Editing CASSIOPE

{{Short description|Canadian Space Agency multi-mission satellite}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox spaceflight |auto=all
| name                  = CASSIOPE
| image                 = CASSIOPE_launch_001.jpg
| image_caption         = CASSIOPE launches on a [[Falcon 9]] v1.1

| mission_type          = Technology <br/> Communications <br/> Research
| operator              = [[University of Calgary]]
| website               = http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/cassiope.asp
| COSPAR_ID             = 2013-055A
| SATCAT                = 39265
| mission_duration      = Primary mission: 18 months<ref name="space20130927"/> <br/> Design life: 2 years<ref name="nasasf20130929"/><ref name="ucal-faq"/> <br/> Elapsed: {{Time interval|29 September 2013 16:00|show=ymd|sep=,}}
| orbits_completed      = 53807<ref name="n2yo">{{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=39265|title=CASSIOPE Satellite details 2013-055A NORAD 39265|publisher=N2YO|date=January 30, 2024|access-date=January 30, 2024}}</ref>

| spacecraft_bus        = [[MAC-200]]
| manufacturer          = [[MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates|MDA]] <small>(prime)</small> <br/> [[Magellan Aerospace]] <small>(subcontractor)</small> <br/> Com Dev <small>(subcontractor)</small>
| launch_mass           = {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="ucal-faq"/>
| dimensions            = {{convert|180|*|125|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name="ucal-faq"/>
| power                 = 5 solar panels generating <br /> up to 600 W<ref name="ucal-faq"/>

| launch_date           = {{start-date|September 29, 2013, 16:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
| launch_rocket         = [[Falcon 9 v1.1]]
| launch_site           = [[Vandenberg Air Force Base|Vandenberg]] [[SLC-4E]]
| launch_contractor     = [[SpaceX]]
| entered_service       = <!--commission date-->

<!--end of mission-->
| disposal_type         = <!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated           = <!-- when craft was decommissioned -->
| destroyed             = <!-- when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry) -->
| last_contact          = <!-- when last signal received if not decommissioned -->
| decay_date            = <!-- when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed -->
<!--
The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational. If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered

{{end-date|[insert date and time here]|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC
or {{end-date|[insert date here]}} if the time is not known
-->

| orbit_epoch           = January 30, 2024, 12:46:11&nbsp;UTC<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_reference       = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = [[low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_periapsis       = {{convert|320|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{convert|1064.2|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_inclination     = 80.9604&nbsp;degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_semimajor       = {{convert|7063|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_eccentricity    = 0.0526838<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_period          = 98.46&nbsp;minutes<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_RAAN            = 349.3323&nbsp;degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_arg_periapsis   = 335.9358&nbsp;degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_mean_anomaly    = 21.8&nbsp;degrees<ref name="n2yo"/>
| orbit_mean_motion     = 14.6254<ref name="n2yo"/>
| apsis                 = gee

| instruments           = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite-->
}}
'''Cascade, Smallsat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer''' ('''CASSIOPE'''),<ref name="Giffin2004"/> is a [[Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA) multi-mission [[satellite]] operated by the [[University of Calgary]]. The mission development and operations from launch to February 2018 was funded through CSA and the Technology Partnerships Canada program.<ref name="Giffin2004"/> In February 2018 CASSIOPE became part of the [[European Space Agency]]'s [[Swarm (spacecraft)|Swarm constellation]] through the [https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/overview;jsessionid=2FB361765B7C12E7D448DDF553603794.jvm2 Third Party Mission Program]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, known as Swarm Echo, or Swarm-E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Swarm/Swarm_trio_becomes_a_quartet|title=Swarm trio becomes a quartet|website=www.esa.int|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> It was launched September 29, 2013, on the first flight of the [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 9 v1.1]] launch vehicle.<ref name="nasasf20130929"/><ref name=nsj20130327>{{cite news |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2013/03/27/after-dragon-spacexs-focus-returns-to-falcon/ |title=After Dragon, SpaceX's focus returns to Falcon |work=NewSpace Journal |first=Jeff |last=Foust |date=March 27, 2013 |access-date=April 5, 2013}}</ref>  CASSIOPE is the first Canadian hybrid satellite to carry a dual mission in the fields of telecommunications and scientific research. The main objectives are to gather information to better understand the science of space weather, while verifying high-speed communications concepts through the use of advanced space technologies.

The satellite was deployed in an elliptical<ref name=srcf20120626/> [[polar orbit]]<ref name=ucalgary2013>{{cite web |url=http://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/schedule.html |title=e-POP Project Schedule |publisher=[[University of Calgary]] |year=2013 |access-date=September 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728091823/http://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/schedule.html |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and carries a commercial communications system called Cascade as well as a scientific experiment package called e-POP (enhanced Polar Outflow Probe).<ref name=ucalgary2013/>

Following staging, the Falcon 9's first stage was used by SpaceX for a [[Falcon 9 ocean booster landing tests|controlled descent and landing]] test. While the first stage was destroyed on impact with the ocean, significant data was acquired and the test was considered a success.<ref name="sn20130929"/>

==Spacecraft==
CASSIOPE is a {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}} [[small satellite]] that is {{convert|180|cm|ft|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|125|cm|ft|abbr=on}} high. It combines the function of two distinct missions in order to be more cost-effective and [[risk management|reduce risk]].<ref name=pa20130910/>

The spacecraft carries a primary payload of two instrument suites: the Cascade [[commercial spaceflight|commercial]] [[communications system]] and a scientific payload named e-POP.

===Cascade===
The commercial payload, named Cascade, is a [[technology demonstration|technology demonstrator]] courier in the sky, aimed at providing a [[proof of concept]] for a [[digital data|digital]] [[broadband]] courier service for commercial use.  Built by MDA, the operational concept is to receive very large data files as the satellite orbits the globe, [[digital storage|store]] them onboard temporarily, then deliver them at a later time to nearly any destination worldwide.<ref name=pa20130910/>

The demonstrator will provide a secure digital [[store and forward|store-and-forward]] file delivery service, exploiting the fact that CASSIOPE passes over much of the globe 15 times per day.  It has been described{{by whom|date=September 2013}} as a courier service, with the customers using a small parabolic antenna of one or two meters (three or six feet) to upload or download files at a rate of 1.2 gigabits per second. The storage capacity will be between 50 and 500 gigabytes and the data delivery time will be about 90 minutes, depending on the pickup and deposit points on the globe.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

===e-POP===
The e-POP portion of CASSIOPE is a suite of eight scientific instruments. The [[University of Calgary]]'s Institute for Space Research leads the science project, while MDA is the prime contractor for the mission including launch and operation of the spacecraft. The orbital science mission is scheduled for a 21-month duration.<ref name=ucalgary2013/>

e-POP will gather data on [[Geomagnetic storm|Solar storms]] in the upper atmosphere.  These storms give rise to the [[polar aurora]] or northern lights seen in the skies in northern latitudes.  While these atmospheric glows may offer a thrilling night time spectacle, the inducing radiation can interfere with radio communications, [[GPS]] navigation, and other space-based systems.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} The eight scientific instruments aboard CASSIOPE will help scientists understand solar weather and eventually plan for measures to mitigate its deleterious effects.<ref name=srcf20120626/>

The e-POP payload contains eight scientific instruments:<ref name=epopUcalgary>{{cite web |url=http://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/payload.html |title=e-POP Payload on CASSIOPE |publisher=University of Calgary |year=2013 |access-date=February 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031015603/http://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/payload.html |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Coherent electromagnetic radio tomography|Coherent EM Radio Tomography]] (CER), measuring radio propagation and ionospheric scintillation
*Fast Auroral Imager (FAI), measuring large-scale auroral emissions
*GPS Altitude and Profiling Experiment (GAP), high-precision position and attitude determination
*Imaging and Rapid Scanning Ion Mass Spectrometer (IRM), measuring the three-dimensional distribution of ions
*Fluxgate Magnetometer (MGF), high-precision magnetic field perturbation measurement
*Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS), measuring the mass, composition and velocity of neutral particles
*Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI), measuring radio wave propagation
*Suprathermal Electron Imager (SEI), measuring low-energy electron distribution

==Operations==
After a successful launch on September 29, 2013, CASSIOPE entered into a commissioning phase that lasted to January 1, 2014, with no faults detected on the spacecraft bus or payloads. Three ground stations were utilized, including Kiruna (Sweden), Inuvik (Canada), and the German Antarctic Receiving Station at the General Bernardo O'Higgins Base in Antarctica. Routine operations were scheduled to run to March, 2015. The mission was extended via funding from the Technology Partnerships Canada program through the Industrial Technologies Office that was part of the Canadian government at the time. In February 2018, the [[European Space Agency]], through the [https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/overview;jsessionid=2FB361765B7C12E7D448DDF553603794.jvm2 Third Party Mission Program]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, integrated the mission into the Swarm constellation of satellites, dubbing CASSIOPE "Swarm-Echo", recognizing the synergy between the two missions in collecting space weather data in low Earth orbit. The partnership allowed for four ground station contacts per day, rather than one, greatly increasing the amount of data that could be downloaded from the e-POP suite of instruments.

On August 11, 2016, one of the four reaction wheels used for spacecraft attitude control failed. This did not affect spacecraft operations in a significant way since only three wheels are required for 3-axis stabilized pointing. A second reaction wheel failed on February 27, 2021, forcing the spacecraft into a slowly spinning, safe-hold attitude configuration. Three-axis stabilized control was restored in September 2021 by implementing a bias momentum configuration on the two remaining wheels (spinning the wheels in opposite directions), and using the magnetic torque rods for attitude control. Three months later, on December 17, 2021, a third reaction wheel failed, leaving the spacecraft with no viable methods for fixed attitude pointing. Although most of the e-POP instruments were fully operational, without stabilized pointing much of the science objectives could not be met, resulting in a conclusion of the operational portion of the mission on December 31, 2021.<ref name=ucalgary-2022/>

==History==

The satellite that became CASSIOPE began with a 1996 concept for a small ({{convert|70|kg|lb|abbr=on|disp=x|/}}), inexpensive [[Microsatellite (spaceflight)|microsatellite]] called ''Polar Outflow Probe'', or POP.  The [[Canadian Space Agency]] funded a 1997 feasibility study that led to a modified mission concept that was designed during 2000-2005.<ref name=ucalgary2013/>
The revised concept was to combine an enhanced version of POP, called e-POP, with an [[MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates|MDA Corporation]] commercial satellite called ''Cascade'', into a single satellite, and to design and build a generic, low-cost [[smallsat|small]] [[satellite bus]] that would be useful for other Canadian satellite missions in the future.

The eight e-POP scientific instruments were built, calibrated, and tested in 2005-2007, with integration onto the satellite bus for spacecraft-level testing in 2008-2009.<ref name=ucalgary2013/>

==Launch==
[[File:SpaceX Falcon 9 Cassiope Launch 29 Sep 2013.webm|thumb|SpaceX Falcon 9 launch from Vandenberg with CASSIOPE]]

The satellite was launched on September 29, 2013, aboard a SpaceX [[Falcon 9 v1.1]] rocket.<ref name=pa20130930/>

At the time the launch was contracted in 2005, a [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 1]] was the planned [[launch vehicle]]. The launch was originally scheduled for 2008 from [[Omelek Island]]. The launch date slipped several times, and after SpaceX discontinued the Falcon 1, the launch was shifted to the much larger [[Falcon 9 v1.1|Falcon 9]] in June 2010.<ref name=srcf20120626>{{cite news |url=http://spaceref.ca/missions-and-programs/canadian-space-agency/canadas-cassiope-satellite-nearing-liftoff.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115133709/http://spaceref.ca/missions-and-programs/canadian-space-agency/canadas-cassiope-satellite-nearing-liftoff.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |title=Canada's CASSIOPE Satellite Nearing Liftoff |work=SpaceRef Canada |first=Mark |last=Boucher |date=June 26, 2012 |access-date=September 7, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=srcf20100628>{{cite news |url=http://spaceref.ca/canadian-space-agency-watch/old-news-revisited-spacex-to-launch-cassiope.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717132228/http://spaceref.ca/canadian-space-agency-watch/old-news-revisited-spacex-to-launch-cassiope.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |title=Old News Revisited - SpaceX to Launch CASSIOPE |work=SpaceRef Canada |first=Mark |last=Boucher |date=June 28, 2010 |access-date=September 7, 2013 }}</ref>

MDA contracted with SpaceX to put the CASSIOPE payload on the first flight of an essentially new launch vehicle—a non-operational demonstration launch.<ref name=sfn20130928 /> The Falcon 9 v1.1, upgraded from the original Falcon 9, is a 60 percent heavier rocket with 60% more thrust.<ref name=sfn20130928>{{cite news |url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/006/130928preview/ |title=SpaceX to put Falcon 9 upgrades to the test Sunday |work=Spaceflight Now |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=September 28, 2013 |access-date=September 28, 2013}}</ref> The flight was contracted with a payload mass that is very small relative to the rocket's capability, at a discounted rate because it was a technology demonstration mission for SpaceX, approximately 20% of the normal published price for SpaceX Falcon 9 [[low Earth orbit|LEO]] missions.<ref name=sfn20130906>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37094musk-says-spacex-being-%E2%80%9Cextremely-paranoid%E2%80%9D-as-it-readies-for-falcon-9%E2%80%99s |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913134639/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37094musk-says-spacex-being-%E2%80%9Cextremely-paranoid%E2%80%9D-as-it-readies-for-falcon-9%E2%80%99s |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 13, 2013 |title=Musk Says SpaceX Being "Extremely Paranoid" as It Readies for Falcon 9's California Debut |work=Space News |first=Irene |last=Klotz |date=September 6, 2013 |access-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref>

Since this was the first flight of a new launch vehicle, the US Air Force had estimated the overall probability of failure on the mission was nearly fifty percent.<ref name=faa20130823>{{cite news |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/08/27/2013-20726/waiver-to-space-exploration-technologies-corporation-of-acceptable-risk-limit-for-launch |title=Waiver to Space Exploration Technologies Corporation of Acceptable Risk Limit for Launch |work=[[Federal Register]] |publisher=United States Government |agency=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] |date=August 27, 2013 |access-date=January 21, 2016 |quote=The Falcon 9 v1.1 is a new launch vehicle. The U.S. Air Force has determined that its overall failure probability is nearly fifty percent for each of the first two launches.}}</ref> In the event, the mission was successful, as was each of the next 13 Falcon 9 v1.1 missions before a launch vehicle failure and loss of mission occurred on [[Falcon 9 Flight 19]] in June 2015.

The Falcon 9 upper stage used to launch CASSIOPE was left [[:Category:Derelict satellites orbiting Earth|derelict]] in a decaying [[elliptic orbit|elliptical]] low Earth orbit that, {{asof|2016|01|20|df=US|lc=y}}, had a [[perigee]] of {{convert|317|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}} and an [[apogee]] of {{convert|1283|km|mi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="heavens-f9f6">{{cite web |url=http://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39271 |title=Falcon 9 R/B - Orbit |publisher=Heavens Above |date=January 20, 2016 |access-date=January 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Post-mission launch vehicle testing===
{{main|SpaceX reusable launch system development program}}

After the [[second stage]] separated from the booster stage, SpaceX conducted a novel [[flight test]] where the [[Falcon 9#First stage|booster]] conducted a test to attempt to reenter the lower atmosphere in a controlled manner and decelerate to a simulated over-water landing.<ref name=nsw20130328>{{cite news |url=http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html |title=SpaceX moving quickly towards fly-back first stage |work=NewSpace Watch |first=Clark |last=Lindsey |date=March 28, 2013 |access-date=March 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416030256/http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/spacex-moving-quickly-towards-fly-back-first-stage.html |archive-date=April 16, 2013}}</ref>  The test was successful, but the booster stage was not recovered.

After the three-minute boost phase of September 29, 2013 launch, the booster stage [[Spacecraft attitude control|attitude]] was reversed, and three of the nine engines refired at high altitude, as planned, to initiate the deceleration and controlled descent trajectory to the surface of the ocean. The first phase of the test worked well and the first stage [[Atmospheric reentry|re-entered safely]].<ref name=pa20130930>{{cite news |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/09/29/falcon-9-launch-payloads-orbit-vandenberg/ |title=Falcon 9 Launches Payloads into Orbit From Vandenberg |work=Parabolic Arc |first=Doug |last=Messier |date=September 29, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2013}}</ref>

However, the first stage began to roll due to aerodynamic forces during the descent through the [[Stratosphere|atmosphere]], and the roll rate exceeded the capabilities of the booster [[attitude control system]] (ACS) to null it out. The fuel in the tanks centrifuged to the outside of the tank and the single engine involved in the low-altitude deceleration maneuver shut down.  Debris from the first stage was subsequently retrieved from the ocean.<ref name=pa20130930/>

SpaceX also ran a post-mission test on the [[second stage]].  While a number of the new capabilities were successfully tested on the September 29, 2013, CASSIOPE flight, there was an issue with the second stage restart test. The test to reignite the second stage [[Merlin (rocket engine family)#Merlin Vacuum .281D.29|Merlin 1D vacuum]] engine once the rocket had deployed its primary payload (CASSIOPE) and all of its nanosat secondary payloads was unsuccessful.<ref name=sn20130929>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37450upgraded-falcon-9-rocket-successfully-debuts-from-vandenberg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130930123920/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37450upgraded-falcon-9-rocket-successfully-debuts-from-vandenberg |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |title=Upgraded Falcon 9 Rocket Successfully Debuts from Vandenberg |work=Space News |first=Warren |last=Ferster |date=September 29, 2013 |access-date=September 30, 2013}}</ref>
The engine failed to restart while the second stage was coasting in low Earth orbit.

===Secondary payloads===
Five [[nanosatellite]] spacecraft that were also carried to orbit on the same launch vehicle that carried the CASSIOPE primary payload:<ref name=pa20130910>{{cite news |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2013/09/10/spacex-launch-license/ |title=A Preview of Falcon 9′s Flight From Vandenberg |work=Parabolic Arc |first=Doug |last=Messier |date=September 10, 2013 |access-date=September 11, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Cornell University Satellite|CUSat]], [[Cornell University]]
*[[Drag and Atmospheric Neutral Density Explorer]] (DANDE), [[University of Colorado Boulder]]
*three [[Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Sphere]]s (POPACS), each a {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} white aluminum sphere, joint project of [[Morehead State University]], [[University of Arkansas]], [[Montana State University]], [[Drexel University]], and [[Planetary Systems Corporation]].<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/smallsat/2012/all2012/76/ |title=Counting Down to the Launch of POPACS (Polar Orbiting Passive Atmospheric Calibration Spheres) |conference=26th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. August 13–16, 2012. Utah State University |first1=Walter |last1=Holemans |first2=R. Gilbert |last2=Moore |first3=Jin |last3=Kang |year=2012 |id=SSC12-X-3}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name="space20130927">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/22975-cassiope-space-weather-satellite-spacex-launch.html |title=SpaceX to Launch Space Weather Satellite for Canada Sunday |work=[[Space.com]] |first=Elizabeth |last=Howell |date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="nasasf20130929">{{cite news |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2013/09/spacex-debut-falcon-9-v1-1-cassiope-launch/ |title=SpaceX successfully launches debut Falcon 9 v1.1 |work=NASA Spaceflight |first=William |last=Graham |date=September 29, 2013 |access-date=April 13, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Giffin2004">{{cite conference |url=http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/smallsat/2004/All2004/34/ |title=Cassiope: A Canadian Smallsat-Based Space Science and Advanced Satcom Demonstration Mission |conference=18th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. Logan, Utah. August 9–12, 2004. |first1=Gregory B. |last1=Giffin |first2=Waqar-Un-Nissa |last2=Ressl |first3=Andrew W. |last3=Yau |first4=E. Peter |last4=King |year=2004 |id=SSC04-VI-5}}</ref>

<ref name="ucal-faq">{{cite web |url=http://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/quickfacts.html |title=CASSIOPE/e-POP Fact Sheet |publisher=University of Calgary |date=2014 |access-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031011440/http://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/quickfacts.html |archive-date=October 31, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ucalgary-2022">{{cite web |url=https://epop.phys.ucalgary.ca/routine-cassiope-swarm-echo-science-operations-come-to-an-end |title=CASSIOPE science operations come to an end |date=2022}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |title=CASSIOPE Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) Small Satellite Mission: Space Plasma Observations and International Collaborations |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |first1=Andrew W. |last1=Yau |first2=H. Gordon |last2=James |volume=1144 |pages=192–195 |date=June 2009 |doi=10.1063/1.3169287 |bibcode=2009AIPC.1144..192Y}}
*{{cite conference |url=http://www2.jpgu.org/meeting/2005/pdf/e023/e023p-019_e.pdf |title=Neutral mass and velocity spectrometer (NMS) on e-POP/CASSIOPE spacecraft |conference=International Sessions of Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting 2005 |first1=Nobuko |last1=Fujikawa |first2=Hajime |last2=Hayakawa |first3=Koichiro |last3=Tsuruda |first4=Takeshi |last4=Takashima |first5=Andrew |last5=Yau |display-authors=3 |year=2005}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Scientific Objectives of the Canadian CASSIOPE Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) Small Satellite Mission |title=The Sun, the Solar Wind, and the Heliosphere |series=IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, Volume 4 |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |first1=Andrew W. |last1=Yau |first2=H. Gordon |last2=James |pages=355–364 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-9787-3_26 |bibcode=2011sswh.book..355Y |isbn=978-90-481-9786-6}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Canadian Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e-POP) Mission: Current Status and Planned Observations and Data Distribution |journal=Data Science Journal |first1=A. W. |last1=Yau |first2=H. G. |last2=James |first3=P. A. |last3=Bernhardt |first4=L. L. |last4=Cogger |first5=G. A. |last5=Enno |first6=H. |last6=Hayakawa |first7=E. P. |last7=King |first8=D. J. |last8=Knudsen |first9=R. B. |last9=Langley |first10=R. |last10=Rankin |first11=R. H. |last11=Hum |first12=D. D. |last12=Wallis |first13=A. |last13=White |display-authors=3 |volume=8 |pages=S38–S44 |date=April 2009 |doi=10.2481/dsj.8.S38|doi-access=free }}

== External links ==
*[http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/cassiope.asp CASSIOPE] at the Canadian Space Agency
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002134731/http://is.mdacorporation.com/mdais_canada/Programs/Programs_Cassiope.aspx CASSIOPE] at MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates

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