Editing Burning bush

{{Short description|Supernatural phenomenon described by Exodus 3:1–4:17}}
{{Other uses}}
{{also|Shemot (parashah)#Fourth reading—Exodus 3:1–15}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Bourdon, Sébastien - Burning bush.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Burning Bush''. Seventeenth century painting by [[Sébastien Bourdon]] in the [[Hermitage Museum]], Saint Petersburg]]

The '''burning bush''' (or the '''unburnt bush''') refers to an event recorded in the Jewish [[Torah]] (as also in the biblical [[Old Testament]] and Islamic scripture).  It is described in the third chapter of the [[Book of Exodus]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Exodus|3:1–4|HE}}</ref> as having occurred on [[Mount Horeb]]. According to the biblical account, the bush was on fire but was not consumed by the flames, hence the name.<ref name=Ex3_2>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:4|HE}}</ref> In the biblical and Quranic narrative, the burning bush is the location at which [[Moses]] was appointed by [[God]] to lead the [[Israelites]] out of [[Egypt]] and into [[Canaan]].

The Hebrew word in the narrative that is translated into English as ''bush'' is ''seneh'' ({{langx|he|סְנֶה|səne}}), which refers in particular to [[bramble]]s;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cheyne |first1=T. K.|last2=Black |first2=J. S. |year=1899 |chapter=Bush |title=Encyclopedia Biblica, Volume 1 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib01cheyuoft/page/n341/mode/2up |location=Toronto |publisher=George N. Morang & Company}}</ref><ref name=JewishEnc>{{cite book |last1=Jastrow |first1=M. |last2=Ginzberg |first2=L. |last3=Jastrow |first3=M. |last4=McCurdy |first4=J. F. |year=1906 |chapter=Burning Bush |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |chapter-url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3845-burning-bush |via=JewishEncyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=Peake>''[[Peake's commentary on the Bible]]''</ref> ''seneh'' is a ''[[hapax legomenon|dis legomenon]]'', only appearing in two places, both of which describe the burning bush.<ref name=JewishEnc/> The use of ''seneh'' may be a deliberate pun on ''Sinai'' ({{lang|he|סיני}}), a feature common in Hebrew texts.<ref name=FriedmanSources />

==Biblical narrative==
In the narrative, an [[angel of the Lord]] is described as appearing "in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush",<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:2|HE}}</ref> and God is subsequently described as calling out from it to Moses, who had been grazing [[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]]'s flocks there.<ref name=Ex3_2/> When Moses starts to approach, God tells Moses to take off his sandals first due to the place being a [[sacred space]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:5|}}</ref>

The voice from the bush, which later self-discloses as [[Yahweh]], reveals himself as "the God of [[Abraham]], the God of [[Isaac]], and the God of [[Jacob]]"<ref name="bibleverse||Exodus|3:6">{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:6|}}</ref> and thus Moses hides his face.<ref name="bibleverse||Exodus|3:6"/>
[[File:Moses_Dura_Europos.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Moses and the burning bush. Painting from [[Dura-Europos synagogue]], third century CE]]
Some [[Old Testament]] scholars regard the account of the burning bush as being spliced together from the [[Yahwist]] and [[Elohist]] texts, with the angel of Yahweh and the removal of sandals being part of the Yahwist version, and the Elohist's parallels to these being God and the turning away of Moses's face, respectively.<ref name=FriedmanSources>{{cite book |last1=Friedman |first1=Richard Elliott |title=The Bible with Sources Revealed |date=16 August 2005 |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-073065-9}}</ref><ref name=ReferenceA>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Book of Exodus''</ref><ref name=Peake/>

The text portrays Yahweh as telling Moses that he is sending him to [[Pharaohs in the Bible#In the Book of Exodus|Pharaoh]] to bring the Israelites out of Egypt, an action that Yahweh decided upon as a result of noticing that the Israelites were being oppressed by the Egyptians.<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:7|}}</ref> Yahweh tells Moses to tell the elders of the Israelites that Yahweh would lead them into the land of the [[Canaan]]ites, [[Biblical Hittites|Hittite]]s, [[Amorites]], [[Hivites]], and [[Jebusites]],<ref name=Ex3_17>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:17|}}</ref> a region generally referred to as a whole by the term ''Canaan''; this is described as being a land of "milk and honey".<ref name=Ex3_17/>

Moses asks "When I come to the Israelites and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is His name?’ what shall I say to them?” (Ex 3:13) The voice of God from the bush reveals that he is [[Yahweh]].<ref name=Ex3_14>{{bibleverse||Exodus|3:14|}}</ref> The text [[etymology|derives]] ''Yahweh'' ({{Script/Hebrew|יהוה}}) from the Hebrew word {{lang|he|היה}} ({{IPAc-he|h|a|'|y|a}}) in the phrase {{lang|he|אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה}} "[[I Am that I Am|I Am Who I Am]]".<ref name=Peake/>

According to the narrative, Yahweh instructs Moses to confront the Egyptians and Israelites and briefs the prophet on what is to take place. Yahweh then performs various demonstrative miracles in order to bolster Moses's credibility. Among other things, [[Staff of Moses|his staff]] was transmuted into a snake,<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|4:2-4|}}</ref> Moses's hand was temporarily afflicted with "snowy [[tzaraath]]",<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|4:6-7|}}</ref> and water was transmuted into blood.<ref name=Ex4_9>{{bibleverse||Exodus|4:9|}}</ref> In the text, Yahweh instructs Moses to take a staff in his hands to perform [[miracle]]s with it,<ref name=Ex4_9/> as if it is a staff given to him rather than his own;<ref name=Peake/> some textual scholars propose that this latter instruction is the Elohist's version of the more detailed earlier description, where Moses uses his staff, which they attribute to the Yahwist.<ref name=ReferenceA/><ref name=Peake/>[[File:Bouts moses.jpg|thumb|right|''Moses and the Burning Bush'', {{Circa|1450}}–1475, attributed to [[Dieric Bouts]]]]

Despite the signs, Moses is described as being very reluctant to take on the role, arguing that he lacked eloquence and that someone else should be sent instead;<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|4:10-13|}}</ref> in the text, Yahweh reacts by angrily rebuking Moses for presuming to lecture the one who made the mouth on who was qualified to speak and not to speak. Yet Yahweh concedes and allows [[Aaron]] to be sent to assist Moses since Aaron is eloquent and already on his way to meet Moses.<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|4:14|}}</ref> This is the first time in the Torah that Aaron is mentioned and he is described as being Moses's mouthpiece.<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|4:15-16|}}</ref>

==Alternative theories==
Alexander and Zhenia Fleisher relate the biblical story of the burning bush to the plant ''[[Dictamnus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal 
| last1 = Fleisher | first1 = Alexander 
| last2 = Fleisher | first2 = Zhenia 
| doi = 10.1080/10412905.2004.9698634 
| title = Study of ''Dictamnus gymnostylis'' Volatiles and Plausible Explanation of the "Burning Bush" Phenomenon 
| journal = Journal of Essential Oil Research 
| volume = 16
| issue = 1 
| pages = 1–3
|date=January–February 2004
| s2cid = 95462992 
}}</ref> They write:
{{blockquote|1=Intermittently, under yet unclear conditions, the plant excretes such a vast amount of volatiles that lighting a match near the flowers and seedpods causes the plant to be enveloped by flame. This flame quickly extinguishes without injury to the plant.}}

They conclude, however, that ''Dictamnus'' [[spp.]] are not found in the Sinai Peninsula, adding: "It is, therefore, highly improbable that any ''Dictamnus'' spp. was a true 'Burning Bush', despite such an attractive rational foundation."

[[Colin Humphreys]] replies that "the book of Exodus suggests a long-lasting fire that Moses went to investigate, not a fire that flares up and then rapidly goes out."<ref>{{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Colin|title=Miracles of Exodus|year=2006|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|author-link=Colin Humphreys|page=73}}</ref>

Another theory is that it is sunlight on [[Har Karkom]] reflected in a surprising way to appear like fire.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kershner |first1=Isabel |title=Is That a Burning Bush? Is This Mt. Sinai? Solstice Bolsters a Claim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/31/world/middleeast/israel-mount-sinai-burning-bush.html |access-date=2 January 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=31 December 2021}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Moses sinai law.jpg|thumb|left|Icon of Moses receiving the [[Ten Commandments]]. The bush is depicted at his feet, lower left (Saint Catherine's Monastery, {{Circa|1050}})]]

Christian [[hermit]]s originally gathered at [[Mount Serbal]], believing it to be the [[biblical Mount Sinai]]. However, in the 4th century, under the [[Byzantine Empire]], the monastery built there was abandoned in favour of the newer belief that [[Mount Saint Catherine]] was the Biblical Mount Sinai; a new monastery – [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] – was built at its foot, and the alleged site of the biblical burning bush was identified. The bush growing at the spot (a bramble, scientific name ''[[Rubus sanctus]]''),<ref>[http://www.paracompusa.com/SmartScience/Popa/Vol4-5.html Popa's Tales: The Burning Bush<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009211705/http://www.paracompusa.com/SmartScience/Popa/Vol4-5.html |date=9 October 2007 }}</ref> was later transplanted several yards away to a courtyard of the monastery, and its original spot was covered by a chapel dedicated to the [[Annunciation]], with a silver star marking where the roots of the bush had come out of the ground. The Monks at Saint Catherine's Monastery, following [[Sacred Tradition|church tradition]], believe that this bush is, in fact, the original bush seen by Moses, rather than a later replacement,{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} and anyone entering the chapel is required to remove their shoes, just as Moses was said to have done so in the biblical account.[[File:Burning Bush, St Catherine's Monastery.jpg|thumb|right|The bush at [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], which monastic tradition identifies as being ''the'' burning bush.]]

However, in modern times, it is not Mount Saint Catherine, but the adjacent Jebel Musa (''Mount Moses''), which is currently identified as [[Mount Sinai]] by popular tradition and guidebooks; this identification arose from [[Bedouin]] tradition.

Mount Serbal, Mount Sinai, and Mount Saint Catherine all lie at the southern tip of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], but the peninsula's name is a comparatively modern invention. It was not known by that name at the time of [[Josephus]] or earlier. Some modern scholars and theologians, favor locations in the [[Hijaz]] (at the northwest of [[Saudi Arabia]]), northern [[Arabah]] (in the vicinity of [[Petra]], or the surrounding area), or occasionally in the central or northern Sinai Peninsula. Hence, the majority of academics and theologians agree that if the Burning Bush ever existed, then it is highly unlikely to be the bush preserved at St Catherine's Monastery.

==Symbolism and interpretations==

===Judaism===
{{Expand section|date=February 2024}}
The logo of the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] is also an image of the burning bush with the phrase "and the bush was not consumed" in both English and Hebrew.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jtsa.edu/ |title=The Jewish Theological Seminary - Home Page<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603044750/http://www.jtsa.edu/ |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The ''[[Zohar]]'', a late 1200s work of [[Kabbalah]], suggests that the burning bush was a hint that even though the Israelites were suffering in Egypt, they had God's protection, like the bush that was burning but not consumed.<ref>Shemot (parashah)</ref>{{better|date=March 2025}}

Passages from Exodus reference an aromatic cane used by the priesthod's "holy anointing oil" a topic that is controversial, as the Hebrew phrase קנה בשם (qaneh bosem, often spelled Qaneh bosem), is translated as “aromatic cane” in the biblical verse, is a Biblical Hebrew phrase for [[cannabis]], also called [[marijuana]] or [[hemp]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ancient-hebrew.org/studies-words/facts-about-kaneh-bosem.htm/ |title=What Is Qaneh-Bosem? Ancient Hebrew Meaning & Bible Facts --> |access-date=25 May 2025 }}</ref>

===Christianity===
[[File:Nicola_Froment,_Triptych_of_the_Burning_Bush,_1475,_Aix-en-Provence,_Church_Saint-Sauveur.jpg|thumb|340px|The [[Burning Bush Triptych]], 1475-1476, by [[Nicolas Froment]] in [[Aix Cathedral]]]]

====Catholic church==== 
In the medieval [[Catholic church]] the event was seen as a [[Typology (theology)|typological parallel]] for the [[Virgin Birth of Jesus]] from Mary, who conceived as a virgin, as the bush was burnt but not destroyed. Depictions in medieval Catholic art, such as the 15th-century [[Burning Bush Triptych]] altarpiece, therefore typically show a [[Virgin and Child]] in the middle of the bush or tree. The inscription on the base of the frame which translates (from Latin) as "In the bush which Moses saw burning without being consumed, we recognised, Holy Mother of God, your virginity wondrously preserved". The Eastern Orthodox view was similar.

====Eastern Orthodoxy====
[[File:Neopalimaya kupina.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Traditional [[icon]] of Our Lady of the Burning Bush (''Neopalimaya Kupina'').]]
[[File:Krzewgorejący.JPG|thumb|left|The Icon of the [[Theotokos]] "Burning Bush" of the [[Old Testament]]. 19th century, [[Polissya]], [[Ukraine]]. [[Museum of Ukrainian home icons|The Museum of Ukrainian home icons]], [[Radomysl Castle]], [[Ukraine]]<ref>Bogomolets O. Radomysl Castle-Museum on the Royal Road Via Regia". — Kyiv, 2013 {{ISBN|978-617-7031-15-3}}</ref>]]

In [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] a tradition exists, originating in the early Christian [[Fathers of the Church|Church Fathers]] and its [[Ecumenical council#First seven ecumenical councils|Ecumenical Synods (or Councils)]], that the flame Moses saw was in fact God's [[Essence-Energies distinction|''Uncreated Energies''/''Glory'']], manifested as light, thus explaining why the bush was not consumed. It is viewed as Moses being permitted to see these ''Uncreated Energies''/''Glory'', which are considered to be eternal things; the Orthodox [[soteriology|definition of salvation]] is this vision of the ''Uncreated Energies''/''Glory'', and it is a recurring theme in the works of Greek Orthodox theologians such as [[John S. Romanides]].

In Eastern Orthodox parlance, the preferred name for the event is ''The Unburnt Bush'', and the theology and hymnography of the church view it as prefiguring the [[virgin birth of Jesus]]; Eastern Orthodox theology refers to [[Mary, the mother of Jesus]] as the ''[[Theotokos]]'' ("God bearer"), viewing her as having given birth to [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnate God]] without suffering any harm, or loss of [[virginity]], in parallel to the bush being burnt without being consumed.<ref>''The Octoechos'', Volume II (St. John of Kronstadt Press, Liberty, TN, 1999), [[Dogmaticon]], Tone II</ref> There is an [[icon]]-type by the name of ''the Unburnt Bush'', which portrays Mary in the guise of ''God bearer''; the icon's [[feast day]] is held on 4 September ({{langx|ru|Неопалимая Купина|translit=Neopalimaya Kupina}}).

While God speaks to Moses, in the narrative, Eastern Orthodoxy believes that the angel was also heard by Moses; Eastern orthodoxy interprets the angel as being the [[Jesus the Logos|Logos of God]],{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} regarding it as the ''Angel of Great Counsel'' mentioned in the [[Septuagint]] version of [[Isaiah 9:6]];<ref>{{bibleverse||Isaiah|9:6|}} (LXX)</ref> (it is ''Counsellor, Mighty God'' in the [[Masoretic Text]]).

====Reformed tradition====
The burning bush has been a popular symbol among [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] churches since it was first adopted by the [[Huguenots]] ([[France|French]] [[Calvinists]]) in 1583 during its 12th National [[Synod]]. The French motto ''Flagror non consumor'' – "I am burned but not consumed" – suggests the symbolism was understood of the suffering church that nevertheless lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reformationstudybible.com/about/the-symbol-of-the-burning-bush-in-church-history|title = The Reformation Study Bible &#124; About &#124; the Symbol of the Burning Bush in Church History}}</ref> However, given the fire is a sign of God's presence, he who is a consuming fire (Hebrews 12:29) the miracle appears to point to a greater miracle: God, in grace, is with his covenant people and so they are not consumed.

* The current symbol of the [[Reformed Church of France]] is a burning bush with the [[Huguenot cross]].
* The motto of the [[Church of Scotland]] is ''Nec tamen consumebatur'', [[Latin (language)|Latin]] for "Yet it was not consumed", an allusion to the biblical description of the burning bush, and a stylised depiction of the burning bush is used as the Church's symbol. Usage dates from the 1690s.
* The burning bush is also used as the basis of the symbol of the [[Presbyterian Church in Ireland]], which uses the Latin motto ''Ardens sed virens'', meaning "Burning but flourishing", and is based on the biblical description of the burning bush. The same logo is used from the separated [[Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster]].
* The burning bush is also the symbol of the [[Presbyterian Church in Canada]], [[Presbyterian Church of Australia|Presbyterian Church in Australia crest]], [[Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia]] with the motto in English since its foundation in 1846: 'And the Bush was not consumed', [[Presbyterian Church in New Zealand]], [[Presbyterian Church in Taiwan]], [[Presbyterian Church in Singapore]], [[Presbyterian Church of Brazil]], the [[Presbyterian Church in Malaysia]], the [[Free Reformed Churches of North America]], and the [[Christian Reformed Churches]] in the Netherlands.

===Islam===
According to the [[Quran|Qur’án]], Moses (''Musa'') [[Moses in Islam#Call to prophethood|departed for Egypt]] along with his family after completing the time period.{{clarify|reason=33|date=December 2024}} The Qur’án states that during their travel, as they stopped near the Tur, Musa observed a fire and instructed the family to wait until he returned with fire for them.<ref name=Islam>{{Cite book |last= Laude |first= Patrick |title= Universal Dimensions of Islam: Studies in Comparative Religion |page=31 |year= 2011 |publisher= World Wisdom |isbn= 9781935493570 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JsC-RUvVsywC&pg=PA31}}</ref> When Musa reached the Valley of Tuwa, God called out to him from the right side of the valley from a tree, on what is revered as Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah (Arabic: الـبُـقـعَـة الـمُـبَـارَكَـة{{lrm}}, "The Blessed Ground") in the Qur’án.<ref name=Uni>{{cite book|title=Universal Dimensions of Islam: Studies in Comparative Religion|author=Patrick Laude|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsC-RUvVsywC&pg=PA31|isbn=9781935493570|year=2011|publisher=World Wisdom, Inc.}}</ref> Musa was commanded by God to remove his shoes and was informed of his selection as a prophet, his obligation of prayer and the Day of Judgment. Musa was then ordered to throw his rod which turned into a snake and later instructed to hold it.<ref name=ReferenceB>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbTC9S4RTH4C&pg=PA112|title=Three Monotheistic Faiths - Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis and Brief History|isbn=9781434392466|last1=Paterson|first1=Andrea C.|year=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Three Monotheistic Faiths – Judaism, Christianity, Islam: An Analysis And Brief History|author=Andrea C. Paterson|page=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbTC9S4RTH4C&pg=PA112|isbn=9781434392466|year=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse}}</ref> The Qur’án then narrates Musa being ordered to insert his hand into his clothes and upon revealing it would shine a bright light. God states that these are signs for the Pharaoh, and [[Moses in Islam#Call to prophethood|orders Musa to invite Pharaoh]] to the worship of one God.<ref name=ReferenceB/>

===Baháʼí Faith===
[[File:Shrine-of-Bahaullah.jpg|thumb|260x260px|[[Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh]] located in [[Bahjí]] near [[Acre, Israel]]]]

The [[Baháʼí Faith]] understands the Burning Bush to represent the Voice of God. The term Burning Bush appears frequently in the writings of [[Baháʼu'lláh|Bahá’u’lláh]], the Prophet-Founder of the faith. In the teachings of the Baháʼí Faith, the Voice of God as spoken from the Burning Bush, is now, through the Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh, speaking directly to humanity; “a Revelation,” Bahá’u’lláh proclaims, "the potency of which hath caused every tree to cry out what the Burning Bush had aforetime proclaimed unto [[Moses]].”<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahá'í Prayers {{!}} Bahá'í Reference Library|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/prayers/bahai-prayers/4#171529855|access-date=2021-08-06|website=www.bahai.org}}</ref>
In recounting the association between Moses and the Burning Bush, Bahá’u’lláh writes,<blockquote>Call thou to mind the days when He Who conversed with God tended, in the wilderness, the sheep of [[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]], His father-in-law. He hearkened unto the Voice of the Lord of mankind coming from the Burning Bush which had been raised above the Holy Land, exclaiming, “O Moses! Verily I am God, thy Lord and the Lord of thy forefathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.” He was so carried away by the captivating accent of the Voice that He detached Himself from the world and set out in the direction of Pharaoh and his people, invested with the power of thy Lord Who exerciseth sovereignty over all that hath been and shall be. The people of the world are now hearing that which Moses did hear, but they understand not.

-from ''[[Tablets of Baháʼu'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas|Tablets of Bahá’u’lláh]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh {{!}} Bahá'í Reference Library|url=https://www.bahai.org/library/authoritative-texts/bahaullah/tablets-bahaullah/3#422863394|access-date=2021-08-06|website=www.bahai.org}}</ref></blockquote>

===Rastafari===
Some [[Rastafari]] believe that the burning bush was [[cannabis]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mandito |first1=Ras |title=The Testament Of Rastafari |date=2014 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=9781105595653 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NauAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cathcart |first1=Jermaine |title=Knowledge of Good and Evil: An Urban Ethnography of a Smoking Culture |date=2016 |publisher=University of California |location=Riverside |isbn=9781369300659 |page=37 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5k39t42m/qt5k39t42m_noSplash_4ac858b60e53d69200d75c258a1bf549.pdf |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aaron's rod]]
*[[Ark of the Covenant]]
*[[Staff of Moses]]
*[[Theophany]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Burning bush}}
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102500 Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"] [[Icon]] and [[Synaxarion]] of the feast
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140830030941/http://www.presbyterianireland.org/About-Us/Historical-Information/Burning-Bush The Burning Bush] History of the use of the burning bush symbol among Reformed churches

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burning Bush}}
[[Category:Theophanies in the Hebrew Bible]]
[[Category:Angelic apparitions in the Bible]]
[[Category:Biblical phrases]]
[[Category:Hebrew Bible words and phrases]]
[[Category:Book of Exodus]]
[[Category:Christian symbols]]
[[Category:Jewish symbols]]
[[Category:Fire in religion]]
[[Category:Moses]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism]]