Editing Byzantine text-type

{{Short description|New Testament text type}}
[[File:Codes Vaticanus 354.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Codex Vaticanus 354]] S (028), an uncial codex with a Byzantine text, assigned to the Family K{{sup|1}}]]

In the [[textual criticism of the New Testament]], the '''Byzantine text-type''' (also called '''Traditional Text''', '''Ecclesiastical Text''', '''Constantinopolitan Text''', '''Antiocheian Text''', or '''Syrian Text''') is one of the main [[Textual criticism#New Testament|text types]]. The New Testament text of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the [[Patriarchal Text]], are based on this text-type. Similarly, the [[Peshitta|Aramaic Peshitta]] which often conforms to the Byzantine text is used as the standard version in the [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac tradition]], including the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the [[Chaldean Catholic Church|Chaldean church]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hffEDgAAQBAJ&dq=Chaldean+Catholic+Church+Peshitta&pg=PA249 Introduction To Bibliology: What Every Christian Should Know About the Origins, Composition, Inspiration, Interpretation, Canonicity, and Transmission of the Bible]</ref>{{r|earlyvers-nt}}<ref name="ident-nt">{{Cite book |first=Wilbur N. | last=Pickering | title=Identity of the New Testament Text III | year=2012 | publisher=Wipf & Stock Publishers | isbn=978-1-4982-6349-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ii5bzgEACAAJ}}</ref> 

It is the form found in the largest number of surviving [[biblical manuscript|manuscripts]] of the [[Koine Greek|Greek]] [[New Testament]].  Consequently, the '''Majority Text''' methodology, which prefers the readings that are most common or which are found in the great preponderance of manuscripts, generates a text that is Byzantine text (in turn leading to the [[Byzantine_priority_theory|Byzantine priority]] rule-of-thumb.)
Whilst varying in around 1,800 places from printed editions,<ref name="wallace">{{Cite journal | first=Daniel B. | last=Wallace | title=The Majority Text Theory: History, Methods, and Critique | journal=Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society | volume=37 | issue=2 | pages=194 fn. 59 | year=1994}}</ref> the Byzantine text-type also underlies the [[Textus Receptus]] Greek text used for most [[Reformation]]-era ([[Protestant Bible|Protestant]]) translations of the New Testament into [[vernacular]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical? {{!}} Bible.org |url=https://bible.org/article/majority-text-and-original-text-are-they-identical |access-date=2023-12-24 | website=bible.org}}</ref> 

The Byzantine text is also found in a few modern Eastern Orthodox editions, as the Byzantine textual tradition has continued in the Eastern Orthodox Church into the present time. The text used by the Orthodox Church is supported by late minuscule manuscripts. It is commonly accepted as the standard Byzantine text.{{r|goj-byz}} There are also some textual critics such as [[Maurice A. Robinson|Robinson]] and [[Zane Hodges|Hodges]] who still [[Byzantine Priority Theory|favor the Byzantine Text]], and have produced Byzantine-majority critical editions of the Greek New Testament.{{r|maurice-maj}} This view was famously defended by [[John Burgon]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heuer |first=Mark |date=1995 |title=AN EVALUATION OF JOHN W. BURGON'S USE OF PATRISTIC EVIDENCE |url=https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/38/38-4/38-4-pp519-530_JETS.pdf |journal=The Evangelical Theological Society}}</ref>

Modern translations (since 1900) mainly use [[Textual criticism#Eclecticism|eclectic]] editions that conform more often to the [[Alexandrian text-type]], which has been viewed as the most accurate text-type by most scholars,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Edward D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCyGDwAAQBAJ&dq=Alexandrian+text-type&pg=PA121 |title=INTRODUCTION TO THE TEXT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT: From The Authors and Scribe to the Modern Critical Text |date=2019-02-02 |publisher=Christian Publishing House |isbn=978-1-949586-78-7}}</ref> although some modern translations that use the Byzantine text-type have been created.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Translations |url=https://byzantinetext.com/study/translations/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=ByzantineText.com}}</ref>

== Manuscripts ==

[[File:Codex alexandrinus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Codex Alexandrinus]]'', the oldest Greek witness of the Byzantine text in the Gospels, close to the Family Π (''Luke 12:54-13:4'')]]

The earliest clear notable patristic witnesses to the Byzantine text come from early eastern church fathers such as [[Gregory of Nyssa]] (335 – c. 395), [[John Chrysostom]] (347 –  407), [[Basil of Caesarea|Basil the Great]] (330 –  379) and [[Cyril of Jerusalem]] (313 – 386). <ref>{{Cite book | last=Racine | first=Jean-François | title=The Text of Matthew in the Writings of Basil of Caesarea | year=2004 | publisher=Brill | location=Leiden | isbn=978-90-04-13076-0 | url=https://brill.com/display/title/11329}}</ref>{{r|fee-patristic|metz-tnt|p2=130}} The fragmentary surviving works of [[Asterius the Sophist]] († 341) have also been considered to conform to the Byzantine text.<ref name="fee-patristic">{{Cite book | editor-first1=Eldon J. | editor-last1=Epp | editor-first2=Gordon D. | editor-last2=Fee | first=Gordon D. | last=Fee | chapter=The Use of Greek Patristic Citations in New Testament Textual Criticism: The State of the Question | title=Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism | pages=344–359 | year=1993 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=9780802827739}}</ref>{{rp|358}} Although somewhat closer to the [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian text]], the quotations of [[Clement of Alexandria]] (150 –  215) sometimes contain readings which agree with the later Byzantine text-type. <ref>{{Citation |last=Cosaert |first=Carl P. |title=The text of the Gospels in Clement of Alexandria |date=2008-11-13 |url=https://brill.com/display/title/15431 |access-date=2024-01-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-16913-5}}</ref>{{rp|page=229}}  The incomplete surviving translation of [[Ulfilas|Wulfila]] (d. 383) into [[Gothic language|Gothic]] is often thought to derive from the Byzantine text type or an intermediary between the Byzantine and Western text types.<ref>Bennett, William, 1980, ''An Introduction to the Gothic Language'', pp. 24-25.</ref> The second or third earliest translation to witness to a Greek base conforming generally to the Byzantine text in the Gospels is the Syriac [[Peshitta]] (though it has many Alexandrian and Western readings);<ref name="earlyvers-nt">{{Cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce M. Metzger | title=The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission and Limitations | page=61 | year=1977 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=New York; Oxford | isbn=0-19-826170-5}}</ref>{{r|ident-nt}} usually dated to the beginning of the 5th century;<ref name="metz-tnt">{{Cite book | first1=Bruce Manning | last1=Metzger | author-link1 = Bruce M. Metzger | first2=Bart D. | last2=Ehrman | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York; Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-516122-9 | url=https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00metz}}</ref>{{rp|98}} although in respect of several much contested readings, such as Mark 1:2 and John 1:18, the Peshitta rather supports the Alexandrian witnesses. Despite being characterized by mixed readings, significant Byzantine components also exist in the [[Christian Palestinian Aramaic#Corpus|Syro-Palestinian]] manuscripts, which likely originated from the 5th century.{{r|tent-cr|p=155|q=The Christian Palestinian Aramaic version, formerly known as the Palestinian Syriac or Syro-Palestinian version, probably originated around the fifth century, and the earliest extant manuscripts come from the sixth century. It was used by the Melkites, who were distributed both in Palestine and the Transjordan. The fact that it is based on a Greek original makes it of interest to the textual critic, though it does show some influence from Syriac versions. There is a real need for research on the textual affiliation of this version based on a wide-ranging analysis of its method of translation. At the moment it appears that it has a textual profile characterized both by mixture and by significant Byzantine components[.]}}
[[File:Illumination-from-Abba-Garima-gospel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Evangelist portrait]] of [[Mark the Evangelist|Mark]] from Garima 2, likely the earlier of the two Garima Gospels]]
Dating from the fourth century, and hence possibly earlier than the Peshitta, is the [[Ge'ez language|Ethiopic]] version of the Gospels; best represented by the surviving fifth and sixth century manuscripts of the [[Garima Gospels]] and classified by Rochus Zuurmond as "early Byzantine". Zuurmond notes that, especially in the Gospel of John, the form of the early Byzantine text found in the Ethiopic Gospels is quite different from the later Greek Majority Text, and agrees in a number of places with [[Papyrus 66]].{{r|tent-cr|pp=231-252|quote-page=233|q=One would say that the Ethiopic ''Versio Antiqua''... is basically a Byzantine text, with some Western elements and some remnants of the early Egyptian text. For lack of a better term one could coin this "early Byzantine".}}
In the very early 7th century, [[Thomas of Harqel|Thomas Herakel]] worked on a revision of the [[Philoxenian version]], thus producing the [[Harklean version]] in Syriac. This text very closely resembles the Byzantine text-type and due to its wide distribution, it is preserved in over 120 manuscripts. Many of the extant [[Bible translations into Georgian|Georgian]] and [[Bible translations into Armenian|Armenian]] manuscripts also conform to the Byzantine text-type, although this is due to the manuscripts having gone through revisions to bring them closer to the Byzantine text.<ref name="tent-cr">{{Cite book | editor1-first=Bart D. | editor1-last=Ehrman | editor2-first=Michael W. | editor2-last=Holmes | title=The Text of the New Testament in Contemporary Research: Essays on the Status Quaestionis | edition=2 | year=2012 | publisher=Brill | isbn=978-90-04-23604-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=guYq9rohFQ8C}}</ref>{{r|earlyvers-nt}} Additionally, the Byzantine text is the textual basis of the [[Bible translations into Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic manuscripts]] of the Bible, although they sometimes contain readings from other textual traditions.{{r|earlyvers-nt}}

Some debate exists on the manuscript basis of Jerome's [[Vulgate|Latin Vulgate]] and if this text was influenced by the Byzantine text. Wordsworth concluded that Jerome mainly used a text-type similar to [[Codex Sinaiticus|Codex Siniaticus]] and [[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]], however his conclusions were rejected by H. J. Vogels who instead argued that the Greek manuscripts used by Jerome mostly agreed with the Byzantine text. Vogel's analysis of the Vulgate was criticized by both F. C. Burkitt and Lagrange, Burkitt instead argued that Jerome's Vulgate was influenced by multiple Greek manuscripts from different text-types, some of which were similar to [[Codex Alexandrinus]] while others similar to [[Codex Vaticanus]].{{r|earlyvers-nt|pp=355&mdash;356}}

Individual readings in agreement with the later Byzantine text have been found in the very early papyri, such as {{papyrus link|46}}. Some such as Harry Sturz have concluded from this that the Byzantine text-type must have had an early existence, however others have been cautious in making this conclusion. According to Zuntz, although some Byzantine readings may be ancient, the Byzantine tradition as a whole originates from a later period, not as a creation but as a process of choosing between early variants.{{r|fee-patristic|p=231-232}} It has also been questioned if some of the readings found in the early papyri which agree with later Byzantine readings are genetically significant or accidental.{{r|tent-cr}}

=== Notable manuscripts ===

[[File:Codex Boreelianus F+ (09), Mk 1.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Codex Boreelianus, Byzantine manuscript, member of the Family E]]

{| "wikitable"
| style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Sign'''
| style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Name'''
| style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Date'''
| style="background:#DAE" align="center"|'''Content'''
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 0176
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Uncial 0176]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 4th-5th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Galatians 3:16-25
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| A (02)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Alexandrinus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| C (04)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels (mixed Byzantine/Alexandrian)
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| W (032)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Washingtonianus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Matt 1-28; Luke 8:13–24:53
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Q (026)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Guelferbytanus B]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 5th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Luke–John
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | N (022)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 6th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | O (023)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Sinope Gospels|Codex Sinopensis]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 6th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Σ (042)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Rossano Gospels|Codex purpureus Rossanensis]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 6th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Φ (043)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Codex Beratinus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 6th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 0211
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Uncial 0211]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 7th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 0103
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Uncial 0103]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 7th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| E{{sup|e}} (07)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|Codex Basilensis]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 8th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| F{{sup|e}} (09)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Boreelianus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| G{{sup|e}} (011)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Seidelianus I]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| H{{sup|e}} (013)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Seidelianus II]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| L (020)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Angelicus]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Acts, CE, Pauline Epistles
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| V (031)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Mosquensis II]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Y (034)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Macedoniensis]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Θ (038)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Koridethi]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels (except Mark)
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| S (028)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Codex Vaticanus 354]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 949
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| Gospels
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 1241
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Minuscule 1241]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 12th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| only Acts
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 1424
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| [[Minuscule 1424]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| 9th/10th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center"| NT (except Mark)
|}

=== Other manuscripts ===

; Papyri

{{papyrus link|73}}

; Uncials

[[Codex Mutinensis|Codex Mutinensis (H)]], [[Codex Cyprius|Codex Cyprius (K)]], [[Codex Mosquensis I|Codex Mosquensis I (K{{sup|ap}})]], [[Codex Campianus|Campianus (M)]], [[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|Petropolitanus Purp. (N)]], [[Codex Sinopensis|Sinopensis (O)]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus A|Guelferbytanus A (P)]], [[Codex Guelferbytanus B|Guelferbytanus B (Q)]], [[Codex Nitriensis|Nitriensis (R)]], [[Codex Nanianus|Nanianus (U)]], [[Codex Monacensis (X 033)|Monacensis (X)]], [[Codex Tischendorfianus IV|Tischendorfianus IV (Γ)]], [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Sangallensis (Δ)]] (except Mark), [[Codex Tischendorfianus III|Tischendorfianus III (Λ)]], [[Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)|Petropolitanus (Π)]], [[Codex Purpureus Rossanensis|Rossanensis (Σ)]], [[Codex Beratinus|Beratinus (Φ)]], [[Codex Athous Dionysiou|Dionysiou (Ω)]], [[Codex Vaticanus 2066|Vaticanus 2066 (Uncial 046)]], [[Uncial 047]], [[Uncial 049|049]], [[Uncial 052|052]], [[Uncial 053|053]], [[Uncial 054|054]], [[Uncial 056|056]], [[Uncial 061|061]], [[Uncial 063|063]], [[Uncial 064|064]], [[Uncial 065|065]], [[Uncial 069|069]] (?), [[Uncial 093|093]] (Acts), [[Uncial 0103|0103]], [[Uncial 0104|0104]], [[Uncial 0105|0105]], [[Uncial 0116|0116]], [[Uncial 0120|0120]], [[Uncial 0133|0133]], [[Uncial 0134|0134]], [[Uncial 0135|0135]], [[Uncial 0136|0136]], [[Uncial 0142|0142]], [[Uncial 0151|0151]], [[Uncial 0197|0197]], [[Uncial 0211|0211]], [[Uncial 0246|0246]], [[Uncial 0248|0248]], [[Uncial 0253|0253]], [[Uncial 0255|0255]], [[Uncial 0257|0257]], [[Uncial 0265|0265]], [[Uncial 0269|0269]] (mixed), [[Uncial 0272|0272]], [[Uncial 0273|0273]] (?).

; Minuscules

More than 80% of minuscules represent the Byzantine text.<ref name="klist">{{Cite book | first=Kurt | last=Aland | author-link=Kurt Aland | author2=M. Welte | author3=B. Köster | author4=K. Junack | title=Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments | year=1994 | publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=3-11-011986-2}}</ref>{{rp|128}}

[[Minuscule 2|2]], [[Minuscule 3|3]], [[Minuscule 6|6]] (Gospels and Acts), [[Minuscule 8|8]], [[Minuscule 9|9]], [[Minuscule 11|11]], [[Minuscule 12|12]], [[Minuscule 14|14]], [[Minuscule 15|15]], [[Minuscule 18|18]], [[Minuscule 21|21]], [[Minuscule 23|23]], [[Minuscule 24|24]], [[Minuscule 25|25]], [[Minuscule 27|27]], [[Minuscule 28|28]] (except Mark), [[Minuscule 29|29]], [[Minuscule 30|30]], [[Minuscule 32|32]], [[Minuscule 34|34]], [[Minuscule 35|35]], [[Minuscule 36|36]], [[Minuscule 37|37]], [[Minuscule 39|39]], [[Minuscule 40|40]], [[Minuscule 42|42]], [[Minuscule 44|44]], [[Minuscule 45|45]], [[Minuscule 46|46]], [[Minuscule 47|47]], [[Minuscule 49|49]], [[Minuscule 50|50]], [[Minuscule 52|52]], [[Minuscule 53|53]], [[Minuscule 54|54]], [[Minuscule 55|55]], [[Minuscule 57|57]], [[Minuscule 58|58]], [[Minuscule 60|60]], [[Minuscule 61|61]] (Gospels and Acts), [[Minuscule 63|63]], [[Minuscule 65|65]], [[Minuscule 66|66]], [[Minuscule 68|68]], [[Minuscule 69|69]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 70|70]], [[Minuscule 73|73]], [[Minuscule 74|74]], [[Minuscule 75|75]], [[Minuscule 76|76]], [[Minuscule 77|77]], [[Minuscule 78|78]], [[Minuscule 80|80]], [[Minuscule 82|82]], [[Minuscule 83|83]], [[Minuscule 84|84]], [[Minuscule 89|89]], [[Minuscule 90|90]], [[Minuscule 92|92]], [[Minuscule 93|93]], [[Minuscule 95|95]], [[Minuscule 97|97]], [[Minuscule 98|98]], [[Minuscule 99|99]], [[Minuscule 100|100]], [[Minuscule 103|103]], [[Minuscule 104|104]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 105|105]], [[Minuscule 107|107]], [[Minuscule 108|108]], [[Minuscule 109|109]], [[Minuscule 110|110]], [[Minuscule 111|111]], [[Minuscule 112|112]], [[Minuscule 116|116]], [[Minuscule 119|119]], [[Minuscule 120|120]], [[Minuscule 121|121]], [[Minuscule 122|122]], [[Minuscule 123|123]], [[Minuscule 125|125]], [[Minuscule 126|126]], [[Minuscule 127|127]], [[Minuscule 128|128]], [[Minuscule 129|129]], [[Minuscule 132|132]], [[Minuscule 133|133]], [[Minuscule 134|134]], [[Minuscule 135|135]], [[Minuscule 136|136]], [[Minuscule 137|137]], [[Minuscule 138|138]], [[Minuscule 139|139]], [[Minuscule 140|140]], [[Minuscule 141|141]], [[Minuscule 142|142]], [[Minuscule 143|143]], [[Minuscule 144|144]], [[Minuscule 146|146]], [[Minuscule 147|147]], [[Minuscule 148|148]], [[Minuscule 149|149]], [[Minuscule 150|150]], [[Minuscule 151|151]], [[Minuscule 155|155]], [[Minuscule 156|156]], [[Minuscule 159|159]], [[Minuscule 162|162]], [[Minuscule 167|167]], [[Minuscule 169|169]], [[Minuscule 170|170]], [[Minuscule 171|171]], [[Minuscule 177|177]], [[Minuscule 180|180]] (except Acts), [[Minuscule 181|181]] (only Rev.), [[Minuscule 182|182]], [[Minuscule 183|183]], [[Minuscule 185|185]], [[Minuscule 186|186]], [[Minuscule 187|187]], [[Minuscule 189|189]], [[Minuscule 190|190]], [[Minuscule 192|192]], [[Minuscule 193|193]], [[Minuscule 194|194]], [[Minuscule 195|195]], [[Minuscule 196|196]], [[Minuscule 197|197]], [[Minuscule 198|198]], [[Minuscule 199|199]], [[Minuscule 200|200]], [[Minuscule 201|201]], [[Minuscule 202|202]], [[Minuscule 203|203]], [[Minuscule 204|204]], [[Minuscule 205|205]] (Epistles), [[Minuscule 206|206]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 207|207]], [[Minuscule 208|208]], [[Minuscule 209|209]] (except Gospels and Rev.), [[Minuscule 210|210]], [[Minuscule 212|212]], [[Minuscule 214|214]], [[Minuscule 215|215]], [[Minuscule 217|217]], [[Minuscule 218|218]] (except Cath. and Paul), [[Minuscule 219|219]], [[Minuscule 220|220]], [[Minuscule 221|221]], [[Minuscule 223|223]], [[Minuscule 224|224]], [[Minuscule 226|226]], [[Minuscule 227|227]], [[Minuscule 231|231]], [[Minuscule 232|232]], [[Minuscule 235|235]], [[Minuscule 236|236]], [[Minuscule 237|237]], [[Minuscule 240|240]], [[Minuscule 243|243]], [[Minuscule 244|244]], [[Minuscule 245|245]], [[Minuscule 246|246]], [[Minuscule 247|247]], [[Minuscule 248|248]], [[Minuscule 250|250]], [[Minuscule 254|254]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 256|256]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 259|259]], [[Minuscule 260|260]], [[Minuscule 261|261]], [[Minuscule 262|262]], [[Minuscule 263|263]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 264|264]], [[Minuscule 266|266]], [[Minuscule 267|267]], [[Minuscule 268|268]], [[Minuscule 269|269]], [[Minuscule 270|270]], [[Minuscule 272|272]], [[Minuscule 275|275]], [[Minuscule 276|276]], [[Minuscule 277|277]], [[Minuscule 278a|278a]], [[Minuscule 278b|278b]], [[Minuscule 280|280]], [[Minuscule 281|281]], [[Minuscule 282|282]], [[Minuscule 283|283]], [[Minuscule 284|284]], [[Minuscule 285|285]], [[Minuscule 286|286]], [[Minuscule 287|287]], [[Minuscule 288|288]], [[Minuscule 289|289]], [[Minuscule 290|290]], [[Minuscule 291|291]], [[Minuscule 292|292]], [[Minuscule 293|293]], [[Minuscule 297|297]], [[Minuscule 300|300]], [[Minuscule 301|301]], [[Minuscule 302|302]], [[Minuscule 303|303]], [[Minuscule 304|304]], [[Minuscule 305|305]], [[Minuscule 306|306]], [[Minuscule 308|308]], [[Minuscule 309|309]], [[Minuscule 313|313]], [[Minuscule 314|314]], [[Minuscule 316|316]], [[Minuscule 319|319]], [[Minuscule 320|320]], [[Minuscule 324|324]], [[Minuscule 325|325]], [[Minuscule 327|327]], [[Minuscule 328|328]], [[Minuscule 329|329]], [[Minuscule 330|330]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 331|331]], [[Minuscule 334|334]], [[Minuscule 335|335]], [[Minuscule 337|337]], [[Minuscule 342|342]], [[Minuscule 343|343]], [[Minuscule 344|344]], [[Minuscule 347|347]], [[Minuscule 350|350]], [[Minuscule 351|351]], [[Minuscule 352|352]], [[Minuscule 353|353]], [[Minuscule 354|354]], [[Minuscule 355|355]], [[Minuscule 356|356]], [[Minuscule 357|357]], [[Minuscule 358|358]], [[Minuscule 359|359]], [[Minuscule 360|360]], [[Minuscule 361|361]], [[Minuscule 362|362]], [[Minuscule 364|364]], [[Minuscule 365|365]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 366|366]], [[Minuscule 367|367]], [[Minuscule 368|368]], [[Minuscule 369|369]], [[Minuscule 371|371]], [[Minuscule 373|373]], [[Minuscule 374|374]], [[Minuscule 375|375]], [[Minuscule 376|376]], [[Minuscule 378|378]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 379|379]], [[Minuscule 380|380]], [[Minuscule 381|381]], [[Minuscule 384|384]], [[Minuscule 385|385]], [[Minuscule 386|386]], [[Minuscule 387|387]], [[Minuscule 388|388]], [[Minuscule 390|390]], [[Minuscule 392|392]], [[Minuscule 393|393]], [[Minuscule 394|394]], [[Minuscule 395|395]], [[Minuscule 396|396]], [[Minuscule 398|398]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 399|399]], [[Minuscule 401|401]], [[Minuscule 402|402]], [[Minuscule 404|404]], [[Minuscule 405|405]], [[Minuscule 407|407]], [[Minuscule 408|408]], [[Minuscule 409|409]], [[Minuscule 410|410]], [[Minuscule 411|411]], [[Minuscule 412|412]], [[Minuscule 413|413]], [[Minuscule 414|414]], [[Minuscule 415|415]], [[Minuscule 417|417]], [[Minuscule 418|418]], [[Minuscule 419|419]], [[Minuscule 422|422]], [[Minuscule 425|425]], [[Minuscule 426|426]], [[Minuscule 429|429]] (Paul and Rev.), [[Minuscule 431|431]] (except Acts and Cath.), [[Minuscule 432|432]], [[Minuscule 438|438]], [[Minuscule 439|439]], [[Minuscule 443|443]], [[Minuscule 445|445]], [[Minuscule 446|446]], [[Minuscule 448|448]], [[Minuscule 449|449]], [[Minuscule 450|450]], [[Minuscule 451|451]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 452|452]], [[Minuscule 454|454]], [[Minuscule 457|457]], [[Minuscule 458|458]], [[Minuscule 459|459]] (except Paul), [[Minuscule 461|461]], [[Minuscule 465|465]], [[Minuscule 466|466]], [[Minuscule 469|469]], [[Minuscule 470|470]], [[Minuscule 471|471]], [[Minuscule 473|473]], [[Minuscule 474|474]], [[Minuscule 475|475]], [[Minuscule 476|476]], [[Minuscule 477|477]], [[Minuscule 478|478]], [[Minuscule 479|479]], [[Minuscule 480|480]], [[Minuscule 481|481]], [[Minuscule 482|482]], [[Minuscule 483|483]], [[Minuscule 484|484]], [[Minuscule 485|485]], [[Minuscule 490|490]], [[Minuscule 491|491]], [[Minuscule 492|492]], [[Minuscule 493|493]], [[Minuscule 494|494]], [[Minuscule 496|496]], [[Minuscule 497|497]], [[Minuscule 498|498]], [[Minuscule 499|499]], [[Minuscule 500|500]], [[Minuscule 501|501]], [[Minuscule 502|502]], [[Minuscule 504|504]], [[Minuscule 505|505]], [[Minuscule 506|506]], [[Minuscule 507|507]], [[Minuscule 509|509]], [[Minuscule 510|510]], [[Minuscule 511|511]], [[Minuscule 512|512]], [[Minuscule 514|514]], [[Minuscule 516|516]], [[Minuscule 518|518]], [[Minuscule 519|519]], [[Minuscule 520|520]], [[Minuscule 521|521]], [[Minuscule 522|522]] (except Acts and Cath.), [[Minuscule 523|523]], [[Minuscule 524|524]], [[Minuscule 525|525]], [[Minuscule 526|526]], [[Minuscule 527|527]], [[Minuscule 528|528]], [[Minuscule 529|529]], [[Minuscule 530|530]], [[Minuscule 531|531]], [[Minuscule 532|532]], [[Minuscule 533|533]], [[Minuscule 534|534]], [[Minuscule 535|535]], [[Minuscule 538|538]], [[Minuscule 540|540]], [[Minuscule 541|541]], [[Minuscule 546|546]], [[Minuscule 547|547]], [[Minuscule 548|548]], [[Minuscule 549|549]], [[Minuscule 550|550]], [[Minuscule 551|551]], [[Minuscule 553|553]], [[Minuscule 554|554]], [[Minuscule 556|556]], [[Minuscule 558|558]], [[Minuscule 559|559]], [[Minuscule 560|560]], [[Minuscule 564|564]], [[Minuscule 568|568]], [[Minuscule 570|570]], [[Minuscule 571|571]], [[Minuscule 573|573]], [[Minuscule 574|574]], [[Minuscule 575|575]], [[Minuscule 577|577]], [[Minuscule 578|578]], [[Minuscule 580|580]], [[Minuscule 583|583]], [[Minuscule 584|584]], [[Minuscule 585|585]], [[Minuscule 586|586]], [[Minuscule 587|587]], [[Minuscule 588|588]], [[Minuscule 592|592]], [[Minuscule 593|593]], [[Minuscule 594|594]], [[Minuscule 596|596]], [[Minuscule 597|597]], [[Minuscule 600|600]], [[Minuscule 601|601]], [[Minuscule 602|602]], [[Minuscule 603|603]], [[Minuscule 604|604]], [[Minuscule 605|605]], [[Minuscule 607|607]], [[Minuscule 610|610]] (in Cath.), [[Minuscule 614|614]] (in Cath.), [[Minuscule 616|616]], [[Minuscule 618|618]], [[Minuscule 620|620]], [[Minuscule 622|622]], [[Minuscule 624|624]], [[Minuscule 625|625]], [[Minuscule 626|626]], [[Minuscule 627|627]], [[Minuscule 628|628]], [[Minuscule 632|632]], [[Minuscule 633|633]], [[Minuscule 634|634]], [[Minuscule 637|637]], [[Minuscule 638|638]], [[Minuscule 639|639]], [[Minuscule 640|640]], [[Minuscule 642|642]] (except Cath.), [[Minuscule 644|644]], [[Minuscule 645|645]], [[Minuscule 648|648]], [[Minuscule 649|649]], [[Minuscule 650|650]], [[Minuscule 651|651]], [[Minuscule 655|655]], [[Minuscule 656|656]], [[Minuscule 657|657]], [[Minuscule 660|660]], [[Minuscule 662|662]], [[Minuscule 663|663]], [[Minuscule 664|664]], [[Minuscule 666|666]], [[Minuscule 668|668]], [[Minuscule 669|669]], [[Minuscule 672|672]], [[Minuscule 673|673]], [[Minuscule 674|674]], [[Minuscule 677|677]], [[Minuscule 680|680]], [[Minuscule 684|684]], [[Minuscule 685|685]], [[Minuscule 686|686]], [[Minuscule 688|688]], [[Minuscule 689|689]], [[Minuscule 690|690]], [[Minuscule 691|691]], [[Minuscule 692|692]], [[Minuscule 694|694]], [[Minuscule 696|696]], [[Minuscule 698|698]], [[Minuscule 699|699]], [[Minuscule 705|705]], [[Minuscule 707|707]], [[Minuscule 708|708]], [[Minuscule 711|711]], [[Minuscule 714|714]], [[Minuscule 715|715]], [[Minuscule 717|717]], [[Minuscule 718|718]], [[Minuscule 721|721]], [[Minuscule 724|724]], [[Minuscule 725|725]], [[Minuscule 727|727]], [[Minuscule 729|729]], [[Minuscule 730|730]], [[Minuscule 731|731]], [[Minuscule 734|734]], [[Minuscule 736|736]], [[Minuscule 737|737]], [[Minuscule 739 (Gregory-Aland)|739]], [[Minuscule 741 (Gregory-Aland)|741]], [[Minuscule 745 (Gregory-Aland)|745]], [[Minuscule 746 (Gregory-Aland)|746]], [[Minuscule 748 (Gregory-Aland)|748]], [[Minuscule 750 (Gregory-Aland)|750]], [[Minuscule 754 (Gregory-Aland)|754]], [[Minuscule 755 (Gregory-Aland)|755]], [[Minuscule 756 (Gregory-Aland)|756]], [[Minuscule 757 (Gregory-Aland)|757]], [[Minuscule 758 (Gregory-Aland)|758]], [[Minuscule 759 (Gregory-Aland)|759]], [[Minuscule 760 (Gregory-Aland)|760]], [[Minuscule 761 (Gregory-Aland)|761]], [[Minuscule 762 (Gregory-Aland)|762]], [[Minuscule 763 (Gregory-Aland)|763]], [[Minuscule 764 (Gregory-Aland)|764]], [[Minuscule 765 (Gregory-Aland)|765]], [[Minuscule 768 (Gregory-Aland)|768]], [[Minuscule 769 (Gregory-Aland)|769]], [[Minuscule 770 (Gregory-Aland)|770]], [[Minuscule 773 (Gregory-Aland)|773]], [[Minuscule 774 (Gregory-Aland)|774]], [[Minuscule 775 (Gregory-Aland)|775]], [[Minuscule 777 (Gregory-Aland)|777]], [[Minuscule 778 (Gregory-Aland)|778]], [[Minuscule 779 (Gregory-Aland)|779]], [[Minuscule 781 (Gregory-Aland)|781]], [[Minuscule 782 (Gregory-Aland)|782]], [[Minuscule 783 (Gregory-Aland)|783]], [[Minuscule 784 (Gregory-Aland)|784]], [[Minuscule 785 (Gregory-Aland)|785]], [[Minuscule 786 (Gregory-Aland)|786]], [[Minuscule 787 (Gregory-Aland)|787]], [[Minuscule 789 (Gregory-Aland)|789]], [[Minuscule 790 (Gregory-Aland)|790]], [[Minuscule 793 (Gregory-Aland)|793]], [[Minuscule 794 (Gregory-Aland)|794]], [[Minuscule 797 (Gregory-Aland)|797]], [[Minuscule 798|798]], [[Minuscule 799 (Gregory-Aland)|799]], [[Minuscule 801 (Gregory-Aland)|801]], [[Minuscule 802 (Gregory-Aland)|802]], [[Minuscule 806 (Gregory-Aland)|806]], [[Minuscule 808 (Gregory-Aland)|808]], [[Minuscule 809 (Gregory-Aland)|809]], [[Minuscule 811 (Gregory-Aland)|811]], [[Minuscule 818 (Gregory-Aland)|818]], [[Minuscule 819 (Gregory-Aland)|819]], [[Minuscule 820 (Gregory-Aland)|820]], [[Minuscule 824 (Gregory-Aland)|824]], [[Minuscule 825 (Gregory-Aland)|825]], [[Minuscule 830 (Gregory-Aland)|830]], [[Minuscule 831 (Gregory-Aland)|831]], [[Minuscule 833 (Gregory-Aland)|833]], [[Minuscule 834 (Gregory-Aland)|834]], [[Minuscule 835 (Gregory-Aland)|835]], [[Minuscule 836 (Gregory-Aland)|836]], [[Minuscule 839 (Gregory-Aland)|839]], [[Minuscule 840 (Gregory-Aland)|840]], [[Minuscule 841 (Gregory-Aland)|841]], [[Minuscule 843 (Gregory-Aland)|843]], [[Minuscule 844 (Gregory-Aland)|844]], [[Minuscule 845 (Gregory-Aland)|845]], [[Minuscule 846 (Gregory-Aland)|846]], [[Minuscule 848 (Gregory-Aland)|848]], [[Minuscule 852 (Gregory-Aland)|852]], [[Minuscule 853 (Gregory-Aland)|853]], [[Minuscule 857 (Gregory-Aland)|857]], [[Minuscule 858 (Gregory-Aland)|858]], [[Minuscule 860 (Gregory-Aland)|860]], [[Minuscule 861 (Gregory-Aland)|861]], [[Minuscule 862 (Gregory-Aland)|862]], [[Minuscule 864 (Gregory-Aland)|864]], [[Minuscule 866 (Gregory-Aland)|866]], [[Minuscule 867 (Gregory-Aland)|867]], [[Minuscule 868 (Gregory-Aland)|868]], [[Minuscule 870 (Gregory-Aland)|870]], [[Minuscule 877 (Gregory-Aland)|877]], [[Minuscule 880 (Gregory-Aland)|880]], [[Minuscule 884 (Gregory-Aland)|884]], [[Minuscule 886 (Gregory-Aland)|886]], [[Minuscule 887 (Gregory-Aland)|887]], [[Minuscule 889 (Gregory-Aland)|889]], [[Minuscule 890 (Gregory-Aland)|890]], [[Minuscule 893 (Gregory-Aland)|893]], [[Minuscule 894 (Gregory-Aland)|894]], [[Minuscule 896 (Gregory-Aland)|896]], [[Minuscule 897 (Gregory-Aland)|897]], [[Minuscule 898 (Gregory-Aland)|898]], [[Minuscule 900 (Gregory-Aland)|900]], [[Minuscule 901 (Gregory-Aland)|901]], [[Minuscule 902 (Gregory-Aland)|902]], [[Minuscule 904 (Gregory-Aland)|904]], [[Minuscule 905 (Gregory-Aland)|905]], [[Minuscule 906 (Gregory-Aland)|906]], [[Minuscule 910 (Gregory-Aland)|910]], [[Minuscule 911 (Gregory-Aland)|911]], [[Minuscule 912 (Gregory-Aland)|912]], [[Minuscule 914 (Gregory-Aland)|914]], [[Minuscule 916 (Gregory-Aland)|916]], [[Minuscule 917 (Gregory-Aland)|917]] (Paul), [[Minuscule 918 (Gregory-Aland)|918]] (Paul), [[Minuscule 919 (Gregory-Aland)|919]], [[Minuscule 920 (Gregory-Aland)|920]], [[Minuscule 921 (Gregory-Aland)|921]], [[Minuscule 922 (Gregory-Aland)|922]], [[Minuscule 924 (Gregory-Aland)|924]], [[Minuscule 928 (Gregory-Aland)|928]], [[Minuscule 936 (Gregory-Aland)|936]], [[Minuscule 937 (Gregory-Aland)|937]], [[Minuscule 938 (Gregory-Aland)|938]], [[Minuscule 942 (Gregory-Aland)|942]], [[Minuscule 943 (Gregory-Aland)|943]], 944, 945 (Acts and Cath.), 950, 951, 952, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 965, 966, 967, 969, 970, 971, 973, 975, 977, 978, 980, 981, 987, 988, 991, 993, [[Minuscule 994 (Gregory-Aland)|994]], 995, 997, 998, 999, 1000, 1003, 1004, 1006 (Gospels), 1007, 1008, 1010 (?), 1011, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1028, 1030, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1044, 1045, 1046, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1054, 1055, 1056, 1057, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1062, 1063, 1065, 1067 (except Cath.), 1068, 1069, 1070, 1072, [[Minuscule 1073 (Gregory-Aland)|1073]], [[Minuscule 1074 (Gregory-Aland)|1074]], 1075, [[Minuscule 1076 (Gregory-Aland)|1076]], 1077, [[Minuscule 1078 (Gregory-Aland)|1078]], [[Minuscule 1080 (Gregory-Aland)|1080]], 1081, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1094, 1099, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1107, 1110, 1112, 1119, 1121, 1123, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1168, 1169, 1171, 1172, 1173, 1174, 1176, 1177, 1185, 1186, [[Minuscule 1187 (Gregory-Aland)|1187]], 1188, 1189, 1190, 1191, 1193, 1196, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1201, 1202, 1203, 1205, 1206, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1213, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1218, 1220, 1221, 1222, 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1231, 1241 (only Acts), 1251 (?), 1252, 1254, 1255, 1260, 1264, 1277, 1283, 1285, 1292 (except Cath.), 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1303, 1305, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1313, 1314, 1315, 1316, 1317, 1318, 1319 (except Paul), 1320, 1323, 1324, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1334, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1343, 1345, 1347, 1350a, 1350b, 1351, 1352a, 1354, 1355, [[Minuscule 1356 (Gregory-Aland)|1356]], 1357, 1358, 1359 (except Cath.), 1360, 1362, 1364, 1367, 1370, 1373, 1374, 1377, 1384, 1385, 1392, 1395, 1398 (except Paul), 1400, 1409 (Gospels and Paul), 1417, 1437, 1438, 1444, 1445, 1447, 1448 (except Cath.), 1449, 1452, 1470, 1476, 1482, 1483, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1506 (Gospels), 1508, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1523 (Paul), 1539, 1540, 1542b (only Luke), 1543, 1545, 1547, 1548, 1556, 1566, 1570, 1572, 1573 (except Paul?), 1577, 1583, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1605, 1607, 1613, 1614, 1617, 1618, 1619, 1622, 1628, 1636, 1637, 1649, 1656, 1662, 1668, 1672, 1673, 1683, 1693, 1701, 1704 (except Acts), 1714, 1717, 1720, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1730, 1731, 1732, 1733, 1734, 1736, 1737, 1738, 1740, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1747, 1748, 1749, 1750, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1767, 1768, 1770, 1771, 1772, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1828, 1829, 1835, 1841 (except Rev.), 1846 (only Acts), 1847, 1849, 1851, 1852 (only in Rev.), 1854 (except Rev.), 1855, 1856, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1872, 1874 (except Paul), 1876, 1877 (except Paul), 1878, 1879, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1888, 1889, 1891 (except Acts), 1897, 1899, 1902, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1936,1937, 1938, 1941, 1946, 1948, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1992, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2048, 2096, 2098, 2111, 2119, 2125, 2126, 2127 (except Paul), 2132, 2133, 2135, 2138 (only in Rev.), 2139, 2140, 2141, 2142, 2144, 2160, 2172, 2173, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2181, 2183, 2187, 2189, 2191, 2199, 2218, 2221, 2236, 2261, 2266, 2267, 2273, 2275, [[Minuscule 2277|2277]], 2281, 2289, 2295, 2300, 2303, 2306, 2307, 2309, 2310, 2311, 2352, 2355, 2356, 2373, 2376, 2378, 2381, 2382, 2386, 2389, 2390, 2406, 2407, 2409, 2414, 2415, 2418, 2420, 2422, [[Minuscule 2423|2423]], 2424, 2425, 2426, 2430, 2431, [[Minuscule 2437|2437]], 2441, 2442, [[Minuscule 2445|2445]], 2447, 2450, 2451, 2452, 2454, 2455, 2457, 2458, 2459, 2466, 2468, 2475, 2479, 2483, 2484, 2490, [[Minuscule 2491|2491]], 2496, 2497, 2499, 2500, 2501, 2502, 2503, 2507, 2532, 2534, 2536, 2539, 2540, 2545, 2547, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2554, 2555, 2558, 2559, 2562, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2572, 2573, 2578, 2579, 2581, 2584, 2587, 2593, 2600, 2619, 2624, 2626, 2627, 2629, 2631, 2633, 2634, 2635, 2636, 2637, 2639, 2645, 2646, 2649, 2650, 2651, 2653, 2656, 2657, 2658, 2660, 2661, 2665, 2666, 2671, 2673, 2675, 2679, 2690, 2691, 2696, 2698, 2699, 2700, 2704, 2711, 2712, 2716, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2724, 2725, 2727, 2729, 2746, 2760, 2761, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2779, 2780, 2781, 2782, 2783, 2784, 2785, 2787, 2790, 2791, 2794, 2815, [[Minuscule 2817|2817]], 2829.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Kurt | last=Aland | author-link=Kurt Aland | title=Synopsis Quattuor Evangeliorum. Locis parallelis evangeliorum apocryphorum et patrum adhibitis edidit | page=XXXII | year=1996 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft | location=Stuttgart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | first3=J. | last3=Karavidopoulos | first4=C. M. | last4=Martini | first5=Bruce Manning | last5=Metzger | title=Novum Testamentum Graece | edition=27 | page=714 | year=2001 | publisher=[[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]] | location=Stuttgart}} (NA27)</ref>{{r|klist|p=129-140}}

=== Distribution by century ===

; 9th century

461, 1080, 1862, 2142, 2500

; 9th/10th

399

; 10th

14, 27, 29, 34, 36e, 63, 82, 92, 100, 135, 144, 151, 221, 237, 262, 278b, 344, 364, 371, 405, 411, 450, 454, 457, 478, 481, 564, 568, 584, 602, 605, 626, 627, 669, 920, 1055, 1076, 1077, 1078, 1203, 1220, 1223, 1225, 1347, 1351, 1357, 1392, 1417, 1452, 1661, 1720, 1756, 1829, 1851, 1880, 1905, 1920, 1927, 1954, 1997, 1998, 2125, 2373, 2414, 2545, 2722, 2790

; 10th/11th

994, 1073, 1701

; 11th

7p, 8, 12, 20, 23, 24, 25, 37, 39, 40, 50, 65, 68, 75, 77, 83, 89, 98, 108, 112, 123, 125, 126, 127, 133, 137, 142, 143, 148, 150, 177, 186, 194, 195, 197, 200, 207, 208, 210, 212, 215, 236, 250, 259, 272, 276, 277, 278a, 300, 301, 302, 314, 325, 331, 343, 350, 352, 354, 357, 360, 375, 376, 422, 458, 465, 466, 470, 474, 475, 476, 490, 491, 497, 504, 506, 507, 516, 526, 527, 528, 530, 532, 547, 548, 549, 560, 583, 585, 596, 607, 624, 625, 638, 639, 640, 651, 672, 699, 707, 708, 711, 717, 746, 754, 756, 773, 785, 809, 831, 870, 884, 887, 894, 901, 910, 919, 937, 942, 943, 944, 964, 965, 991, 1014, 1028, 1045, 1054, 1056, 1074, 1110, 1123, 1168, 1174, 1187, 1207, 1209, 1211, 1212, 1214, 1221, 1222, 1244, 1277, 1300, 1312, 1314, 1317, 1320, 1324, 1340, 1343, 1373, 1384, 1438, 1444, 1449, 1470, 1483, 1513, 1514, 1517, 1520, 1521, 1545, 1556, 1570, 1607, 1668, 1672, 1693, 1730, 1734, 1738, 1770, 1828, 1835, 1847, 1849, 1870, 1878, 1879, 1888, 1906, 1907, 1916, 1919, 1921, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1946, 1955, 1980, 1981, 1982, 2001, 2007, 2098, 2132, 2133, 2144, 2172, 2176, 2181, 2183, 2199, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2386, 2295, 2307, 2381, 2386, 2430, 2442, 2447, 2451, 2458, 2468, 2475, 2539, 2547, 2559, 2563, 2567, 2571, 2587, 2637, 2649, 2661, 2723, 2746, 2760, 2782, 2787 <br />
2306 (composite of parts from the 11th to the 14th centuries)

; 11th/12th

665, 657, 660, 1013, 1188, 1191, 1309, 1358, 1340, 1566, 2389, 2415, 2784

; 12th

2e, 2ap, 3, 9, 11, 15, 21, 32, 44, 46, 49, 57, 73, 76, 78, 80, 84, 95, 97, 105, 110, 111, 116, 119, 120, 122, 129, 132, 134, 138, 139, 140, 146, 156, 159, 162, 183, 187, 193, 196, 199, 202, 203, 217, 224, 226, 231, 240, 244, 245, 247, 261, 264, 267, 268, 269, 270, 275, 280, 281, 282, 297, 304, 306, 319, 320, 329, 334, 337, 347, 351, 353, 355, 356, 366, 374, 387, 392, 395, 396, 401, 407, 408, 419, 438, 439, 443, 452, 471, 485, 499, 502, 505, 509, 510, 514, 518, 520, 524, 529, 531, 535, 538, 550, 551, 556, 570, 571, 580, 587, 618, 620, 622, 637, 650, 662, 673, 674, 688, 692, 721, 736, 748, 750, 760, 765, 768, 770, 774, 777, 778, 779, 782, 787, 793, 799, 808, 843, 857, 860, 862, 877, 893, 896, 902, 911, 916, 922, 924, 936, 950, 967, 971, 973, 975, 980, 987, 993, 998, 1007, 1046, 1081, 1083, 1085, 1112, 1169, 1176, 1186, 1190, 1193, 1197, 1198, 1199, 1200, 1217, 1218, 1224, 1231, 1240, 1301, 1315, 1316, 1318, 1323, 1350a, 1355, 1360, 1364, 1375, 1385, 1437, 1539, 1583, 1673, 1683, 1714, 1737, 1752, 1754, 1755a, 1755b, 1800, 1821, 1826, 1872, 1889, 1914, 1915, 1917, 1926, 1951, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1986, 1988, 2013, 2096, 2126, 2135, 2139, 2173, 2177, 2189, 2191, 2289, 2282, 2426, 2437, 2445, 2459, 2490, 2491, 2507, 2536, 2549, 2550, 2552, 2562, 2639, 2650, 2657, 2671, 2700, 2712, 2725, 2727, 2781, 2785, 2791, 2794 <br />
632 and 1227 (composites of parts from the 12th to the 14th centuries)

; 12th/13th

905, 906, 1310, 1341, 1897, 2311

; 13th

52, 55, 60, 74, 107, 121, 128, 136, 141, 147, 167, 170, 192, 198, 204, 219, 220, 227, 248, 260, 284, 291, 292, 293, 303, 305, 309, 327, 328, 342, 359, 361, 362, 384, 388, 390, 410, 449, 469, 473, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, 496, 500, 501, 511, 519, 533, 534, 546, 553, 554, 558, 573, 574, 592, 593, 597, 601, 663, 666, 677, 684, 685, 689, 691, 696, 705, 714, 715, 725, 729, 737, 757, 759, 775, 811, 820, 825, 830, 835, 840, 897, 898, 900, 912, 914, 966, 969, 970, 981, 995, 997, 999, 1000, 1004, 1008, 1011, 1015, 1016, 1031, 1050, 1052, 1053, 1057, 1069, 1070, 1072, 1087, 1089, 1094, 1103, 1107, 1129, 1148, 1149, 1150, 1161, 1177, 1201, 1205, 1206, 1208, 1213, 1215, 1226, 1238, 1255, 1285, 1339, 1352a, 1400, 1594, 1597, 1604, 1622, 1717, 1717, 1728, 1731, 1736, 1740, 1742, 1772, 1855, 1858, 1922, 1938, 1941, 1956, 1972, 1992, 2111, 2119, 2140, 2141, 2236, 2353, 2376, 2380, 2390, 2409, 2420, 2423, 2425, 2457, 2479, 2483, 2502, 2534, 2540, 2558, 2568, 2584, 2600, 2624, 2627, 2631, 2633, 2645, 2646, 2658, 2660, 2665, 2670, 2696, 2699, 2724, 2761

; 13th/14th

266, 656, 668, 1334, 2499, 2578

; 14th

18, 45, 53, 54, 66, 109, 155, 171, 182, 185, 190, 201, 214, 223, 232, 235, 243, 246, 290, 308, 316, 324, 358, 367, 369, 381, 386, 393, 394, 402, 404, 409, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417, 425, 426, 480, 492, 494, 498, 512, 521, 523, 540, 577, 578, 586, 588, 594, 600, 603, 604, 628, 633, 634, 644, 645, 648, 649, 680, 686, 690, 698, 718, 727, 730, 731, 734, 741, 758, 761, 762, 763, 764, 769, 781, 783, 784, 786, 789, 790, 794, 797, 798, 802, 806, 818, 819, 824, 833, 834, 836, 839, 845, 846, 848, 858, 864, 866a, 867, 889, 890, 904, 921, 928, 938, 951, 952, 953, 959, 960, 977, 978, 1020, 1023, 1032, 1033, 1036, 1061, 1062, 1075, 1099, 1100, 1119, 1121, 1185, 1189, 1196, 1234, 1235, 1236, 1248, 1249, 1252, 1254, 1283, 1328, 1330, 1331, 1345, 1350b, 1356, 1377, 1395, 1445, 1447, 1476, 1492, 1503, 1504, 1516, 1543, 1547, 1548, 1572, 1577, 1605, 1613, 1614, 1619, 1637, 1723, 1725, 1726, 1732, 1733, 1741, 1746, 1747, 1761, 1762, 1771, 1856, 1859, 1899, 1902, 1918, 1928, 1929, 1952, 1975, 2085, 2160, 2261, 2266, 2273, 2303, 2309, 2310, 2355, 2356, 2406, 2407, 2431, 2441, 2454, 2466, 2484, 2503, 2593, 2626, 2629, 2634, 2651, 2653, 2666, 2668, 2679, 2698, 2716, 2765, 2767, 2773, 2774, 2775, 2780, 2783

; 15th

30, 47, 58, 70, 149, 285, 286, 287, 288, 313, 368, 373, 379, 380, 385, 418, 432, 446, 448, 493, 525, 541, 575, 616, 664, 694, 739, 801, 841, 844, 853, 880, 955, 958, 961, 962, 1003, 1017, 1018, 1024, 1026, 1059, 1060, 1105, 1202, 1232, 1233, 1247, 1250, 1260, 1264, 1482, 1508, 1617, 1626, 1628, 1636, 1649, 1656, 1745, 1750, 1757, 1763, 1767, 1876, 1882, 1948, 1957, 1958, 1964, 1978, 2003, 2175, 2178, 2221, 2352, 2418, 2452, 2455, 2554, 2673, 2675, 2691, 2704, 2729

; 15th/16th

99, 1367

; 16th

90, 335, 445, 724, 745, 755, 867, 957, 1019, 1030, 1065, 1068, 1088, 1239, 1362, 1370, 1374, 1618, 1749, 1768, 1861, 1883, 1911, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1937, 1979, 2009, 2218, 2378, 2422, 2496, 2501, 2532, 2555, 2572, 2573, 2579, 2635, 2636, 2690, 2711, 2721, 2779

; 16th/17th

1371

; 17th and later

289, 868, 956, 963, 988, 1044, 1063, 1101, 1104, 1303, 1748, 1869, 2267, 2450, 2497, 2581, 2619, 2656.<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link1=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | pages=140-142 | year=1995 | publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company | location=Grand Rapids, Michigan}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==

{{see also|Textual variants in the New Testament}}

Compared to [[Alexandrian text-type]] manuscripts, the distinct Byzantine readings tend to show a greater tendency toward smooth and well-formed Greek, they display fewer instances of textual variation between parallel [[Synoptic Gospel]] passages, and they are less likely to present contradictory or "[[Lectio difficilior potior|difficult]]" issues of [[exegesis]].<ref>"The Syrian text has all the appearance of being a careful attempt to supersede the chaos of rival texts by a judicious selection from them all." [[Brooke Foss Westcott]], [[Fenton John Anthony Hort]]. ''The New Testament In The Original Greek'', 1925. p. 551</ref>

== ''Textus Receptus'' and ''Majority Text'' ==
{{Textus Receptus sidebar}}
The first printed edition of the Greek New Testament was completed by [[Erasmus]] and published by [[Johann Froben]] of Basel on March 1, 1516 ([[Novum Instrumentum omne]]).{{r|metz-tnt|p=143}}  Erasmus provided substantial scholarly annotations based on multiple Greek manuscripts and Patristic evidence, but produced a Greek text on around a half-dozen manuscripts, all of which dated from the twelfth century or later; and all but one were of the Byzantine text-type.{{r|metz-tnt|pp=143-146}} Six verses that were not witnessed in any of these sources, he initially back-translated from the Latin [[Vulgate]]; he also introduced some readings from the [[Caesarean text-type]], Vulgate and [[Church Fathers]].{{r|metz-tnt|pp=143-146}}<ref name="Scrivener183">{{Cite book | first=Frederick Henry Ambrose | last=Scrivener | author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener | title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament | volume=2 | pages=183-4 | year=1894 | publisher=George Bell & Sons | location=London}}</ref> This text came to be known as the ''[[Textus Receptus]]'' or ''received text'' after being thus termed by [[Bonaventura Elzevir]], an enterprising publisher from the Netherlands, in his 1633 edition of Erasmus' text.{{r|metz-tnt|p=152}} The New Testament of the [[King James Version]] of the Bible was translated from editions of what was to become the ''Textus Receptus''.{{r|metz-tnt|p=152}} 

The different Byzantine "Majority Text" of Hodges & Farstad as well as [[Maurice A. Robinson|Robinson]] & Pierpont is called "Majority" because it is considered to be the Greek text established on the basis of the reading found in the vast majority of the Greek manuscripts. 

Although the Textus Receptus may be considered a late Byzantine text, it still differs from the Majority Text of Robinson and Pierpont in 1,838 Greek readings, of which 1,005 represent "translatable" differences. Most of these variants are minor, however the Byzantine text excludes the [[Johannine Comma|Comma Johannium]] and [[Acts 8|Acts 8:37]], which are present in the Textus Receptus. Despite these differences, the RP Byzantine text agrees far more closely with the Textus Receptus than with the critical text, as the Majority Text disagrees with the critical text 6,577 times in contrast to the 1800 times it disagrees with the Textus Receptus. Additionally, many of the agreements between the Textus Receptus and the Byzantine text are considered very significant, such as the reading "God" in 1 Timothy 3:16 and the inclusion of the [[Jesus and the woman taken in adultery|Story of the Adulteress]].<ref>Michael D. Marlowe states:[http://www.bible-researcher.com/majority.html] ''yet it differs from the Received Text in about a thousand places, most of them being trivial.'' while biblical scholar [[Daniel B. Wallace]] [http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=673] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070805005218/http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=673|date=2007-08-05}} ''has counted 1,838 differences between it and the Textus Receptus''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=What about the Majority Text? | url=https://www.bible-researcher.com/majority.html | access-date=2024-01-17 | website=www.bible-researcher.com}}</ref>{{r|metz-tnt|p=145}}

== Modern critical texts ==
Textual critic and biblical scholar [[Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann|Karl Lachmann]] was the first scholar to produce an edition that broke with the ''Textus Receptus'', ignoring previous printings and basing his text on ancient sources, therefore discounting the mass of late Byzantine manuscripts and the Textus Receptus.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Earnest Cadman | last=Colwell | title=What is the Best New Testament? | year=1952 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | location=Chicago}}</ref>{{rp|21}} The critical Greek New Testament texts of today (represented by [[Novum Testamentum Graece|UBS/NA]] Greek New Testaments) are considered to be predominantly representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]] in nature,<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Maurice A. | last1=Robinson | author1-link=Maurice A. Robinson | first2=William G. | last2=Pierpont | title=The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform | pages=v fn. 2 | year=2018 | publisher=VTR Publications | location=Nurnberg | isbn=978-3-95776-100-2}}</ref> but there are some critics such as [[Maurice A. Robinson|Robinson]] and [[Zane Hodges|Hodges]] who still favor the Byzantine Text, and have produced Byzantine-Majority critical editions of the Greek New Testament.<ref name="maurice-maj">{{Cite book | editor-first=David Alan | editor-last=Black | first=Maurice A. | last=Robinson | chapter=New Testament Textual Criticism: The Case for Byzantine Priority | title=Rethinking New Testament Textual Criticism | page=139 | year=2002 | publisher=Baker Publishing Group | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=978-0801022807}}</ref> Around 6,500 readings differ between the Majority text and the modern critical text (represented by UBS/NA Greek New Testaments), although the two still agree 98% of the time.<ref>{{Cite journal | first=Daniel | last=Wallace | title=The Majority Text and the Original Text: Are They Identical? | journal=Bibliotheca Sacra | page=158 | volume=148 | year=1991}}</ref> A critical edition of [[Family Kr|Family 35]] of the Byzantine text has also been created by [[Wilbur N Pickering]], who believes that Family 35 most accurately reflects the original text of the New Testament.<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Wilbur N. | last1=Pickering | title=The Greek New Testament According to Family 35 | year=2015 | publisher=WNP | isbn=978-0-9898273-7-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNrtrQEACAAJ}}</ref>

The Byzantine type is also found in modern [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] editions. A new scholarly edition of the Byzantine Text of John's gospel, (funded by the [[United Bible Societies]] in response to a request from Eastern Orthodox Scholars), was begun in [[Birmingham]], UK. and in 2007, as a result of these efforts, ''The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition'' was published.<ref name="goj-byz">{{cite book | editor-first1=Roderic L. | editor-last1=Mullen | editor-first2=Simon | editor-last2=Crisp | editor-first3=David C. | editor-last3=Parker | title=The Gospel According to John in The Byzantine Tradition | year=2008 | publisher=Hendrickson Publishers | location=Stuttgart | isbn=978-1598563078}}</ref>

Textual critic Herman von Soden divided manuscripts of the Byzantine text into five groups:
* K{{sup|x}}: no uncials, hundreds of minuscules, among them codex [[Minuscule 2|2]], [[Minuscule 3|3]], [[Minuscule 8|8]], 14, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 73, 75, 76, 78, etc.
* K{{sup|r}}: no uncials, no early minuscules, hundreds of minuscules: 18, 35, 55, 66, 83, 128, 141, 147, 155, 167, 170, 189, 201
* K{{sup|1}} (subfamily of K{{sup|x}}): [[Codex Vaticanus 354|S]] V [[Codex Athous Dionysiou|Ω]] [[Minuscule 461|461]]
* K{{sup|i}} (Family E): [[Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12|E]] [[Codex Boreelianus|F]] [[Codex Seidelianus I|G]] [[Codex Seidelianus II|H]]
* I{{sup|>k}} (also K{{sup|a}}), now Family Π: ([[Codex Alexandrinus|A]]) [[Codex Cyprius|K]] [[Codex Macedoniensis|Y]] [[Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament)|Π]]; this subgroup is the oldest, but only 5% of manuscripts belong to it. The majority of them have text mixed with other Byzantine subfamilies.<ref>[http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/TextTypes.html#App3 Appendix III: Von Soden's Textual System] at the Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism.</ref>

Since the discovery of {{papyrus link|45}}, {{papyrus link|46}}, and {{papyrus link|66}}, these have demonstrated early manuscript witnesses to a small selection of Byzantine text readings.<ref name="sturz">{{cite book | last=Sturz | first=Harry A | title=The Byzantine Text-Type & New Testament Textual Criticism | publisher=Thomas Nelson | year=1984 | location=New York; Nashville; Camden | isbn=0-8407-4958-9}}</ref>{{rp|55–61}}{{r|metz-chap|p=38}} Examples:

Luke 10:39
: {{lang|el|Ιησου}}: {{papyrus link|45}} {{papyrus link|75}} A W Byz b
: {{lang|el|κυριου}}: {{script|Hebr|א}} B D L Ξ 579 892 cop{{sup|bo}} syr{{sup|c}}<ref name="na28">{{cite book | editor-first1=Barbara | editor-last1=Aland | editor-link1=Barbara Aland | editor-first2=Kurt | editor-last2=Aland | editor-link2=Kurt Aland | editor-first3=Johannes | editor-last3=Karavidopoulos | editor-link3=Johannes Karavidopoulos | editor-first4=Carlo M. | editor-last4=Martini | editor-link4=Carlo M. Martini | editor-first5=Bruce Manning | editor-last5=Metzger | editor-link5=Bruce M. Metzger | edition=28 | year=2012 | title=Novum Testamentum Graece | publisher=The German Bible Society | location=Germany | isbn=978-3-438-05156-1}}</ref>{{rp|229}}

Luke 10:42
: {{lang|el|ενος δε εστιν χρεια}}: {{papyrus link|45}} {{papyrus link|75}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] Byz
: {{lang|el|ολιγων δε χρεια εστιν η ενος}}: [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]]
: {{lang|el|ολιγων δε εστιν η ενος}}: {{larger|{{script|Hebr|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}}}}
: {{lang|el|ολιγων δε εστιν χρεια}}: [[Minuscule 38|38]] [[Peshitta|sy{{sup|p}}]]<ref>[[Gordon D. Fee]], ''P75, P66, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria'', p. 253.</ref>{{r|na28|p=229}}

Luke 11:33
: {{lang|el|φέγγος}}: {{papyrus link|45}} [[Minuscule 33|33]] Byz{{r|na28|p=233}}
: {{lang|el|φῶς}}: {{script|Hebr|א}} B [[Codex Boreelianus|F]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]]

John 10:29
: {{lang|el|ὃ ... μεῖζον}}: B it
: {{lang|el|ὃς ... μείζων}}: {{papyrus link|66}} ƒ{{sup|1}} ƒ{{sup|13}} Byz{{r|na28|p=334}}

John 11:32
: {{lang|el|πρός}}: {{script|Hebr|א}} B C* [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Monacensis (X 033)|X]]
: {{lang|el|εἰς}}: {{papyrus link|66}} Θ Byz{{r|na28|p=338}}

John 13:26
: {{lang|el|βάψας}}: {{script|Hebr|א}} B C L X 33
: {{lang|el|καὶ ἐμβάψας}}: {{papyrus link|66}}{{sup|c}} A Θ{{r|na28|p=349}}

Acts 17:13
: {{lang|el|ταράσσοντες}}:
: omitted: {{papyrus link|45}} E Byz{{r|na28|p=441}}

1 Corinthians 9:7
: {{lang|el|τὸν καρπόν}}: {{script|Hebr|א}}* A B D* G P
: {{lang|el|ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ}}: {{papyrus link|46}} Byz{{r|na28|p=534}}

Ephesians 5:9
: {{lang|el|φωτός}}: {{script|Hebr|א}}* A B D* [[Codex Seidelianus I|G]] P
: {{lang|el|πνεύματος}}: {{papyrus link|46}} Byz{{r|na28|p=598}}

Philippians 1:14
: {{lang|el|του θεου}}: {{script|Hebr|א}} A B (D*) P [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] 33 81 104 326 365 629 1175 1241 2464
: omitted: {{papyrus link|46}} D{{sup|2}} Byz{{r|na28|p=604}}

Other examples of Byzantine readings were found in {{papyrus link|66}} in John 1:32; 3:24; 4:14, 51; 5:8; 6:10, 57; 7:3, 39; 8:41, 51, 55; 9:23; 10:38; 12:36; and 14:17.<ref name="metz-chap">{{cite book | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce M. Metzger | title=Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism | year=1963 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Grand Rapids}}</ref>{{rp|38 fn. 2}} Many of these readings have substantial support from other text-types and they are not distinctively Byzantine. Daniel Wallace found only two agreements distinctively between papyrus and Byzantine readings.{{r|wallace|p=303}} These readings support the views of scholars such as Harry Sturz (1984) and [[Maurice A. Robinson|Maurice Robinson]] (2005) that the roots of the Byzantine text may go back to a very early date,{{r|sturz|pp=62-65}} which some authors have interpreted as a rehabilitation of the Textus Receptus.<ref>[[Edward F. Hills]], ''Dean Burgon in the Light of Recent Research''; D. A. Waite, ''Defending the King James Bible'', Bible For Today, Collingswood, New Jersey 2004.</ref> However in 1963 Bruce Metzger had argued that early support for Byzantine readings could not be taken to demonstrate that they were in the original text.{{r|metz-chap|p=38}}

== Modern translations ==
The Byzantine majority text of Robinson and Pierpont is the basis of the [[World English Bible]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World English Bible (WEB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com |url=https://www.biblegateway.com/versions/World-English-Bible-WEB/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.biblegateway.com}}</ref> And an interlinear translation of the Hodges-Farstad text has been made by Thomas Nelson.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Thomas |title=The Majority Text Greek New Testament Interlinear |date=1994}}</ref> The [[Holman Christian Standard Bible]] was initially planned to become an English translation of the Byzantine majority text, although because Arthur Farstad died just few months into the project, it shifted to the Critical Text. However, the HCSB bible was still made to contain the Byzantine majority readings within its footnotes. Similarly, the [[New King James Version|New King James version]] contains the Byzantine majority readings within the footnotes, although it is a translation of the [[Textus Receptus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Review of the Christian Standard Bible |url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/a-review-of-the-christian-standard-bible/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=The Gospel Coalition}}</ref> There also exists multiple translations of the Aramaic Peshitta into English, translations have been made by John W. Etheridge, James Murdock and George M. Lamsa.<ref>{{Cite book | first=James | last=Murdock | title=The Syriac New Testament | year=1915 | publisher=H. L. Hastings | location=Boston | url=http://archive.org/details/syriacnewtestam00murdgoog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first=John W. | last=Etheridge | title=John W. Etheridge Translation Of The Four Gospels And A History Of The Syrian Church | url=http://archive.org/details/syrianchurchesth00ethe_201507}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first=George M. | last=Lamsa | title=The Holy Bible from the Ancient Eastern Text : George M. Lamsa's translations from the Aramaic of the Peshitta | year=1985 | publisher=Harper & Row | location=San Francisco |isbn=978-0-06-064923-4 | url=http://archive.org/details/holybiblefromanc0000unse}}</ref> The Peshitta has also been translated into [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Staff |first=B&H Español Editorial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iP0oDwAAQBAJ |title=Biblia Peshitta |date=2017-04-01 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4627-5111-2 |language=es}}</ref> and into [[Malayalam|Malayam]].<ref>{{Cite web | last=Online | first=Jacobite | title=97th Birthday of Malankara Malpan Korooso Desroro Very Rev Dr. Kurien Cor Episcopa Kaniamparambil on 27 February 2010 – Jacobite Online | url=http://www.jacobiteonline.com/kaniyamparampil-achen/ |access-date=2024-02-23}}</ref> 

An English translation of Family 35 has also been created by Wilbur Pickering, called "The Sovereign Creator Has Spoken" translation.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Translations | url=https://byzantinetext.com/study/translations/ |access-date=2024-01-07 | website=ByzantineText.com}}</ref>

== See also ==

=== Families of the Byzantine text-type ===

* [[Family Π]]
* [[Family E]]
* [[Family K1|Family K{{sup|1}}]]
* [[Family Kr|Family K{{sup|r}}]]
* [[Family Kx|Family K{{sup|x}}]]
; Families associated with the Byzantine text
* [[Family 1424]]
* [[Family 1739]]

=== Other text-types ===

* [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts]]
* [[Alexandrian text-type]]
* [[Caesarean text-type]]
* [[Western text-type]]
* [[Textus Receptus]]

=== Critical text ===

* [[Novum Testamentum Graece]]
* [[Textual Criticism]]
* [[Conflation of Readings]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==

* ''The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2018'', edited by [[Maurice A. Robinson]] and William G. Pierpont, VTR Publications. {{ISBN|978-3-95776-100-2}}.
* [https://www.amazon.com/dp/3941750240/ ''The Greek New Testament for Beginning Readers: Byzantine Textform''], The Greek Text & Verb Parsing as Compiled by Maurice A. Robinson & William G. Pierpont, Lexical Information & Layout by John Jeffrey Dodson, VTR Publications, 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-941750-24-1}}.
* ''The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text'', Second Edition, edited by Zane C. Hodges and Arthur L. Farstad, Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8407-4963-5}}.
* ''The King James Only Controversy 2009'', James R White, Bethany House. {{ISBN|0-7642-0605-2}}.
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070805005218/http://www.bible.org/page.php?page_id=673 Some Second Thoughts on the Majority Text]", Daniel B. Wallace, ''[[Bibliotheca Sacra]]'', vol. 146, 1989. 270–290.
* B. M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary of the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament'', 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp.&nbsp;7*-9*, 15*-16*.
* Klaus Wachtel, ''Der Byzantinische Text Der Katholischen Briefe'' (Universität Münster, 1994).
* [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ByzPrior.html "The Byzantine Priority Hypothesis"] At the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
* [http://itsee.bham.ac.uk/iohannes/byzantine/transcriptions.htm The Gospel According to John in the Byzantine Tradition]
* Paulo José Benício, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706160734/http://www.mackenzie.br/fileadmin/Mantenedora/CPAJ/revista/VOLUME_VIII__2003__2/paulo_benicio.pdf ''O Texto Bizantino na Tradição Manuscrita do Novo Testamento Grego''] {{in lang|pt}}
* Ernst Boogert, ''[https://www.academia.edu/10303182 The Origin of the Byzantine Text: New Perspectives in a Deadlocked Debate]''.

== External links ==

* [[iarchive:RP2005KoineGreekNTinByzantineTextform|Online version of ''The New Testament in the Original Greek: Byzantine Textform 2005'', Edited by Maurice A. Robinson and William G. Pierpont]]
* [https://www.goarch.org/fi/chapel/greek-new-testament Online version of the Orthodox Patriarchal text]
* [https://textusreceptusbibles.com/MTF35 Online version of ''The Greek New Testament According to Family 35'', Edited by Wilbur N. Pickering]
* [[iarchive:HFGNT|Online version of ''The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text'' (Hodges-Farstad)]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090306060614/http://openscriptures.org/prototypes/manuscript-comparator/ Comparison of the Byzantine/Majority Text with other manuscript editions] on the Manuscript Comparator
* [http://cspmt.org/ Center for Study and Preservation of the Majority Text]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byzantine Text-Type}}
[[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:New Testament text-types]]
[[Category:Textual scholarship]]