sulawesi]]
}}

'''Buginese''' or '''Bugis''' (Buginese: {{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ}}}} {{IPA|/basa.uɡi/}}) is a language spoken by about 4 million people mainly in the southern part of [[Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]].<ref name=e22/>

==History==

The word Buginese derives from the word {{Lang|ms|Bahasa}} ''[[Bugis]]'' in [[Malay Language|Malay]]. In Buginese, it is called {{lang|bug-Latn|Basa Ugi}} while the Bugis people are called {{lang|bug-Latn|To Ugi}}. According to a Buginese myth, the term {{lang|bug-Latn|Ugi}} is derived from the name to the first king of Cina, an ancient Bugis kingdom, {{Lang|bug-latn|La Sattumpugi}}. {{Lang|bug-latn|To Ugi}} basically means 'the followers of La Sattumpugi'.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Bugis-Makassarese: From Agrarian Farmers to Adventurous Seafarers|journal=Aboriginal, Australia, Marege', Bugis-Makassar, Transformation|pages=2|author=T. Ambo, T. Joeharnani|publisher=Universitas Hassanuddin}}</ref>

Little is known about the early history of this language due to the lack of written records. The earliest written record of this language is [[Sureq Galigo]], the epic creation myth of the Bugis people.

Another written source of Buginese is [[Lontara]], a term which refers to the traditional script and historical record as well. The earliest historical record of Lontara dates to around the 17th century. Lontara records have been described by historians of Indonesia as "sober" and "factual" when compared to their counterparts from other regions of Maritime Southeast Asia, such as the ''[[babad]]'' of Java. These records are usually written in a matter-of-fact tone with very few mythical elements, and the writers would usually put disclaimers before stating something that they cannot verify.{{sfn|Abidin|1971|pp=165–166}}{{sfn|Cummings|2007|p=8}}{{sfn|Hall|1965|p=358}}

Prior to the Dutch arrival in the 19th century, a missionary, B. F. Matthews, translated the Bible into Buginese, which made him the first European to acquire knowledge of the language. He was also one of the first Europeans to master [[Makassar language|Makassarese]]. The dictionaries and grammar books compiled by him, and the literature and folklore texts he published, remain basic sources of information about both languages.

Upon [[Dutch East Indies|colonization by the Dutch]], a number of [[Bugis]] fled from their home area of South Sulawesi seeking a better life. This led to the existence of small groups of Buginese speakers throughout [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ammarell|first=Gene|date=2002|title=Bugis Migration and Modes of Adaptation to Local Situstions|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4153020|journal=Ethnology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=51–67|doi=10.2307/4153020|jstor=4153020|issn=0014-1828}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nor Afidah Abd Rahman|title=Bugis trade {{!}} Infopedia|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2016-02-17_161442.html|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg|access-date=2020-09-05}}</ref>

==Classification==
Buginese belongs to the [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] subgroup of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. Within the [[South Sulawesi languages|South Sulawesi]] subgroup, it is most closely related to [[Campalagian language|Campalagian]] and the [[Tamanic languages|Tamanic]] outlier in West Kalimantan.

==Geographical distribution==
Most of the native speakers (around 3 million) are concentrated in [[South Sulawesi]], [[Indonesia]] but there are small groups of Buginese speakers on the island of [[Java (island)|Java]], [[Samarinda]] and east [[Sumatra]] of [[Indonesia]], east [[Sabah]] and [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Malaysia]] and South [[Philippines]]. This [[Bugis]] diaspora is the result of migration since the 17th century that was mainly driven by continuous warfare situations. ([[Netherlands|Dutch]] direct colonization started in the early 20th century.)

== Phonology ==
Buginese has six vowels: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}, and the central vowel {{IPA|/ə/}}.

The following table gives the consonant phonemes of Buginese together with their representation in [[Lontara script]].

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants
|-
!colspan=2| 
!colspan=2| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan=2| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
!colspan=2| [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
!colspan=2| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|m}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨆ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|n}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨊ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|ɲ}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨎ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|ŋ}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨂ}}
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|-
!colspan=2| [[prenasalized consonant|Prenasalized]] [[Consonant cluster|cluster]]
|class="API"| {{IPA|[mp]}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨇ}}
|class="API"| {{IPA|[nr]}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨋ}}
|class="API"| {{IPA|[ɲc]}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨏ}}
|class="API"| {{IPA|[ŋk]}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨃ}}
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|b}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨅ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|d}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨉ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|ɟ}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨍ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|ɡ}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨁ}}
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|-
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|p}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨄ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|t}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨈ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|c}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨌ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|k}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨀ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|ʔ}} || {{efn|{{IPA|/ʔ/}} only occurs finally, and is therefore not written in Lontara.}}
|-
!colspan=2| [[Fricative]] 
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|s}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨔ}}
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|h}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨖ}}
|-
!colspan=2| [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] 
|colspan=2 style="background:#ccc"| 
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|r}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨑ}}
|colspan=6 style="background:#ccc"| 
|-
!colspan=2| [[Approximant]] 
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|w}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨓ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|l}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨒ}}
|class="API"| {{IPAblink|j}} || {{Script|Bugi|ᨐ}}
|colspan=4 style="background:#ccc"| 
|}
{{notelist}}

When Buginese is written in Latin script, general Indonesian spelling conventions are applied: {{IPA|[ɲ]}} is represented by {{Grapheme|ny}}, {{IPA|[ŋ]}} by {{Grapheme|ng}}, {{IPA|[ɟ]}} by {{Grapheme|j}}, {{IPA|[j]}} by {{Grapheme|y}}. The glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is usually represented by an apostrophe (e.g. {{lang|bug-latn|ana'}} {{IPA|[anaʔ]}} 'child'), but occasionally {{Grapheme|q}} is also used. {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are usually uniformly spelled as {{Grapheme|e}}, but {{IPA|/e/}} is often written as {{Grapheme|é}} to avoid ambiguity.

==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
Buginese has four sets of personal pronouns, one free set, and three bound sets:<ref name=Sirk1983/>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
! independent
! enclitic
! prefixed
! suffixed
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! singular
| {{lang|bug-latn|iaq}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-aq/-kaq/-waq}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|(k)u-}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-(k)kuq}}
|-
! plural
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|idiq}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|-iq/-kiq}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|ta-}}
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|bug-latn|-(t)taq}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! polite
|-
! familiar
| {{lang|bug-latn|iko}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-o/-ko}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|mu-}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-(m)mu}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| {{lang|bug-latn|ia}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-i/-wi}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|na-}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-(n)na}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person plural excl. (archaic)
| {{lang|bug-latn|ikəŋ}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-kkəŋ}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|ki-}}
| {{lang|bug-latn|-mməŋ}}
|}

The enclitic set is used with subjects of intransitive verbs, and objects of transitive verbs. The proclitic set is with subjects of transitive verbs. The suffixed set is primarily used in possessive function.

===Aspects===
The following are [[grammatical aspect]]s of the language:<ref>''Ritumpanna wélenrénngé: sebuah episoda sastra Bugis klasik Galigo'' {{in lang|id}} ({{ISBN|9789794613184}}) page 77, Table 6</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Durative !! Perfective !! Conditional !! Doubt !! Emphasis !! Place
|-
| ''kaq'' || ''naq'' || ''paq'' || ''gaq'' || ''si'' || ''é''
|-
| ''kiq/ko'' || ''niq/no'' || ''piq/po'' || ''giq/go'' || ''sa'' || ''tu''
|-
| ''kiq'' || ''niq'' || ''piq'' || ''giq'' || ''to'' || ''ro''
|-
| ''i'' || ''ni'' || ''pi'' || ''gi'' || ''mi'' ||
|-
| || ''na'' || ''pa'' || ''ga'' || ||
|-
|}

====Examples====
{{fs interlinear|lang=bug|number=A:
|{{Script|Bugi|ᨄᨘᨑᨊᨚ}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨆᨙᨋ?}}|pura-no manre|{have [portmanteau of perfective {{Lang|bug|na}} ({{Script|Bugi|ᨊ}}) + you]} eat
|'Have you already eaten?'}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=bug|number=B:
|{{Script|Bugi|ᨉᨙᨄ}}|deq-pa|{not + [conditional ({{Script|Bugi|ᨄ}})]}|'Not yet.'}}

{{Grapheme|q}} represents the glottal stop. It is not written in the Lontara script.

Example of usage:
{{fs interlinear|lang=bug|indent=3
|{{{Script|Bugi|ᨆᨙᨒᨚ}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨀ}}} {{Script|Bugi|ᨌᨛᨆᨙ }}|méloq-kaq cemmé|want-I bathe|I want to take a bath}}

==Writing system==
{{main|Lontara alphabet}}
Buginese was traditionally written using the [[Lontara script]], of the [[Brahmic family]], which is also used for the [[Makassar language]] and the [[Mandar language]]. The name [[Lontara]] derives from the [[Malay language|Malay]] word for the [[palmyra palm]], {{lang|ms|lontar}}, the leaves of which are the traditional material for manuscripts in [[India]], [[South East Asia]] and [[Indonesia]]. Today, however, it is often written using the [[Latin script]].

===Buginese lontara===
The Buginese lontara (locally known as {{lang|bug-Latn|Aksara Ugi}}) has a slightly different pronunciation from the other [[lontara]]s like the Makassarese. Like other Indic scripts, it also utilizes diacritics to distinguish the vowels {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[o]}} and {{IPA|[ə]}} from the default inherent vowel {{IPA|/a/}} (actually pronounced {{IPA|[ɔ]}}) implicitly represented in all base consonant letters (including the zero-consonant ''a'').

But unlike most other Brahmic scripts of India, the Buginese script traditionally does not have any [[virama]] sign (or alternate half-form for vowel-less consonants, or subjoined form for non-initial consonants in clusters) to suppress the inherent vowel, so it is normally impossible to write consonant clusters (a few ones were added later, derived from ligatures, to mark the [[prenasalized consonant|prenasalization]]), geminated consonants or final consonants.

==Dialects and subdialects==
The Bugis still distinguish themselves according to their major precolony states ([[Bone state|Bone]], [[Wajo Kingdom|Wajo]], [[Soppeng]] and [[Sidenreng]]) or groups of petty states (around [[Pare-Pare]], [[Sinjai]] and Suppa.) The languages of these areas, with their relatively minor differences from one another, have been largely recognized by linguists as constituting dialects: recent linguistic research has identified eleven of them, most comprising two or more sub-dialects.

The following Buginese dialects are listed in the ''[[Ethnologue]]'': Bone (Palakka, Dua Boccoe, Mare), Pangkep (Pangkajane), Camba, Sidrap (Sidenreng, North Pinrang, Alitta), Pasangkayu (Ugi Riawa), Sinjai (Enna, Palattae, Bulukumba), Soppeng (Kessi), Wajo, Barru (Pare-Pare, Nepo, Soppeng Riaja, Tompo, Tanete), Sawitto (Pinrang), Luwu (Luwu, Bua Ponrang, Wara, Malangke-Ussu).<ref>{{e22|Buginese|Buginese}}</ref>

==Numbers==
The numbers are:<ref name=Sirk1983>{{cite book |last=Sirk |first=Ülo |year=1983 |title=The Buginese language |location=Moscow |publisher=Akademia Nauk}}</ref>
{|
|-
|1
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨔᨙᨉᨗ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|seddi}}
|-
|2
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨉᨘᨓ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|dua}}
|-
|3
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨈᨛᨒᨘ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|təllu}}
|-
|4
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨛᨄ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|əppa'}}
|-
|5
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨒᨗᨆ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|lima}}
|-
|6
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨛᨊᨛ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|ənnəŋ}}
|-
|7
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨄᨗᨈᨘ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|pitu}}
|-
|8
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨑᨘᨓ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|aruá}}
|-
|9
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨙᨔᨑ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|aserá}}
|-
|10
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨔᨄᨘᨒᨚ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|səppulo}}
|-
|20
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨉᨘᨓᨄᨘᨒᨚ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|duappulo}}
|-
|30
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨈᨛᨒᨘᨄᨘᨒᨚ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|təlluppulo}}
|-
|40
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨄᨈᨄᨘᨒᨚ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|patappulo}}
|-
|50
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨒᨗᨆᨄᨘᨒᨚ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|limappulo}}
|-
|60
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨛᨊᨛᨄᨘᨒᨚᨊ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|ənnəppulona}}
|-
|70
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨄᨗᨈᨘᨄᨘᨒᨚ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|pituppulo}}
|-
|80
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨑᨘᨓᨄᨘᨒᨚᨊ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|aruá pulona}}
|-
|90
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨕᨙᨔᨑᨄᨘᨒᨚᨊ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|aserá pulona}}
|-
|100
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨔᨗᨑᨈᨘ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|siratu'}}
|-
|1000
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨔᨗᨔᨛᨅᨘ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|sisəbbu}}
|-
|10,000
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨔᨗᨒᨔ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|silassa}}
|-
|100,000
|{{Script|Bugi|{{Lang|bug|ᨔᨗᨀᨛᨈᨗ}}}}
|{{lang|bug-latn|sikətti}}
|-
|
|}

=== Sample text ===
[[File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights - bug - brc - Art1.ogg|thumb]]
The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (Article 1) in the Buginese language (written in Lontara alphabet):<blockquote>ᨔᨗᨊᨗᨊ ᨑᨘᨄ ᨈᨕᨘ ᨑᨗ ᨍᨍᨗᨕᨊᨁᨗ ᨑᨗᨒᨗᨊᨚᨕᨙ ᨊᨄᨘᨊᨕᨗ ᨆᨊᨙᨊᨁᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨙᨊᨁᨙ ᨕᨒᨙᨅᨗᨑᨙ᨞ ᨊᨄᨘᨊᨕᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨙᨊᨁᨙ ᨕᨀᨒᨙ᨞ ᨊᨄᨘᨊᨕᨗ ᨑᨗᨕᨔᨙᨊᨁᨙ ᨕᨈᨗ ᨆᨑᨙᨊᨗ ᨊ ᨔᨗᨅᨚᨒᨙ ᨅᨚᨒᨙᨊ ᨄᨉ ᨔᨗᨄᨀᨈᨕᨘ ᨄᨉ ᨆᨔᨒᨔᨘᨑᨙ᨞

'''Transliteration''':

''Sininna rupa tau ri jajiangngi rilinoe nappunnai manengngi riasengnge alebbireng. Nappunai riasengnge akkaleng, nappunai riasengnge ati marennni na sibole bolena pada sipakatau pada massalasureng.''</blockquote>

==Trivia==
* A Buginese poem is painted on a wall near the [[Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies]] in [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]], as one of the [[wall poems in Leiden]].<ref>{{citation|title=Leiden, the Dutch city of poems|first=Ida Indawati|last=Khouw|journal=[[Jakarta Post]]|date=15 July 2001|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/07/14/leiden-dutch-city-poems.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425112224/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2001/07/14/leiden-dutch-city-poems.html|archive-date=25 April 2013}}.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Bugis of Sabah]]
* [[Bugis]]
* [[Pallawa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal |last=Abidin |first=Andi Zainal |year=1971 |title=Notes on the Lontara' as historical sources |journal=Indonesia |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=159–172 |doi=10.2307/3350664 |jstor=3350664 |hdl=1813/53521 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Cummings |first=William P. |date=2007 |title=A Chain of Kings: The Makassarese Chronicles of Gowa and Talloq |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SfRjAAAAQBAJ |publisher=KITLV Press|isbn=978-9067182874 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Hall|first=D. G. E.|date=1965|title=Problems of Indonesian Historiography |journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=38|issue=3/4|pages=353–359|jstor=2754037|doi=10.2307/2754037 }}
* Ü. Sirk, The Buginese language, Moscow: Nauka, 1983
* U.H. Sirk, La langue Bugis, Paris: Archipel, 1979

==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=bug}}
{{Wiktionary|Appendix:Buginese Swadesh list}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018122546/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/show_lsearch.php?id=00048 Buginese Soppeng dialect]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060317160256/http://e-publishing.library.cornell.edu/Dienst/UI/1.0/Summarize/seap.indo/1107130756 The I La Galigo Epic Cycle of South Celebes and Its Diffusion]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071031035925/http://web.mac.com/ian.caldwell/iWeb/SulSel1/Languages.html Languages of South Sulawesi]
* [[Kaipuleohone]]'s [[Robert Blust]] collection includes [[hdl:10125/33157|materials on Bugis]].

{{South Sulawesi languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Languages of Malaysia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buginese Language}}
[[Category:Languages of Sulawesi]]
[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:South Sulawesi languages]]