Editing Bump mapping

{{Short description|Texturing technique for bumps/wrinkles in computer graphics}}
[[File:Bump-map-demo-full.png|thumb|right|300px|A sphere without bump mapping (left). A bump map to be applied to the sphere (middle). The sphere with the bump map applied (right) appears to have a mottled surface resembling an [[orange (fruit)|orange]]. Bump maps achieve this effect by changing how an illuminated surface reacts to light, without modifying the size or shape of the surface.]]

'''Bump mapping'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ics.uci.edu/~majumder/VC/classes/BEmap.pdf|title=Bump and Environment Mapping|website=ics.uci.edu}}</ref> is a [[texture mapping]] technique in [[computer graphics]] for simulating bumps and wrinkles on the surface of an object. This is achieved by perturbing the [[surface normal]]s of the object and using the perturbed normal during lighting calculations. The result is an apparently bumpy surface rather than a smooth surface, although the surface of the underlying object is not changed. Bump mapping was introduced by [[James Blinn]] in 1978.<ref name="Blinn">Blinn, James F. [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=507101 "Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces"], Computer Graphics, Vol. 12 (3), pp.&nbsp;286-292 [[SIGGRAPH]]-ACM (August 1978)</ref>

[[Normal mapping]] is the most common variation of bump mapping used.<ref name="Mikkelsen">{{cite web |last1=Mikkelsen |first1=Morten |title=Simulation of Wrinkled Surfaces Revisited |url=http://image.diku.dk/projects/media/morten.mikkelsen.08.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526055847/http://image.diku.dk/projects/media/morten.mikkelsen.08.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-26 |page=7 (Section 2.2) |date=2008 |access-date=2011-08-05 }}</ref>

==Principles==
[[File:Bump map vs isosurface2.png|thumb|right|400px|Bump mapping is limited in that it does not modify the shape of the underlying object. On the left, a mathematical function defining a bump map simulates a crumbling surface on a sphere, but the object's outline and shadow remain those of a perfect sphere. On the right, the same function is used to modify the surface of a sphere by generating an [[isosurface]]. This models a sphere with a bumpy surface with the result that both its outline and its shadow are rendered realistically.]]
Bump mapping is a technique in [[computer graphics]] to make a [[rendering (computer graphics)|rendered]] surface look more realistic by simulating small displacements of the surface. However, unlike [[displacement mapping]], the surface geometry is not modified. Instead only the surface normal is modified as if the surface had been displaced. The modified surface normal is then used for lighting calculations (using, for example, the [[Phong reflection model]]) giving the appearance of detail instead of a smooth surface.

Bump mapping is much faster and consumes fewer resources for the same level of detail compared to displacement mapping because the geometry remains unchanged.

There are also extensions which modify other surface features in addition to increasing the sense of depth. [[Parallax mapping]] and [[horizon mapping]] are two such extensions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lengyel |first=Eric |date=July 2019 |title=Foundations of Game Engine Development, Volume 2: Rendering |url=http://foundationsofgameenginedev.com/ |publisher=Terathon Software LLC |isbn=978-0-9858117-5-4}}</ref>

The primary limitation with bump mapping is that it perturbs only the surface normals without changing the underlying surface itself.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150914190914/http://web4.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/j.kautz/publications/rtbumpmapHWWS01.pdf Real-Time Bump Map Synthesis], Jan Kautz<sup>1</sup>, Wolfgang Heidrichy<sup>2</sup> and Hans-Peter Seidel<sup>1</sup>, (<sup>1</sup>Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik, <sup>2</sup>University of British Columbia)</ref> Silhouettes and shadows therefore remain unaffected, which is especially noticeable for larger simulated displacements. This limitation can be overcome by techniques including displacement mapping where bumps are applied to the surface or using an [[isosurface]].

===Methods===
There are two primary methods to perform bump mapping. The first uses a [[heightmap|height map]] for simulating the surface displacement yielding the modified normal. This is the method invented by Blinn<ref name="Blinn"/> and is usually what is referred to as bump mapping unless specified. The steps of this method are summarized as follows.

Before a lighting calculation is performed for each visible point (or [[pixel]]) on the object's surface:
# Look up the height in the [[heightmap]] that corresponds to the position on the surface.
# Calculate the surface normal of the heightmap, typically using the [[finite difference]] method.
# Combine the surface normal from step two with the true ("geometric") surface normal so that the combined normal points in a new direction.
# Calculate the interaction of the new "bumpy" surface with lights in the scene using, for example, the [[Phong reflection model]].

The result is a surface that appears to have real depth. The algorithm also ensures that the surface appearance changes as lights in the scene are moved around.

The other method is to specify a [[Normal mapping|normal map]] which contains the modified normal for each point on the surface directly. Since the normal is specified directly instead of derived from a height map this method usually leads to more predictable results. This makes it easier for artists to work with, making it the most common method of bump mapping today.<ref name="Mikkelsen"/>

==Realtime bump mapping techniques==
[[File:FakeBump2D-animation.gif|thumb|right|400px|Example of a realtime fake bump mapping.<br> From left:
<ol>
<li> surface bitmap, intentionally blurry,</li>
<li> source of light bitmap,</li>
<li> bump mapping effect with light source orbiting <math>1=x^2+y^2/x^2</math> trajectory.</li>
</ol>
]]

[[Realtime 3D graphics]] [[programmers]] often use variations of the technique in order to simulate bump mapping at a lower computational cost.

One typical way was to use a fixed geometry, which allows one to use the heightmap surface normal almost directly. Combined with a precomputed [[lookup table]] for the lighting calculations, the method could be implemented with a very simple and fast loop, allowing for a full-screen effect. This method was a common [[demo effect|visual effect]] when bump mapping was first introduced.

==See also==

* [[Distance field]]
* [[Offset surface]]
* [[Greeble]]
* [[Normal mapping]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bump mapping}}
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/291525?arnumber=291525 Bump shading for volume textures], Max, N.L., Becker, B.G., Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, Jul 1994, Volume 14, Issue 4, pages 18 – 20, ISSN 0272-1716
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924191232/http://freespace.virgin.net/hugo.elias/graphics/x_polybm.htm Simple creating vectors per pixel of a grayscale for a bump map to work and more]
* [http://www.neilwallis.com/projects/java/bump/index.php Bump Mapping example] ([[Java applet]])
{{Texture mapping techniques}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bump Mapping}}
[[Category:Demo effects]]
[[Category:Texture mapping]]
[[Category:Virtual reality]]