Editing C. D. Broad

{{Short description|English philosopher (1887–1971)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| region          = [[Western philosophy]]
| era             = [[20th-century philosophy]]
| name       = C.&nbsp;D. Broad
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|size=100%}}
| image      = C. D. Broad philosopher.png
| caption    =Broad in 1959
| birth_name = Charlie Dunbar Broad
| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=y|1887|12|30}}
| birth_place      = [[Harlesden]], [[Middlesex]], England
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=y|1971|3|11|1887|12|30}}
| death_place      = [[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]], England
| alma_mater       = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| institutions     = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| school_tradition = [[Analytic philosophy|Analytic]]
| main_interests   = [[Metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], ethics, [[philosophy of mind]], [[logic]]
| notable_ideas    = [[Growing block universe]]<br>[[Rate of passage argument]]<ref>C. D. Broad (1978), "Ostensible temporality." In Richard M. Gale (ed.), ''[[iarchive:philosophyoftime0000unse_t4a8|The Philosophy of Time: A Collection of Essays]]'', Humanities Press.</ref><ref>Ned Markosian, "How fast does time pass?", ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'' '''53'''(4):829–844 (1993).</ref><br>The "[[critical philosophy]]" and "[[speculative philosophy]]" distinction<ref>C. D. Broad. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/csp.html "Critical and Speculative Philosophy"]. In ''Contemporary British Philosophy: Personal Statements'' (First Series), ed. J. H. Muirhead (London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1924): 77–100.</ref><br>The "occurrent causation" and "non-occurrent causation" distinction
| academic_advisors = [[J. M. E. McTaggart]]
| doctoral_students = [[Knut Erik Tranøy]]<ref>Knut E. Tranøy, "Wittgenstein in Cambridge 1949–1951: Some Personal Recollections", in: F. A. Flowers III, Ian Ground (eds.), ''Portraits of Wittgenstein: Abridged Edition'', Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, p. 452.</ref>
}}

'''Charlie Dunbar Broad''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} (30 December 1887 – 11 March 1971), usually cited as '''C.&nbsp;D. Broad''', was an English philosopher who worked on [[epistemology]], [[history of philosophy]], [[philosophy of science]], and [[ethics]], as well as the [[philosophical]] aspects of [[psychical research]]. He was known for his thorough and dispassionate examinations of [[argument]]s in such works as ''Scientific Thought'' (1923), ''The Mind and Its Place in Nature'' (1925), and ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'' (2 vols., 1933–1938).

Broad's essay on "Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism" in ''Ethics and the History of Philosophy'' (1952) introduced the philosophical terms ''occurrent causation'' and ''non-occurrent causation'', which became the basis for the contemporary distinction between "agent-causal" and "event-causal" in debates on [[Libertarianism (metaphysics)|libertarian]] [[free will]].

== Biography ==
Broad was born in [[Harlesden]], in [[Middlesex]], England.<ref group="lower-roman">Harlesden was part of Middlesex until 1965; today it is part of the [[London Borough of Brent]] in Greater London.</ref>

He was educated at [[Dulwich College]] from 1900 until 1906. He gained a scholarship in 1906 to study at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], graduating in 1910 with [[British undergraduate degree classification|First-Class Honours]], with distinction.<ref>Hodges, S. 1981. ''God's Gift: A Living History of Dulwich College''. London: Heinemann. p. 87.</ref> He became a [[Fellow]] of Trinity College the following year.

=== Career ===
As his fellowship at Trinity College was a non-residential position, he was also able to accept a position as an assistant lecturer that he had applied for at [[St Andrews University]], where he remained until 1920. That year, he was appointed professor at [[Bristol University]], working there until 1923, when he returned to Trinity as a lecturer. From 1926 until 1931, he was a lecturer in '[[Moral Science|moral science]]' at [[Faculty of philosophy cambridge|Cambridge University's Faculty of Philosophy]].

Later at Cambridge, he was appointed in 1931 as 'Sidgwick Lecturer', a role he would keep until 1933, when he was appointed [[Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy|Knightbridge Professor of Moral Philosophy]] at the university, a position he held for twenty years (until 1953).<ref name=TCC>{{cite web|title=Charlie Dunbar Broad|website=Trinity College Chapel|url=http://trinitycollegechapel.com/about/memorials/brasses/broad/}}</ref> In 1927 he gave the British Academy's [[Henriette Hertz#British Academy bequest|Master-Mind Lecture]], entitled "Sir Isaac Newton."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Broad, C. D. |year=1927 |title=Sir Isaac Newton |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |volume=13 |pages=173–202}} Annual Lecture on a Master Mind. Henriette Hertz Trust. Read July 15, 1927. Reprinted in ''Ethics and the history of philosophy'', pp. 3–28.</ref>

In addition, Broad was President of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1927 to 1928, and again from 1954 to 1955. He was also President of the [[Society for Psychical Research]] in 1935 and 1958.<ref name=TCC/>

=== Personal life ===
Broad was openly homosexual at a time when [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom|homosexual acts were illegal]]. In March 1958, Broad along with fellow philosophers [[A. J. Ayer]] and [[Bertrand Russell]], writer [[J.B. Priestley]] and 27 others sent a letter to ''[[The Times]]'' which urged the acceptance of the ''[[Wolfenden Report]]'s'' recommendation that homosexual acts should "no longer be a criminal offence."<ref>[[Noel Gilroy Annan|N. G. Annan]], [[Clement Attlee|Attlee]], [[A. J. Ayer]], [[Robert Boothby]], [[C. M. Bowra]], C. D. Broad, [[Lord David Cecil|David Cecil]], [[John Collins (priest)|L. John Collins]], [[Alex Comfort]], [[A. E. Dyson]], Robert Exon, [[Geoffrey Faber]], [[Jacquetta Hawkes]], [[Trevor Huddleston]], [[Julian Huxley|C. R. Julian Huxley]], [[C. Day-Lewis]], W. R. Niblett, [[J. B. Priestley]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]], [[Donald Soper|Donald O. Soper]], [[Stephen Spender]], [[Mary Stocks, Baroness Stocks|Mary Stocks]], [[A. J. P. Taylor]], [[E. M. W. Tillyard]], [[Alexander Roper Vidler|Alec R. Vidler]], [[Kenneth Walker (author)|Kenneth Walker]], [[Leslie Weatherhead|Leslie D. Weatherhead]], [[C. V. Wedgwood]], [[Angus Wilson]], [[John Wisdom]], and [[Barbara Wootton]]. 7 March 1958. "Letter to the Editor." ''[[The Times]]''.</ref>

== Theory ==

=== Psychical research ===
Broad argued that if research could demonstrate that psychic events occur, this would challenge philosophical theories of "[[basic limiting principles]]" in at least five ways:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Broad|first1=C. D.|year=1949|title=The Relevance of Psychical Research to Philosophy|url=http://www.stafforini.com/broad/Broad%20-%20The%20relevance%20of%20psychical%20research%20to%20philosophy.pdf|journal=Philosophy|volume=24|issue=91|pages=291–309|doi=10.1017/S0031819100007452|s2cid=144880410 }}</ref>

# [[Backward causation]] (i.e., the future affecting the past) is rejected by many philosophers, but would be shown to occur if, for example, people could predict the future.
# One common argument against [[Dualism (philosophy of mind)|dualism]] (i.e., the belief that, while bodies are physical entities, minds are a different, non-physical sort of entity) is that physical and non-physical things cannot interact. However, this would be shown to be possible if people can move physical objects by thought ([[telekinesis]]).
# Similarly, philosophers tend to be [[Skepticism|skeptical]] about claims that non-physical 'stuff' could interact with anything. This would also be challenged if [[mind]]s are shown to be able to communicate with each other, as would be the case if [[telepathy|mind-reading]] is possible.
# Philosophers generally accept that we can only learn about the world through [[reason]] and [[perception]]. This belief would be challenged if people were able to psychically perceive events in other places.
# [[Physicalism|Physicalist]] philosophers believe that there cannot be persons without bodies. If ghosts were shown to exist, this view would be challenged.
In his 1949 paper, Broad examined the implications of research by British parapsychologist [[Samuel Soal]], who claimed to have discovered a subject, Basil Shackleton, capable of guessing the identity of [[Zener cards]] with odds of 'billions to one'.<ref name=":0" /> However, the validity of these findings was later questioned by Betty Markwick, following testimony from a colleague suggesting that Soal had manipulated both data and experiment methods.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markwick |first=Betty |date=1978 |title=The Soal-Goldney experiments with Basil Shackelton: New evidence of data manipulation. |journal=[[Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research]] |volume=56 |pages=250–277}}</ref> 

=== Free will ===
In his essay "Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism", Broad argued for ''non-occurrent causation'' as "literally determined by the agent or self." The agent could be considered as a substance or continuant, and not by a total cause which contains as factors events in and dispositions of the agent. Thus, our efforts would be completely determined, but their causes would not be prior events. New series of events would then originate, which he called "continuants", which are essentially ''[[causa sui]]''.

[[Peter van Inwagen]] says that Broad formulated an excellent version of what van Inwagen has called the "Consequence Argument" in defence of [[incompatibilism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Inwagen|first=Peter|date=2008-09-01|title=How to Think about the Problem of Free Will|url=https://andrewmbailey.com/pvi/How_to_Think_About_Free_Will.pdf|journal=The Journal of Ethics|language=en|volume=12|issue=3|pages=337|doi=10.1007/s10892-008-9038-7|s2cid=144635471|issn=1572-8609}}</ref>

===Metaphilosophy and science===
Broad distinguished between critical philosophy and speculative philosophy. He described critical philosophy as analysing "unanalysed concepts in daily life and in science" and then "expos[ing] them to every objection that we can think of". While speculative philosophy's role is to "take over all aspects of human experience, to reflect upon them, and to try to think out a view of Reality as a whole which shall do justice to all of them".<ref name="spec">{{cite book |last=Broad |first=C. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarybrit0000unse_m4z2 |title=Contemporary British Philosophy Personal Statements · Volume 20 |date=1953 |publisher=London, Allen & Unwin |pages=87–100 |chapter=Critical and Speculative Philosophy |orig-year=1924 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46370/page/n73/mode/1up |url-access=registration}}</ref> 

One aspect of critical philosophy was the Principle of Exceptional Cases, whereby everyday concepts are considered in highly abnormal cases, so as to "clear up the meaning" of a concept.<ref name="spec"/>

Broad saw philosophy and science as supplemental to one another. Scientists who ignore philosophy expose themselves to a "danger to which the natural scientist is peculiarly liable. The extraordinary success of physics and chemistry within their own sphere tempts men to think that the world is simply a physico-chemical system". Whereas philosophers who ignore science are ignoring properties which are "very pervasive" and can shed light on things.<ref name=spec/> 

In terms of empirical propositions Broad distinguished between inspective empirical propositions which he defined "one which asserts of some particular existent with which the mind is acquainted at the time some property which the mind can notice by inspection to belong to it" and inferred empirical propositions which are "derived from a number of perceptual propositions either directly by pure inductive generalization, or indirectly by deduction from one or more inductive generalizations".<ref name=spec/>

== Works ==
* 1914. ''[[iarchive:perceptionphysic00broarich|Perception, Physics and Reality. An Enquiry into the Information that Physical Science can Supply about the Real]]''. London: Cambridge University Press.
* 1923. ''[[iarchive:scientificthough00broauoft|Scientific Thought]]''. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
* 1925. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/mpn/mpn-con.html ''The Mind and Its Place in Nature'']. London: Kegan.
* 1926. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/bacon.html ''The Philosophy of Francis Bacon'']. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* 1930. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/ftet/ftet.html ''Five Types of Ethical Theory''] . New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co.
* 1931. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/war.html ''War Thoughts in Peace Time'']. London: Humphrey Milford.
* 1933. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/mc/mc.html ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'']. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
* 1934. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/dil.html ''Determinism, Indeterminism, and Libertarianism'']. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* 1938. [http://www.ditext.com/broad/mc/mc.html ''Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy'']. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
* 1943. ''[[iarchive:dli.ernet.16145/page/119/mode/1up|Berkeley's Argument about Material Substance]]. Annual Philosophical Lecture, Henriette Hertz Trust, British Academy''
* 1952/2000. ''Ethics and the History of Philosophy''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-22530-2}}.
* 1953/2000. ''Religion, Philosophy and Psychic Research''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-22558-2}}.
* 1955. ''[http://www.ditext.com/broad/hpps.html Human Personality and the Possibility of Its Survival]''. University of California Press.
* 1958. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220223154644/https://www.imagomundi.biz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/PNFL338-Personal_Identity_and_Survival.pdf Personal Identity and Survival]''. London: [[Society for Psychical Research]].
* 1962. ''[[iarchive:lecturesonpsychi00broa|Lectures on Psychical Research. Incorporating the Perrott Lectures given in Cambridge University in 1959 and 1960.]]'' New York: Humanities Press.
** contains [https://web.archive.org/web/20090706000602/http://www.survivalafterdeath.org.uk/articles/broad/elliott.htm Saltmarsh's Investigation of Mrs Warren Elliott's Mediumship]". ''Lectures on Psychical Research. Incorporating the Perrott Lectures given in Cambridge University in 1959 and 1960''. New York: Humanities Press.
* 1968. ''[[iarchive:inductionprobabi0000broa|Induction, Probability, and Causation. Selected Papers of C. D. Broad]]''. Dordrecht: Reidel.
* 1971. ''[[iarchive:broadscriticales0000broa|Broad's Critical Essays in Moral Philosophy]]'', New York: Humanities Press.
* 1975. ''Leibniz: An Introduction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-20691-X}}
* 1976. ''[http://www.ditext.com/broad/berkeley2.html Berkeley's Argument]''.. Haskell House Pub Ltd.
* 1978. ''Kant: An Introduction''. (ed.) [[C. Lewy]], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-21755-5}}
* 1985. ''Ethics''. (ed.) C. Lewy, Dordrecht: Nijhoff. 
* 2023. ''C. D. Broad: Key Unpublished Writings'', (ed.) Joel Walmsley<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walmsley |first=Joel |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003081135 |title=C.D. Broad: Key Unpublished Writings |date=2022-06-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-08113-5 |edition=1 |location=London |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003081135}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|35em|group=lower-roman}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Brown, Robert (1967): "[[iarchive:encyclopedia-of-philosophy_202009/Volume 1/page/n776/mode/1up|Broad, Charlie Dunbar]]" in: Borchert, Donald M., ed. 2006. ''[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'', Volume 1 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference. pp.695–700

== Further reading ==
* [[Karl Britton|Britton, Karl]]. 1978. "[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/64p289.pdf Charlie Dunbar Broad, 1887–1971]." ''[[Proceedings of the British Academy]]'' 64:289–310.
* [[Paul Arthur Schilpp|Schilpp, Paul]]. 1959. ''[[iarchive:philosophyofcdbr00schi x0d0|The Philosophy of C. D. Broad]]''. Tudor: New York.
* van Cleve, James (2001) [https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/bpl_images/content_store/WWW_Content/9780631214151/004.pdf "C. D. Broad (1887–1971)"] in ''A Companion to Analytic Philosophy'' (eds [[A.P. Martinich]] and [[David Sosa|D. Sosa]]). 

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/broad/ Charlie Dunbar Broad] entry at [[The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
* [http://www.stafforini.com/blog/c-d-broad-a-bibliography/ C. D. Broad: a bibliography]. Provides full pdf's of most of Broad's writings.
* [http://ditext.com/broad/cdbroad.html C. D. Broad on Digital Text International]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080210232918/http://rabbit.trin.cam.ac.uk/~jon/Broad/Broadframeset.html Papers of Charlie Dunbar Broad]

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{{philosophy of mind}}
{{philosophy of science}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Broad, C. D.}}
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