Editing Building

{{short description|Structure, typically with a roof and walls, standing more or less permanently in one place}}
{{for multi|the act of making buildings|Construction|structures not intended for human occupancy|Nonbuilding structure|other uses|Building (disambiguation)|and|Edifice (disambiguation)}}
{{technical reasons|Building #19|the store chain|Building 19}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
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| image1 = Ishtar gate in Pergamon museum in Berlin..jpg|width1=300|height1=
| image2 = Philae temple at night.jpg
| image3 = France-002364 - Square House (15867600545).jpg|width3=300|height3=
| image4 = Beauty of khajuraho temple.jpg
| image5 = Temple of Heaven 20160323 01.jpg
| image6 = 2017 0423 Ravenna (132).jpg|width5=300|height5=
| image7 = Badshahi Mosque front picture.jpg
| image8 = Durham Cathedral Nave.jpg
| image9 = Sainte Chapelle Interior Stained Glass.jpg
| image13 = Tempietto di San Pietro in Montorio.jpg
| image14 = Château de Maisons-Laffitte 001.jpg
| image15 = Boiserie from the Hôtel de Varengeville MET DP159273.jpg
| image16 = West facade of Petit Trianon 002.JPG
| image18 = Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg
| image19 = Castel Béranger, February 16, 2013.jpg
| image20 = Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, 21 April 2013.jpg
| image21 = Alfeld Fagus 08JUL15.JPG
| image22 = Stuttgart - Neue Staatsgalerie (35736927202).jpg
| footer = Short visual [[history of architecture|history]] of [[architectural style]]s (from left to right): the [[Ishtar Gate]] ([[Architecture of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamian]]); the Temple of [[Isis]] from [[Philae]] ([[Ancient Egyptian architecture|Ancient Egyptian]]); the [[Maison Carrée]] ([[Ancient Greek architecture|Greco]]-[[Ancient Roman architecture|Roman]]); the [[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple]] ([[Indian architecture|Indian]]); the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests of the [[Temple of Heaven]] ([[Chinese architecture|Chinese]]); the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] ([[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]]); [[Badshahi Mosque]] ([[Islamic architecture|Islamic]]); the [[Durham Cathedral]] ([[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]]); [[Sainte-Chapelle]] ([[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]); [[San Pietro in Montorio#The Tempietto|the Tempietto]] ([[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]]); [[Château de Maisons]] ([[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]); [[boiserie]] from the Hôtel de Varengeville ([[Rococo]]); the [[Petit Trianon]] ([[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]]); [[Grand Central Terminal]], [[Midtown Manhattan|Midtown]] [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] ([[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]]); the [[Castel Béranger]] ([[Art Nouveau]]); the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] ([[Art Deco]]); the [[Fagus Factory]] ([[Modern architecture|Modern]]); and the [[Neue Staatsgalerie]] ([[Postmodern architecture|Postmodern]])
}}
A '''building''' or '''edifice''' is an enclosed [[Structure#Load-bearing|structure]] with a [[roof]], [[wall]]s and [[window|windows]], usually standing permanently in one place,<ref name="Egenhofer" /> such as a [[house]] or [[factory]].<ref name="Egenhofer" /> Buildings come in a variety of [[size]]s, [[shape]]s, and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for numerous factors, from [[building material]]s available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, [[monument|prestige]], and aesthetic reasons. To better understand the concept, see ''[[Nonbuilding structure]]'' for contrast.  

Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy, primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space, privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work. A building as a shelter represents a physical separation of the [[:Category:Human habitats|human habitat]] (a place of comfort and safety) from the ''outside'' (a place that may be harsh and harmful at times).

buildings have been objects or canvasses of much [[architecture|artistic expression]]. In recent years, interest in [[sustainable engineering|sustainable planning]] and [[architectural engineering|building practice]]s has become an intentional part of the [[building design|design process]] of many [[contemporary architecture|new building]]s and other structures, usually [[green building|green buildings.]]

== Definition ==
[[File:Kalasatama, Helsinki.jpg|thumb|[[Skyscraper]]s under construction in [[Kalasatama]], [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] (2021)]]
A building is 'a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place';<ref name="Egenhofer">{{cite book|author=Max J. Egenhofer|title=Geographic Information Science: Second International Conference, GIScience 2002, Boulder, CO, USA, September 25–28, 2002. Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kH8gcJvVWfIC&pg=PA110 |year=2002|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-44253-0|page=110}}</ref> "there was a three-storey building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice". In the broadest interpretation a [[fence]] or wall is a building.<ref>Building def. 2. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. ''The Century dictionary and cyclopedia''. vol. 1. New York: Century Co., 1901. 712. Print.</ref> However, the word ''structure'' is used more broadly than ''building'', to include natural and human-made formations<ref>Structure. def. 2. ''Merriam-Webster's dictionary of synonyms: a dictionary of discriminated synonyms with antonyms and analogous and contrasted words''.. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, 1984. 787. Print.</ref> and ones that do not have walls; ''structure'' is more often used for a fence. [[Russell Sturgis|Sturgis' Dictionary]] included that {{Nowrap|"[building]}} differs from [[architecture]] in excluding all idea of artistic treatment; and it differs from [[construction]] in the idea of excluding scientific or highly skillful treatment."<ref>Building. def 1. Sturgis, Russell. ''A dictionary of architecture and building: biographical, historical, and descriptive''. vol. 1. New York: The Macmillan Co.; 1901. 2236. Print.</ref>

''Structural height'' in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on the building from street level. Spires and masts may or may not be included in this height, depending on how they are classified. Spires and masts used as antennas are not generally included. The distinction between a low-rise and high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.<ref>Paul Francis Wendt and Alan Robert Cerf (1979), ''Real estate investment analysis and taxation'', McGraw-Hill, p. 210</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|History of architecture}}
There is clear evidence of homebuilding from around 18,000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rob Dunn|author-link1=Robert Dunn (biologist)|journal=New Scientist|date=Aug 23, 2014|pages=34–37|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329830.500-meet-the-lodgers-wildlife-in-the-great-indoors.html?full=true|title=Meet the lodgers: Wildlife in the great indoors|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129031849/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329830.500-meet-the-lodgers-wildlife-in-the-great-indoors.html?full=true|archive-date=2014-11-29}}</ref> Buildings became common during the [[Neolithic architecture|Neolithic period]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Daniel Cilia|date=2004|first=Anthony|last=Pace|chapter=Tarxien|title=Malta before History – The World's Oldest Free Standing Stone Architecture|publisher=Miranda Publishers|isbn=978-9990985085}}</ref>

== Types ==
{{Main|List of building types}}
[[File:Marburg asv2022-02 img04 Reitgasse.jpg|thumb|A [[Timber framing|timber-framed house]] in [[Marburg]], [[Germany]]]]
[[File:15 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (13).jpg|thumb|[[Belle Époque]] city-house on Strada Arthur Verona in [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]], currently part of a bookshop]]
[[File:2 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (02).jpg|thumb|The Mitilineu House, a city-house in Bucharest, dating from 1898]]

=== Residential ===
{{main|List of house types}}
{{unreferenced |section|date=June 2023}}
Single-family residential buildings are most often called ''[[house]]s'' or ''[[home]]s''. Multi-family residential buildings containing more than one dwelling unit are called ''[[Duplex (building)|duplex]]es'' or ''[[apartment building]]s''. ''[[Condominium (living space)|Condominium]]s'' are apartments that occupants [[homeownership|own]] rather than [[lease|rent]]. Houses may be built in pairs ([[semi-detached]]) or in terraces, where all but two of the houses have others on either side. Apartments may be built round [[courtyard]]s or as rectangular blocks surrounded by plots of ground. Houses built as single dwellings may later be divided into apartments or [[bedsitter]]s, or converted to other uses (e.g., offices or shops). [[Hotel]]s, especially of the extended-stay variety ([[apartel]]s), can be classed as residential.

Building types may range from [[Hut (dwelling)|hut]]s to multimillion-dollar [[high-rise]] [[apartment block]]s able to house thousands of people. Increasing settlement density in buildings (and smaller distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from the desire of many people to live close to their places of employment or similar attractors.

Terms for residential buildings reflect such characteristics as ''function'' (e.g., [[holiday cottage]] (vacation home) or [[timeshare]] if occupied seasonally); ''size'' ([[cottage]] or [[great house]]); ''value'' ([[shack]] or [[mansion]]); ''manner of construction'' ([[log home]] or [[mobile home]]); ''architectural style'' ([[castle]] or [[Victorian house|Victorian]]); and ''proximity to geographical features'' ([[Earth sheltering |earth shelter]], [[stilt house]], [[houseboat]], or floating home). For residents in need of special care, or those society considers dangerous enough to deprive of [[freedom|liberty]], there are [[total institution|institution]]s ([[nursing home]]s, [[orphanage]]s, [[psychiatric hospital]]s, and [[prison]]s) and group housing ([[barracks]] and [[dormitory|dormitories]]).

Historically, many people lived in communal buildings called [[longhouse]]s, smaller dwellings called [[pit-house]]s, and houses combined with barns, sometimes called [[housebarn]]s.

Common [[building material]]s include brick, concrete, stone, and combinations thereof. Buildings are defined to be substantial, permanent structures. Such forms as [[yurt]]s and [[motorhome]]s are therefore considered ''[[dwelling]]s'' but not ''buildings''.
[[File:Buenos Aires - Monserrat - Edificio Otto Wulf - 200604.jpg|thumb|[[Otto Wulff Building|Otto Wulff office building]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]]]

===Commercial===
A commercial building is one in which at least one [[business]] is based and people do not live. Examples include [[Retail store|store]]s, [[restaurant]], and [[hotel]]s.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

===Industrial===
Industrial buildings are those in which [[heavy industry]] is done, such as [[manufacturing]]. These edifices include [[warehouse]]s and [[factory|factories]].{{cn|date=September 2023}}

===Agricultural===
Agricultural buildings are the [[outbuilding]]s, such as [[barn]]s located on [[farm]]s.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

=== Mixed use ===
Some buildings incorporate several or multiple different uses, most commonly commercial and residential.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

=== Complex ===
[[File:Competitiveness - Korea.jpg|thumb|[[Aluminium|Aluminum]] panel framed [[steel building]] in Korea]]
Sometimes a group of inter-related (and possibly inter-connected) builds are referred to as a complex – for example a [[housing complex]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/plans-to-convert-former-housing-complex-into-flats/story-30042482-detail/story.html|title=plans to convert housing complex|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125715/http://www.lincolnshirelive.co.uk/plans-to-convert-former-housing-complex-into-flats/story-30042482-detail/story.html|archive-date=2017-01-10|access-date=2017-02-23}}</ref> educational complex,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.isye.gatech.edu/about/maps-directions/isye-building-complex|title=isye building complex|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103001851/https://www.isye.gatech.edu/about/maps-directions/isye-building-complex|archive-date=2017-01-03}}</ref> hospital complex, etc.

== Creation ==
The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of [[professional]]s and [[Tradesperson|trades]]. Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project, the project team may include:

* A [[real estate developer]] who secures [[funding]] for the project;
* One or more financial institutions or other investors that provide the funding
* Local planning and code authorities
* A [[Quantity surveyor|surveyor]] who performs an ALTA/ACSM and construction surveys throughout the project;
* [[construction management|Construction manager]]s who coordinate the effort of different groups of project participants;
* Licensed [[architect]]s and [[Structural engineering|engineers]] who provide [[building design]] and prepare [[Technical drawing|construction documents]];
* The principal design Engineering disciplines which would normally include the following professionals: [[Civil engineering|Civil]], [[Structural engineer|Structural]], [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical]] building services or HVAC (heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning) Electrical Building Services, Plumbing and drainage. Also other possible design Engineer specialists may be involved such as Fire (prevention), Acoustic, façade engineers, building physics, Telecoms, AV (Audio Visual), BMS (Building Management Systems) Automatic controls etc. These design Engineers also prepare construction documents which are issued to specialist contractors to obtain a price for the works and to follow for the installations.
* [[Landscape architect]]s;
* [[Interior design]]ers;
* Other consultants;
* [[General contractor|Contractor]]s who provide [[construction]] services and install building systems such as [[HVAC|climate control]], [[Electrician|electrical]], [[plumbing]], [[Painter and decorator|decoration]], [[fire protection]], [[security]] and [[telecommunications]];
* Marketing or [[leasing]] agents;
* [[facility management|Facility managers]] who are responsible for operating the building.

Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with [[zoning ordinance]]s, [[building code]]s and other regulations such as [[fire code]]s, [[life safety code]]s and related standards.

Vehicles—such as [[Trailer (vehicle)|trailers]], [[Travel trailer|caravans]], [[ship]]s and passenger [[aircraft]]—are treated as "buildings" for life safety purposes.

=== Ownership and funding ===
* [[Mortgage loan]]
* [[Real estate developer]]

== Environmental impacts ==
{{Excerpt|Green building|Reducing environmental impact|paragraphs=1-3}}{{See also|Green building|Low-energy house|Zero-energy building}}

== Building services ==

=== Physical plant ===
{{Main|Physical plant}}
[[File:The BB&T Building in Macon, Georgia.jpg|thumb|upright|The BB&T Building in [[Macon, Georgia]] is constructed of [[aluminum]].]]
Any building requires a certain general amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc. Especially in [[commercial building]]s (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.

=== Conveying systems ===

Systems for [[transport]] of people within buildings:

* [[Elevator]][[File:Under Construction Building.jpg|thumb|An under construction building in Pune, India. It is a high rise building, located in the South-Eastern Part of the city. In an area commonly known as 'Nine Hills'.]]
* [[Escalator]]
* [[Moving sidewalk]] (horizontal and inclined)

Systems for transport of people between interconnected buildings:

* [[Skyway]]
* [[Underground city]]

== Building damage ==
[[Image:Fire inside an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada.jpg|thumb|A building in [[Massueville]] ([[Quebec]], [[Canada]]) engulfed by [[fire]]]]

Buildings may be damaged during construction or during maintenance. They may be damaged by accidents<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/internal/buildingdamage.html |title=Building Damage |publisher=Pb.unimelb.edu.au |access-date=2014-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214231334/http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/internal/buildingdamage.html |archive-date=2014-02-14 }}</ref> involving storms, explosions, subsidence caused by mining,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herrera |first1=G. |last2=Álvarez Fernández |first2=M.I. |last3=Tomás |first3=R. |last4=González-Nicieza |first4=C. |last5=López-Sánchez |first5=J.M. |last6=Álvarez Vigil |first6=A.E. |date=September 2012 |title=Forensic analysis of buildings affected by mining subsidence based on Differential Interferometry (Part III) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1350630712000465 |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |language=en |volume=24 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2012.03.003|hdl=20.500.12468/749 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> water withdrawal<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bru|first1=G. |last2=Herrera|first2=G. |last3=Tomás|first3=R.|last4=Duro|first4=J.|last5=Vega|first5=R. De la|last6=Mulas|first6=J.|date=2013-02-01|title=Control of deformation of buildings affected by subsidence using persistent scatterer interferometry|journal=Structure and Infrastructure Engineering|volume=9|issue=2|pages=188–200 |doi=10.1080/15732479.2010.519710|s2cid=110521863|issn=1573-2479}}</ref> or poor foundations<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Díaz |first1=E. |last2=Robles |first2=P. |last3=Tomás |first3=R. |date=October 2018 |title=Multitechnical approach for damage assessment and reinforcement of buildings located on subsiding areas: Study case of a 7-story RC building in Murcia (SE Spain) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0141029617339081 |journal=Engineering Structures |language=en |volume=173 |pages=744–757 |doi=10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.031|bibcode=2018EngSt.173..744D |hdl=10045/77547 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and landslides.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Soldato|first1=Matteo Del|last2=Bianchini|first2=Silvia|last3=Calcaterra|first3=Domenico|last4=Vita|first4=Pantaleone De|last5=Martire|first5=Diego Di |last6=Tomás|first6=Roberto |last7=Casagli|first7=Nicola|date=2017-07-12|title=A new approach for landslide-induced damage assessment|journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk|volume=8|issue=2|pages=1524–1537|doi=10.1080/19475705.2017.1347896|s2cid=73697187|issn=1947-5705 |url=https://flore.unifi.it/bitstream/2158/1094374/2/A%20new%20approach%20for%20landslide%20induced%20damage%20assessment.pdf |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017GNHR....8.1524D }}</ref> Buildings may suffer [[fire damage]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brotóns|first1=V.|last2=Tomás|first2=R.|last3=Ivorra|first3=S.|last4=Alarcón|first4=J. C. |date=2013-12-17|title=Temperature influence on the physical and mechanical properties of a porous rock: San Julian's calcarenite|journal=Engineering Geology|volume=167|issue=Supplement C|pages=117–127|doi=10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.10.012|bibcode=2013EngGe.167..117B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomás |first1=R. |last2=Cano |first2=M. |last3=Pulgarín |first3=L.F. |last4=Brotóns |first4=V. |last5=Benavente |first5=D. |last6=Miranda |first6=T. |last7=Vasconcelos |first7=G. |date=November 2021 |title=Thermal effect of high temperatures on the physical and mechanical properties of a granite used in UNESCO World Heritage sites in north Portugal |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352710221006811 |journal=Journal of Building Engineering |language=en |volume=43 |pages=102823 |doi=10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102823|hdl=10045/115630 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> and flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marvi |first=Morteza T. |date=2020-07-01 |title=A review of flood damage analysis for a building structure and contents |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03941-w |journal=Natural Hazards |language=en |volume=102 |issue=3 |pages=967–995 |doi=10.1007/s11069-020-03941-w |bibcode=2020NatHa.102..967M |issn=1573-0840|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They may become dilapidated through lack of proper maintenance, or alteration work improperly carried out.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Architecture}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Autonomous building]]
* [[Commercial modular construction]]
* [[Earthquake engineering]]
* [[Float glass]]
* [[Hurricane-proof building]]
* [[List of largest buildings]]
* [[List of tallest buildings]]
* [[Lists of buildings and structures]]
* [[Natural building]]
* [[Natural disaster]] and [[earthquake]]
* [[Skyscraper]]
* [[Steel building]]
* [[Tent]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- please keep entries in alphabetical order -->

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Building}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline|building}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Buildings}}
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

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