Editing Bull trout

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Bull trout
| image = Bull_trout_fish_salvelinus_confluentus.jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN2.3
|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Gimenez Dixon, M. |date=1996 |title=''Salvelinus confluentus'' |volume=1996 |page=e.T19875A9094983 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19875A9094983.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|status2=G5
|status2_system=TNC
|status2_ref=<ref name=ns>{{cite web|author=NatureServe|publisher=NatureServe|location=Arlington, Virginia|website=NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106067/Salvelinus_confluentus|title=''Salvelinus confluentus''|date=7 April 2023|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>
| taxon = Salvelinus confluentus
| authority = [[George Suckley|Suckley]], 1859<ref name=itis>{{ITIS |id=162004 |taxon=Salvelinus confluentus |access-date=24 January 2006}}</ref>
}}

The '''bull trout''' ('''''Salvelinus confluentus''''') is a [[Salvelinus|char]] of the family [[Salmonidae]] native to northwestern [[North America]].<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase | genus = Salvelinus | species = confluentus | year = 2009 | month = May}}</ref> Historically, ''S. confluentus'' has been known as the "[[Dolly Varden trout|Dolly Varden]]" (''S. malma''), but was reclassified as a separate species in 1980.<ref name=facts>{{Cite web |url=http://library.fws.gov/Pubs1/bulltrout.pdf# |title=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bull Trout Facts |access-date=8 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710010045/http://library.fws.gov/Pubs1/bulltrout.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Populations of bull trout in the lower 48 states are listed as [[threatened]] under the U.S. [[Endangered Species Act]],<ref name=usfws/> and bull trout overall are listed as vulnerable to extinction on the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021"/>  The Saskatchewan-Nelson Rivers population in [[Alberta]], Canada is listed as threatened under the [[Species at Risk Act]].<ref name=sarasaskatchewan>{{cite web|url=https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/1204-867|date=2 February 2021|access-date=15 April 2023|website=Species at Risk Public Registry|publisher=Government of Canada|title=Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus), Saskatchewan - Nelson Rivers populations}}</ref>

==Description==
Like other species of char, the fins of a bull trout have white leading edges. Its head and mouth are unusually large for salmonids, giving it its name. Bull trout have been recorded measuring up to {{convert|103|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and weighing {{convert|14.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=fishbase/> Bull trout may be either migratory, moving throughout large river systems, lakes, and the ocean, or they may be resident, remaining in the same stream their entire lives.<ref name=usfws/> Migratory bull trout are typically much larger than resident bull trout, which rarely exceed {{convert|2|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=facts/> Bull trout can be differentiated from [[brook trout]] (''S. fontinalis'') by the absence of distinct spots on the [[dorsal fin]], as well as yellow, orange, or salmon-colored spots on the back as opposed to red spots with blue halos on the brook trout. Bull trout lack the deeply forked tail fin of [[lake trout]] (''S. namaycush'', another char).<ref name=usfws/>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Core Distribution of Bull Trout.pdf|thumb|Core distribution of bull trout (''Salvelinus confluentus'') in U.S. 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/pacific/bulltrout/Maps/MapCs.pdf |title=Map C - Core Area By Distribution |publisher=US Fish and Wildlife Service |date=2005}}</ref>]]
''S. confluentus'' is found in the cold, clear waters of the high mountains and coastal rivers of northwestern [[North America]], including [[Yukon]], [[Alberta]], [[British Columbia]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Idaho]], and western [[Montana]], as well as the [[Jarbidge River]] of northern [[Nevada]] and perhaps [[Alaska]].<ref name=facts/><ref name=usfws>{{cite web |url=https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/8212 |title=Bull Trout (''Salvelinus confluentus'')|website=Environmental Conservation Online System |publisher=US Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> A population of bull trout exists east of the [[Continental Divide]] in [[Alberta]], where it is the provincial fish.  The historical range of bull trout also included northern [[California]], but they are likely [[local extinction|extirpated]].<ref name=ns/><ref name=wdfw>[http://wdfw.wa.gov/outreach/fishing/char.htm Washington's Native Chars] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424074928/http://wdfw.wa.gov/outreach/fishing/char.htm |date=24 April 2009 }}, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife</ref>

Bull trout have exacting habitat demands, requiring water temperatures generally below 55&nbsp;°F (13&nbsp;°C), clean [[gravel]] beds, deep pools, complex cover such as [[snag (ecology)|snag]]s and [[cut bank]]s, and large systems of interconnected waterways to accommodate spawning migrations.<ref name="wdfw"/> Thus, they favor the deep pools of cold lakes and large rivers, as well as high, cold mountain headwaters. Bull trout may be [[anadromous]] in coastal rivers, and individual bull trout have been found to have migrated from one coastal river to another by the ocean.<ref name=kingco>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrokc.gov/exec/esa/ecobulltrout.htm |title=Ecology of the Bull Trout |access-date=2009-04-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818163732/http://www.metrokc.gov/exec/esa/ecobulltrout.htm |archive-date=18 August 2000 }}, King County, Washington</ref>

== Dispersal ==
Bull trout are known for their extensive movements within river systems. They exhibit short-distance and long-distance movements, which are crucial in maintaining healthy populations and genetic diversity.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Howell |first1=Philip J. |last2=Colvin |first2=Michael E. |last3=Sankovich |first3=Paul M. |last4=Buchanan |first4=David V. |last5=Hemmingsen |first5=Alan R. |date=January 2016 |title=Life Histories, Demography, and Distribution of a Fluvial Bull Trout Population |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2015.1105870 |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=173–194 |doi=10.1080/00028487.2015.1105870 |bibcode=2016TrAFS.145..173H |issn=0002-8487|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the early life stages, bull trout are often found in small, low-gradient streams or near the shores of larger rivers and lakes.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Meeuwig |first1=Michael H. |last2=Guy |first2=Christopher S. |last3=Fredenberg |first3=Wade A. |date=2010-11-26 |title=Use of cover habitat by bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in a laboratory environment |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-010-9747-1 |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=367–378 |doi=10.1007/s10641-010-9747-1 |s2cid=24018113 |issn=0378-1909|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As they grow and mature, they start to disperse in search of suitable [[spawning grounds]] and feeding habitats.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

One of the primary reasons for bull trout dispersal is the need to find appropriate spawning areas. Bull trout rely on clean, cold water and gravels of specific sizes for successful reproduction.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite book |last1=Rieman |first1=Bruce |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100154 |title=Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout |last2=McIntyre |first2=John D. |date=1993 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station |location=Ogden, UT|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.100154 }}</ref> Once mature, they migrate upstream to spawn in the same streams where they were born.<ref name="dx.doi.org"/> This behavior ensures that the population remains connected and allows for the exchange of [[genetic material]].<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite journal |last1=Spruell |first1=P. |last2=Hemmingsen |first2=A.R. |last3=Howell |first3=P.J. |last4=Kanda |first4=N. |last5=Allendorf |first5=F.W. |date=2003 |title=Conservation genetics of bull trout: Geographic distribution of variation at microsatellite loci |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1021841000262 |journal=Conservation Genetics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=17–29 |doi=10.1023/a:1021841000262 |bibcode=2003ConG....4...17S |s2cid=19880632 |issn=1566-0621|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The dispersal distances can vary greatly, with some individuals traveling only a few miles while others undertake extensive migrations of over a hundred miles.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fraley |first1=John |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68098 |title=Cumulative effects of human activities on bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the upper Flathead drainage, Montana |last2=Vashro |first2=Jim |last3=Weaver |first3=Thomas M. |date=1989 |publisher=s.n. |location=S.l. |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.68098 }}</ref>

Long-distance dispersal is also an essential aspect of bull trout [[ecology]].<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite journal |last1=Dunham |first1=Jason |last2=Baxter |first2=Colden |last3=Fausch |first3=Kurt |last4=Fredenberg |first4=Wade |last5=Kitano |first5=Satoshi |last6=Koizumi |first6=Itsuro |last7=Morita |first7=Kentaro |last8=Nakamura |first8=Tomoyuki |last9=Rieman |first9=Bruce |last10=Savvaitova |first10=Ksenia |last11=Stanford |first11=Jack |last12=Taylor |first12=Eric |last13=Yamamoto |first13=Shoichiro |date=November 2008 |title=Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation of Dolly Varden, White spotted Char, and Bull Trout |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446-33.11.537 |journal=Fisheries |volume=33 |issue=11 |pages=537–550 |doi=10.1577/1548-8446-33.11.537 |bibcode=2008Fish...33..537D |issn=0363-2415|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These movements often occur during the non-spawning season when the fish search for suitable feeding grounds or escape unfavorable conditions such as high water temperatures or low oxygen levels.<ref name="ReferenceD"/> In some cases, bull trout have been observed moving between different river basins, crossing over mountain ranges, and even traversing large lakes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=Christopher C. |last2=Horan |first2=Dona |last3=Morgan-Harris |first3=Erin |last4=Jakubowski |first4=Robert |date=February 2006 |title=Spawning Demographics and Juvenile Dispersal of an Adfluvial Bull Trout Population in Trestle Creek, Idaho |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/m04-180.1 |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=190–200 |doi=10.1577/m04-180.1 |bibcode=2006NAJFM..26..190D |s2cid=14334731 |issn=0275-5947|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These long-distance dispersal events contribute to [[gene flow]] between isolated populations, maintaining [[genetic diversity]] and increasing the species’ resilience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dunham |first1=J. B. |last2=Rieman |first2=B. E. |title=Metapopulation Structure of Bull Trout: Influences of Physical, Biotic, and Geometrical Landscape Characteristics |date=May 1999 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0642:msobti]2.0.co;2 |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=642–655 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0642:msobti]2.0.co;2 |s2cid=55800379 |issn=1051-0761|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Understanding bull trout dispersal patterns is crucial for effective [[Conservation biology|conservation]] and [[management]] strategies.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> Conservation efforts can be focused on protecting [[critical habitat]]s and maintaining [[Connectivity (graph theory)|connectivity]] between populations.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Conservation biologists use various techniques to study bull trout dispersal, including [[Telemetry|radio telemetry]], [[genetic analysis]], and [[mark-recapture]] studies.<ref name="ReferenceC"/> By tracking the movements of individual fish and analyzing their genetic makeup, researchers can gain valuable insights into dispersal patterns, population dynamics, and potential barriers to migration.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rieman |first1=Bruce |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.100154 |title=Demographic and habitat requirements for conservation of bull trout |last2=McIntyre |first2=John D. |date=1993 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Statio |location=Ogden, UT|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.100154 }}</ref>

Bull trout dispersal is a complex and vital aspect of their life history. Their movements are critical to maintaining population connectivity, [[genetic diversity]], and [[ecosystem health]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=LEARY |first1=ROBB F. |last2=ALLENDORF |first2=FRED W. |last3=FORBES |first3=STEPHEN H. |date=December 1993 |title=Conservation Genetics of Bull Trout in the Columbia and Klamath River Drainages |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740856.x |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=856–865 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740856.x |bibcode=1993ConBi...7..856L |issn=0888-8892|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Protecting and restoring essential habitats, ensuring the connectivity of river systems, and managing [[Anthropogenic hazard|anthropogenic]] influences in bull trout habitats are all crucial steps in conserving this iconic species.<ref name="ReferenceC"/>

==Feeding==
[[File:Bull trout.jpg|thumb|Bull trout feeding]]
Young bull trout feed on [[zooplankton]] and [[zoobenthos]], especially [[chironomid]]s.  As they grow larger, they begin to feed heavily upon other fish. In coastal Washington, some of the southernmost populations of bull trout feed heavily on [[salmon]] eggs and fry, as well as fish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Conservation==
[[Image:Bull trout sign at Lake Pend Oreille.jpg|thumb|left|Bull trout sign at [[Lake Pend Oreille]] in Idaho]]
The bull trout is listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act throughout its range in the [[contiguous United States]].<ref name=usfws/> In 1998, the [[Klamath River]] [[distinct population segment]] (DPS) and [[Columbia River]] DPS were federally listed as threatened.<ref>{{Federal Register|63|31647}}</ref>  This finding followed a legal challenge<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cite.case.law/f-supp/945/1388/|title=''Friends of the Wild Swan, Inc. v. United States Fish & Wildlife Service'', 945 F. Supp. 1388|date=13 November 1996|website=Caselaw Access Project|publisher=Harvard Law School Library|access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's (USFWS) decision in 1994<ref>{{Federal Register|59|30254}}</ref> to assign a lower priority to the species' listing.  The [[Jarbidge River]] DPS was listed as endangered under an emergency rule in 1998,<ref name="Federal Register|63|42757">{{Federal Register|63|42757}}</ref> and was subsequently downgraded to threatened in 1999.<ref name="Federal Register|63|42757"/>  Finally, in determining that the Coastal-[[Puget Sound]] and [[St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)|St. Mary]]-[[Belly River]] DPS were threatened, the USFWS issued a threatened listing for all bull trout in the lower 48 states in 1999.<ref>{{Federal Register|64|58910}}</ref>

In the United States, bull trout are used as a management indicator species for several national forests, including [[Boise National Forest]] and [[Sawtooth National Forest]] ([[Sawtooth National Recreation Area]]).  They can also be found in the [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nrmsc.usgs.gov/files/norock/products/LakeTrout_03_Info08.pdf|title=Preservation of Threatened Bull Trout in Glacier National Park|publisher=USGS|access-date=2013-09-24}}</ref> Bull trout reproduction requires cold water and very low amounts of [[silt]], both of which are negatively impacted by road building and logging.  Additionally, its need to migrate throughout river systems may be hindered by impassible fish barriers, such as dams.<ref name=kingco/> Bull trout populations are also in danger from [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] with non-native brook trout.<ref name=wdfw/> Several of these issues were raised in a long-running lawsuit where in 2003, the Oregon Natural Desert Association and the Center for Biological Diversity sued the U.S. Forest Service claiming they violated the [[National Forest Management Act]] and [[Wild and Scenic Rivers Act]] by approving grazing plans in [[Oregon|Oregon's]] [[Malheur National Forest]].  In April 2018, U.S. District Judge [[Michael W. Mosman]] dismissed the complaint.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-bull-trout-malheur-forest-lawsuit-dismissed/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421224853/https://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-bull-trout-malheur-forest-lawsuit-dismissed/|archive-date=21 April 2018|title=Judge Throws Out Lawsuit Claiming Grazing Hurts Oregon Bull Trout|publisher=OPB via AP Capital Press|author=Mateusz Perkowski|date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

They are a prized [[game fish]] in [[northern Canada]]. It was once maligned out of fear they threatened populations of other native species more prized by anglers.  Some jurisdictions publicize the requirement to release with the slogan "No black, put it back".<ref>{{cite web|title=The bull trout has no black on its dorsal fin|url=http://fwpiis.mt.gov/bulltroutid/training/training5.htm|work=Bull Trout Identification & Education Program|publisher=Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks Dept.|access-date=10 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002041419/http://fwpiis.mt.gov/bulltroutid/training/training5.htm|archive-date=2 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Within Canada, bull trout have been designated as a "species of Special Concern" by both the [[Government of Alberta]] and the [[Government of British Columbia]].<ref name=cosewic2012>{{cite web|url=https://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_omble_tete_plat_bull_trout_1113_e.pdf|title=COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Bull Trout ''Salvelinus confluentus'' in Canada|location=Ottawa|publisher=Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada|author=COSEWIC|year=2012|access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>{{rp|71–72}} By the recommendation of [[COSEWIC]],<ref name=cosewic2012/>{{rp|iv}} the Saskatchewan-Nelson Rivers population in Alberta was listed as threatened under the [[Species at Risk Act]] in 2019.<ref name=sarasaskatchewan/>

==Historical names==

[[File:Fisherman caught bull trout fish salvelinus confluentus.jpg|thumb|Fisherman with a big bull trout]]
[[Image:Flickr - Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife - 024 bull trout sampling metolius hargrave odfw.jpg|thumb|[[Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife|ODFW]] sampling bull trout on Oregon's [[Metolius River]]]]
[[File:A juvenile bull trout fish resting underwater.jpg|thumb|A juvenile bull trout resting underwater]]
[[File:Searun-bully-bigger.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of sea-run bull trout next to fly rod - Vedder River Chilliwack, BC, 24 April 2007|Anadromous bull trout at the [[Vedder River]]]]

==="Dolly Varden" in California===
Historically, confusion has existed between ''S. confluentus'' and ''[[Salvelinus malma malma]]'', today commonly called the [[Dolly Varden trout]].  This was likely due to overlapping ranges and similar appearances among members of the two species.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The first recorded use of the name "Dolly Varden" for a fish species was applied to members of ''S. confluentus'' caught in the [[McCloud River]] in northern California in the early 1870s. In his book ''Inland Fishes of California'', [[Peter Moyle]] recounted a letter from Mrs. Valerie Masson Gomez:
{{Blockquote|My grandmother's family operated a summer resort at [[Upper Soda Springs]] on the [[Sacramento River]] just north of the present town of [[Dunsmuir, California]]. She lived there all her life and related to us in her later years her story about the naming of the Dolly Varden trout. She said that some fishermen were standing on the lawn at Upper Soda Springs looking at a catch of the large trout from the McCloud River that were called 'calico trout' because of their spotted, colorful markings. They were saying that the trout should have a better name. My grandmother, then a young girl of 15 or 16, had been reading [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[Barnaby Rudge]]'' in which there appears a character named [[Dolly Varden (character)|Dolly Varden]]; also, the vogue in fashion for women at that time (middle 1870s) was called 'Dolly Varden', a dress of sheer figured muslin worn over a bright-colored petticoat. My grandmother had just gotten a new dress in that style and the red-spotted trout reminded her of her printed dress. She suggested to the men looking down at the trout, 'Why not call them "Dolly Varden"?' They thought it a very appropriate name and the guests that summer returned to their homes (many in the San Francisco Bay area) calling the trout by this new name. [[David Starr Jordan]], while at [[Stanford University]], included an account of this naming of the Dolly Varden trout in one of his books.}}

In 1874, Livingston Stone, a naturalist working for the U.S. government, wrote of this fish:<ref>VI. Report of Operations During 1872 at the United States Salmon-Hatching Establishment on the M’Cloud River, and on the California Salmonidae generally; with a list of Specimens Collected. By Livingstone Stone. In: United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Part II. Report of the Commissioner for 1872 and 1873. A- Inquiry into the Decrease of the Food Fishes. B- The Propagation of Food-Fishes in the Waters of the United States. With Supplementary Papers. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1874 at pp. 203 – 207.</ref> {{blockquote|Also called at (Upper) Soda Springs the 'Varden' trout. … The handsomest trout, and, on the whole, having the most perfect form of all the trout we saw on the McCloud. Also, the only fish that had colored spots. This one was profusely spotted over most of the body with redish [sic?] golden spots. ... The local name at (Upper) Soda Springs is the Dolly Varden.}}

It is currently unknown whether the name "Dolly Varden" was later applied to ''S. m. malma'' because of its similar appearance to ''S. confluentus''; the two may have even been believed to be the same species. The name "Dolly Varden" may have also been given to ''S. m. malma'' independent of the McCloud River fish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Ironically, the original "Dolly Varden" trout (i.e., ''S. confluentus'') apparently likely became [[Local extinction|extirpated]] in the McCloud River in the 1970s, although reports continue of its being caught.  Other fish species, typically introduced trout, outcompete ''S. confluentus'', and can interbreed with them, resulting in sterile hybrids.  An attempt to reintroduce ''S. confluentus'' to the McCloud was unsuccessful, and no additional attempts are expected.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://stevenojai.tripod.com/dollvard.htm |title=Detailed history of Dolly Varden/Bull trout on McCloud River |access-date=20 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218003017/http://stevenojai.tripod.com/dollvard.htm |archive-date=18 February 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Other uses of "Dolly Varden"===
The "Dolly Varden" name is also applied to the other subspecies of ''S. malma'', the [[southern Dolly Varden|''S. m. krascheninnikova'']], and [[Salvelinus malma miyabei|''S. m. miyabei'']], found in [[Lake Shikaribetsu]] on the island of [[Hokkaido|Hokkaidō]] in [[Japan]].<ref>[http://www.biodic.go.jp/reports/4-05/f314.html Use of Dolly Varden name in Japan]</ref>

The name has also been applied to ''S. alpinus'', today more commonly known as [[Arctic char]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==="Bull trout" in Europe===
The name "bull trout" was also given in the past to some of the large sea trout that run the [[River Tweed]] and other rivers in [[Scotland]] and [[North East England]]. Victorian anglers and others classified these as a separate race, but today they are biologically classified along with all other UK brown and sea trout as ''[[Salmo trutta]]''. This does not deny that populations of ''S. trutta'' can differ appreciably in habits, size, and appearance from place to place, or indeed in the same river or lake.

==References==
{{Commons category|Salvelinus confluentus}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Trouts}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2429513}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Salvelinus]]
[[Category:Fish of Japan]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fish of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Provincial symbols of Alberta]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1859]]
[[Category:ESA threatened species]]