Editing Bugle

{{short description|Brass musical instrument}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Bugler}}
{{Redirect|Bugles|the snack|Bugles (snack)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox instrument
  | name              = Bugle
  | image             = Bugle in C MET DP-12679-123.jpg
  | image_capt        = Bugle in [[C (musical note)|C]]
  | background        = brass
  | classification    = {{hlist
    | [[Wind instrument|Wind]]
    | [[Brass instrument|Brass]]
    | [[Aerophone]]
  }}
  | hornbostel_sachs  = 423.121.22
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Natural trumpets]] – an aerophone, with vibrating air enclosed within the instrument, the player's lips cause the air to vibrate directly, the player's lips are the only means of changing the instrument's pitch, the instrument is tubular, the player blows into the end of the tube, the tube is bent or folded, the instrument has a mouthpiece
  | developed         = Antiquity; modern forms, c. 17th century
  | range             =[[File:Bugle scale.png|thumb|center|Five-pitch scale of the bugle in C. {{audio|Bugle scale.mid}}]]
  | related           = {{hlist
    | [[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]]
    | [[Cornet]]
    | [[Natural trumpet]]
    | [[Post horn]]
    | [[Trumpet]]
  }}
  | articles         = {{hlist
    | [[Contrabass bugle]]
    | [[Keyed bugle]]
  }} 
 |sound sample=[[File:ToTheColor.mp3|thumb|[[To the Color]], a United States bugle call, equivalent to the national anthem, played on army posts when raising or lowering the national flag.]]
}}
The '''bugle''' is a simple [[Signal instrument|signaling]] [[brass instrument]] with a wide [[conical bore]]. It normally has no [[brass instrument valve|valves]] or other pitch-altering devices, and is thus limited to its [[harmonic series (music)|natural harmonic]] notes, and [[pitch (music)|pitch]] is controlled entirely by varying the air and [[embouchure]].

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2023 }}
:''See also [[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]]'' and ''[[Natural trumpet]]''

The English word ''bugle'' comes from a combination of words. From French, it reaches back to ''cor buglèr'' and ''bugleret'', indicating a signaling [[Horn (instrument)|horn]] made from a small cow's horn. Going back further, it touches on Latin, ''buculus,'' meaning bullock. Old English also influences the modern word with ''bugle'', meaning "wild ox."<ref>{{Cite Grove |title=Bugle(i) |author1-first=Anthony C. |author1-last=Baines |author2-first=Trevor |author2-last=Herbert |id=04270}}</ref>

The name indicates an animal's (cow's) horn, which was the way horns were made in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.{{sfn|Bragard|1968|p=59}} The modern bugle is made from metal tubing, and that technology has roots which date back to the Roman Empire, as well as to the Middle East during the Crusades, where Europeans re-discovered metal-tubed trumpets and brought them home.<ref name=GroveTrumpet>{{cite Grove |title=Trumpet |author1-first=Margaret |author1-last=Sarkissian  |author2-first=Edward H. |author2-last=Tarr |id=49912 |quote= ...trumpet disappeared from Europe after the fall of Rome and was not reintroduced until the time of the crusades, when instruments were taken from the Saracens... In Western art before the crusades...animal horns are generally shown.}}</ref>

Historically, horns were curved trumpets, conical, often made from ox or other animal horns, from shells, from hollowed ivory such as the [[olifant (instrument)|olifant]].{{sfn|Bragard|1968|p=59}}{{sfn|Sachs|1940||p=48, 280, 384}} There existed another tradition of trumpets made of straight metal tubes of brass or silver that went back in Europe as far as the Greeks ([[salpinx]]) and Romans ([[Roman tuba]]), and further back to the Etruscans, Assyrians and Egyptians ([[King Tut's Trumpet]]).<ref name=GroveTrumpet/> After the fall of Rome, when much of Europe was separated from the remaining Eastern Roman Empire, the straight, tubular sheet-metal trumpet disappeared and curved horns were Europe's trumpet.<ref name=tube>{{cite journal |title= The Looped Trumpet in the Near East |author= Michael Pirker |journal= RIdIM/RCMI Newsletter |date= Spring 1993 |volume= 18 |issue= 1|pages= 3–8 |publisher=  Research Center for Music Iconography, The Graduate Center, City University of New York |jstor= 41604971 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/41604971 |quote=There is no evidence available on the use of the trumpet in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. It made its appearance again from the Orient, via the Crusades, beginning in the eleventh centuru}}</ref>

The sheet-metal tubular trumpet persisted in the Middle East and Central Asia as the [[nafir]] and [[karnay]], and during the [[Reconquista]] and [[Crusades]], Europeans began to build them again, having seen these instruments in their wars.<ref name=GroveTrumpet/><ref name=BrillBuq>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Farmer |first=H.G. |article=Būḳ |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |date=2012 |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0127 |isbn=9789004161214 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2 |article-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/buk-COM_0127 |url-access=subscription |access-date=13 January 2023 |quote= It is generally acknowledged...that the cylindrical bore instruments were borrowed from the East. Perhaps those buccins Turcs and cors sarrasinois which the Crusading chroniclers record included the nafīr and karnā...}}</ref> The first made were [[Buisine|the añafil in Spain and buisine in France and elsewhere.]] Then Europeans took a step that hadn't been part of trumpet making since the Roman ([[buccina]] and [[Cornu (horn)|cornu]]); they figured out how to bend tubes without ruining them and by the 1400s were experimenting with new instruments.<ref name=GroveTrumpet/><ref name=GroveNafir>{{cite Grove |first=Michael |last=Pirker |title=Nafīr |id=19529 |quote=The looped trumpet is a European development adopted by Eastern cultures; from the 14th century new forms of trumpets with curved tubes started to appear in Europe, and European instruments then began to supersede the straight trumpet in Islamic societies.}}</ref>

Whole lines of brass instruments were created, including initially examples like the clarion and the natural trumpet.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} These were bent-tube variations that shrank the long tubes into a manageable size and controlled the way the instruments sounded.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} One of the variations was to create "sickle shaped" horn or "hunting horns" in the 15th century.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} By the 18th century, Germans had created a "half moon" shaped horn called the ''halbmondbläser'', used by Jäger battalions.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}{{sfn|Marcuse|1964|p=224|loc=Halbmond}} During the last quarter of the 18th century, or by 1800, the half-moon horn was bent further into a loop, possibly first by William Shaw (or his workshop) of London.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}{{sfn|Marcuse|1964|p=70|loc=Bugle}} The instrument was used militarily at that point as the "bugle horn."{{sfn|Marcuse|1964|p=70|loc=Bugle}}

In 1758, the ''Halbmondbläser'' (half-moon) was used by light infantry from [[Hanover]], and continued until after 1813.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}} It was crescent-shaped (hence its name) and comfortably carried by a shoulder strap attached at the mouthpiece and bell. It first spread to England where as the "bugle horn" it was gradually accepted by the light dragoons (1764), the Grenadier Guards (1772), light artillery (1788) and light infantry.{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/lightinfantry/history_traditions/dress_drill_customs_traditions/regimental_dress/the_bugle_horn.htm |title=History of the Bugle Horn |publisher=British Army |access-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005210959/http://www.army.mod.uk/lightinfantry/history_traditions/dress_drill_customs_traditions/regimental_dress/the_bugle_horn.htm |archive-date=5 October 2007 }}</ref>

18th-century cavalry did not normally use a standard bugle, but rather an early [[trumpet]] that might be mistaken for a bugle today, as it lacked keys or valves, but had a more gradual taper and a smaller bell, producing a sound more easily audible at close range but with less carrying power over distance. The earliest bugles were shaped in a coil – typically a double coil, but also a single or triple coil – similar to the modern [[French horn|horn]], and were used to communicate during hunts and as announcing-instruments for coaches (somewhat akin to today's automobile horn). Predecessors and relatives of the bugle included the [[post horn]], the Pless horn (sometimes called the "Prince Pless horn"), the bugle horn, and the [[shofar]], among others.  The ancient Roman army used the [[buccina]].

<gallery>
File:Museo Numantino - Trompa.jpg|Iberian Celtic trumpet or bugle made from clay, 2nd-1st century B.C., Iberian Peninsula. 

File:1911 EB Roman Bugle.png|Roman bugle, 4th century. Added to the [[British Museum]] in 1904, this late Roman bugle is bent completely round upon itself to form a coil between the mouthpiece and the bell (broken off). Found at [[Mont Ventoux]], France.

File:Pilaster of Angels Sounding Trumpets from the Parapet of a Pulpit MET DP169508.jpg|13th century. Angels sounding horns or trumpets. The horns were manufactured in the shape of oxen horns.

File:Grotesque with bent trumpet, Hours of Charles the Noble, King of Navarre, 1361-1425, fol. 272r.jpg|Awareness of trumpet experiments reached a 1405 illustrator in France, who painted a [[grotesque]] playing a trumpet bent into a U.

File:Musica getutscht und außgezogen 021.jpg|Virdung illustrated (1511 A.D.) bent trumpets including ''felttrumet'' (field trumpet) and ''busaun'' ([[sackbut]]).

File:Frères Limbourg - Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry - mois de mai - Google Art Project cropped.jpg|[[Clarion (instrument)|Clarion]] trumpet, [[buisine]] trumpet, 2 [[shawm]]s. Painted in France between 1412 and 1416. (upper left corner). The ''clarion'' matches the ''felttrumet'' in Virdung's 1511 illustrations of musical instruments.

File:Mehter detail Hazine 1339 folio 103b.jpg|[[Mehterhâne]], Ottoman miniature circa 1568. The musicians play two [[zurna]], two spiral trumpets (''boru''), a cylinder drum ''[[davul]]'' and a pair of kettle drums (''nakkare''). In 1529, the "Turkish field clamor" reached Vienna for the first time.
File:Knoe08 19.jpg|Hessian-Darmstadt soldiers, 1816, one with a ''halbmondbläser''.
</gallery>

==Uses==
{{further|Bugle call}}
[[pitch (music)|Pitch]] control is done by varying the player's air  and [[embouchure]].{{sfn|Herbert|2019|p=90–1|loc=Bugle}}<ref name="Weinder-ch3">{{cite book |last=Weidner |first=Brian N. |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Brass Techniques and Pedagogy |chapter=Chapter 3: Tone Production Fundamentals on the Mouthpiece |chapter-url= https://pressbooks.palni.org/brasstechniquesandpedagogy/chapter/tone-production-fundamentals-on-the-mouthpiece/ |edition=2nd |location=Indianapolis |publisher=PALNI Press |quote=The other variable that impacts brass instrument pitch and tone is air. Air can be thought of in many different ways, including quantity and speed. More air or faster air passing through the aperture results in a higher pitch and a fuller tone. Less air or slower air passing through the aperture results in a lower pitch and a softer tone. }}</ref> Consequently, the bugle is limited to [[Musical note|note]]s within the [[harmonic series (music)|harmonic series]]. Scores for standard bugle calls use the five notes of the "bugle scale".

{{listen
 | filename     = Reveille on bugle.ogg
 | title        = Reveille
 | description  = Reveille as played on the bugle by the [[United States Army Band]]
 | format       = [[ogg]]
}}
The bugle is used mainly in the military, where the [[bugle call]] is used to indicate the daily routines of camp. Historically, the bugle was used in the cavalry to relay instructions from officers to soldiers during battle. They were used to assemble the leaders and to give marching orders to the camps.

The bugle is also used in [[Scout (Scouting)|Boy Scout]] troops and in the [[Boys' Brigade]].

[[The Rifles]], an infantry regiment in the [[British Army]], has retained the bugle for ceremonial and symbolic purposes, as did other rifle regiments before it. When originally formed in 1800, the [[Rifle Corps]] were the first dedicated light infantry unit in the British Army and were allowed a number of unique accoutrements that were believed to be better suited for skirmishing, such as their green jackets. Other infantry used drums when marching and had whistles to signal when skirmishing, but the Rifle Corps was a much larger body of men that would be expected to spread out over a large area under a single commander. As a result, the bugle was taken from cavalry traditions because signals could pass much further without the need for repeats. The buglers in each [[battalion]] are headed by the bugle major, a senior [[non-commissioned officer]] holding the rank of [[sergeant]] or above.

The bugle has also been used as a sign of peace in the case of a surrender.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Generic Gold Color The Earth Affair Dokra Art Brass Bugle,tribal Trumpet,bastar Art Turi,todi Online at Best Prices in India - JioMart. |url=https://www.jiomart.com/p/craftsofindia/generic-gold-color-the-earth-affair-dokra-art-brass-bugle-tribal-trumpet-bastar-art-turi-todi/600928269 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=JioMart |language=en-US}}</ref>

In most military units, the bugle can be fitted with a small banner or tabard (occasionally gold fringed) with the arms of its reporting service branch or unit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Charles Cooper |title=The Story of the British Army |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52723/pg52723-images.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=gutenberg.org|language=en}}</ref>

In military tradition, the [[Last Post]] or [[Taps (bugle call)|Taps]] is the bugle call that signifies the end of the day's activities. It is also sounded at military funerals to indicate that the soldier has gone to his final rest and at commemorative services such as [[Anzac Day]] in Australia and New Zealand and [[Remembrance Day]] in Canada<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Last Post {{!}} Army.gov.au|url=https://www.army.gov.au/our-heritage/traditions/last-post|access-date=2021-10-18|website=www.army.gov.au}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Naval Militia Bugler NGM-v31-p346.jpg|American naval bugler in 1917
File:Eighth Route Army bugler.jpg|Chinese [[Eighth Route Army]] bugler during World War II. Photograph by [[Sha Fei]].
File:Twojapanesemenwithbugle2017-may.webm|Two Japanese men demonstrating a bugle call, 2017
File:THIS MAN IS YOUR FRIEND. ETHIOPIAN - NARA - 515794.jpg|American poster during the [[Second World War]] depicting a bugler from the [[Ethiopian National Defence Force Band]]
</gallery>

==Variations==
[[File:Klappenhorn in C -Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg-1912.1543.tif|thumb|upright|[[Keyed bugle]], {{circa|1830}}]]

The [[cornet]] is sometimes erroneously considered a valved bugle, but the cornet was derived from more [[bore (wind instruments)|narrow-bored]] instruments, the French {{lang|fr|cornet de poste}} ({{lit.|[[post horn]]}}) and {{lang|fr|cor de chasse}} ({{lit.|hunting horn}}).

[[Keyed bugle]]s ({{langx|de|Klappenhorn}}) were invented in the early 19th century. In England, a patent for one design was taken out by Joseph Halliday in 1811 and became known as the [[Keyed bugle#History|Kent bugle]]. This bugle established itself in military band music in Britain and America, and its popularity is indicated by the existence of many published method books and arrangements.{{sfn|Herbert|Wallace|1997|p=139}} It was in wide use until about 1850 by which time it had been largely replaced by the cornet. Richard Willis, appointed the first bandmaster of the [[United States Military Academy]]'s [[West Point Band]] in 1817, wrote and performed many works for the keyed bugle.{{sfn|Herbert|Wallace|1997|p=137}}

Since the mid 19th century, bugles have generally been made with piston valves.

===Pitches of bugles===

*Soprano bugle (high pitch)
*Alto bugle (medium pitch)
*Baritone bugle (tenor pitch)
*[[Contrabass bugle]] (bass pitch)

==See also==
* [[Clarion (instrument)]]
* [[Fanfare trumpet]]
* [[Marching brass]]

==References==

===Notes===

{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite Q |author-last= Bragard |author-first= Roger |date= 1968 |url= https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen0000unse|Q116236940}}
* {{cite book |last= Chiefari |first= Janet |date= 1982 |title= Introducing the Drum and Bugle Corps |publisher= Olympic Marketing Corp |isbn= 0-396-08088-X}}
* {{Cite Q|last= Dudgeon |first= Ralph T. |date= 2004 |Q116224505}}
* {{Cite Q|editor-last=Herbert |editor-first=Trevor |date=2019 |Q114571908}}
* {{Cite Q|editor1-last= Herbert |editor1-first= Trevor |editor2-first= John |editor2-last= Wallace |date= 1997 |Q112852613}}
* {{cite Q|last= Marcuse |first= Sibyl |date= 1964 |url= https://archive.org/details/musicalinstrumen00marcus |Q113270677}}
* {{cite Q|last= Sachs |first= Curt |date= 1940 |Q116223746}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bugles}}
{{EB1911 poster|Bugle}}
*[http://www.middlehornleader.com/Evolution%20of%20the%20Bugle.htm Evolution of the Bugle]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313095906/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ammu/ho_1975.270.htm Bugle in C by Thomas Key and William Trayls, London, 1811] at [[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
{{Brass instruments}}{{Natural horns}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bugle (Instrument)}}
[[Category:Brass instruments]]
[[Category:Natural horns and trumpets]]