Editing Cable-stayed bridge

{{Short description|Type of bridge with cables directly from towers to deck}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
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<!--Note that this taxobox is for generic bridge types, not specific (except as an example). The ancestor, sibling, and descendent references should follow the current taxonomy at media:BridgeTaxonomy.jpg, see also Talk:Bridge -->

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox bridge type
|image="Russian bridge" in Vladivostok.jpg
|image_title=The [[Russky Bridge]] in [[Vladivostok]] has a central span of {{convert|1104|m|ft}}, the world's longest cable-stayed bridge span as of 2024.
|sibling_names=[[Extradosed bridge]]
|descendent_names=[[Side-spar cable-stayed bridge]], [[Self-anchored suspension bridge]], [[cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge]]
|ancestor_names=[[Suspension bridge]]
|carries=[[Pedestrian]]s, [[bicycle]]s, [[automobile]]s, [[truck]]s, [[light rail]]|span_range=Medium to Long
|material=[[Steel rope]], [[post-tensioned concrete]] [[box girder]]s, [[steel]] or [[concrete]] [[Abutment|pylons]]
|movable=No{{Citation needed|reason=[[Puente de la Mujer]] is a moveable cable-stay beidge.|date=January 2021}}
|design=medium
|falsework=Normally none
}}
[[File:Öresundsbron och tanker.jpg|thumb|[[Øresund Bridge]] from [[Malmö]] to [[Copenhagen]] in [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]] ]]
A '''cable-stayed bridge''' has one or more ''towers'' (or ''pylons''), from which [[wire rope|cable]]s support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature are the cables or [[wikt:stay#Etymology 3|stays]], which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This is in contrast to the modern [[suspension bridge]], where the cables supporting the deck are suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge and running between the towers. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than [[cantilever bridge]]s and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range within which cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier, and suspension bridge cabling would be more costly.

Cable-stayed bridges found wide use in the late 19th century. Early examples, including the [[Brooklyn Bridge]], often combined features from both the cable-stayed and suspension designs. Cable-stayed designs fell from favor in the early 20th century as larger gaps were bridged using pure suspension designs, and shorter ones using various systems built of [[reinforced concrete]]. It returned to prominence in the later 20th century when the combination of new materials, larger construction machinery, and the need to replace older bridges all lowered the relative price of these designs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/popular-cable-stay-bridges-rise-across-u-s-to-replace-crumbling-spans/|title=Popular Cable-Stay Bridges Rise Across U.S. to Replace Crumbling Spans|last=Nordrum|first=Amy|work=Scientific American|access-date=30 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Pons ferrevs by Faust Vrančić.jpg|thumb|left|Chain-stayed bridge by the [[Renaissance]] [[polymath]] [[Fausto Veranzio]], from 1595/1616. Prior to industrial manufacture of heavy wire rope (steel cable), suspended or stayed bridges were firstly constructed with linked rods (chain).]]

Cable-stayed bridges date back to 1595, where designs were found in ''Machinae Novae'', a book by [[Croatia]]n-[[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] inventor [[Fausto Veranzio]]. Many early suspension bridges were cable-stayed construction, including the 1817 footbridge [[Dryburgh Abbey Bridge]], [[James Dredge, Sr.|James Dredge]]'s patented [[Victoria Bridge, Bath]] (1836), and the later [[Albert Bridge, London|Albert Bridge]] (1872) and [[Brooklyn Bridge]] (1883). Their designers found that the combination of technologies created a stiffer bridge. [[John A. Roebling]] took particular advantage of this to limit deformations due to railway loads in the [[Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge]].

The earliest known surviving example of a true cable-stayed bridge in the United States is E.E. Runyon's largely intact steel or iron [[Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge|Bluff Dale Suspension bridge]] with wooden stringers and decking in [[Bluff Dale, Texas]] (1890), or his weeks earlier but ruined [[Barton Creek Bridge]] between [[Huckabay, Texas]] and [[Gordon, Texas]] (1889 or 1890).<ref>{{cite web
 |title= Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge
 |work= [[Historic American Engineering Record]]
 |publisher= [[Library of Congress]]
 |url= http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.tx0762
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title= Barton Creek Bridge
 |work= [[Historic American Engineering Record]]
 |publisher= [[Library of Congress]]
 |url= http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.tx0955
}}</ref>  In the twentieth century, early examples of cable-stayed bridges included A. Gisclard's unusual Cassagnes bridge (1899),<ref>{{coord|42.5040|2.1436|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline}}</ref> in which the horizontal part of the cable forces is balanced by a separate horizontal tie cable, preventing significant compression in the deck, and G. Leinekugel le Coq's bridge<ref>{{coord|48.7807|-3.1065345|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline}}</ref> at [[Lézardrieux]] in [[Brittany]] (1924). [[Eduardo Torroja]] designed a cable-stayed aqueduct<ref>{{coord|36.64876|-5.9304|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline}}</ref> at Tempul in 1926.<ref name="troyano">{{cite book
 |last= Troyano
 |first= Leonardo
 |title= Bridge Engineering: A Global Perspective
 |publisher= Thomas Telford
 |year= 2003
 |pages= 650–652
 |isbn= 0-7277-3215-3
}}</ref> [[Albert Caquot]]'s 1952 concrete-decked cable-stayed bridge<ref>{{coord|44.3824|4.7284|format=dms|type:landmark|display=inline}}</ref> over the Donzère-Mondragon canal at [[Pierrelatte]] is one of the first of the modern type, but had little influence on later development.<ref name="troyano"/> The steel-decked [[Strömsund Bridge]] designed by [[Franz Dischinger]] (1955) is, therefore, more often cited as the first modern cable-stayed bridge.

[[File:Abdoun Bridge (7).jpg|thumb|[[Abdoun Bridge]], Amman, Jordan, example of an [[extradosed bridge]] ]]
Other key pioneers included [[Fabrizio de Miranda]], [[Riccardo Morandi]], and [[Fritz Leonhardt]]. Early bridges from this period used very few stay cables, as in the [[Theodor Heuss Bridge (Düsseldorf)|Theodor Heuss Bridge]] (1958). However, this involves substantial erection costs, and more modern structures tend to use many more cables to ensure greater economy.

==Comparison with suspension bridge==
[[File:Ada Bridge 2012.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ada Bridge]] at dusk in [[Belgrade]] ([[Serbia]])]]
[[File:Prins Clausbrug vanuit NO bekeken.JPG|thumb|right|Prins Clausbrug across the [[Amsterdam-Rhine Canal]] in [[Utrecht]] ]]

Cable-stayed bridges may appear to be similar to [[suspension bridge]]s, but they are quite different in principle and construction. In suspension bridges, large main cables (normally two) hang between the towers and are [[Earth anchor|anchored]] at each end to the ground. This can be difficult to implement when ground conditions are poor. The main cables, which are free to move on bearings in the towers, bear the load of the bridge deck. Before the deck is installed, the cables are under [[tension (mechanics)|tension]] from their own weight. Along the main cables smaller cables or rods connect to the bridge deck, which is lifted in sections. As this is done, the tension in the cables increases, as it does with the [[live load]] of traffic crossing the bridge. The tension on the main cables is transferred to the ground at the anchorages and by downwards [[compression member|compression]] on the towers.

<gallery class="center" caption="Difference between types of bridges" widths="180px" heights="120px">
File:Bridge-suspension.svg|Suspension bridge
File:Bridge-fan-cable-stayed.svg|Cable-stayed bridge, fan design
</gallery>

In cable-stayed bridges, the towers are the primary load-bearing structures that transmit the bridge loads to the ground. A [[cantilever]] approach is often used to support the bridge deck near the towers, but lengths further from them are supported by cables running directly to the towers. That has the disadvantage, unlike for the suspension bridge, that the cables pull to the sides as opposed to directly up, which requires the bridge deck to be stronger to resist the resulting horizontal [[compression (physics)|compression]] loads, but it has the advantage of not requiring firm anchorages to resist the horizontal pull of the main cables of the suspension bridge. By design, all static horizontal forces of the cable-stayed bridge are balanced so that the supporting towers do not tend to tilt or slide and so must only resist horizontal forces from the live loads.

The following are key advantages of the cable-stayed form:
* much greater stiffness than the suspension bridge, so that deformations of the deck under live loads are reduced
* can be constructed by cantilevering out from the tower – the cables act both as temporary and permanent supports to the bridge deck
* for a symmetrical bridge (in which the [[span (engineering)|spans]] on either side of the tower are the same), the horizontal forces balance and large [[earth anchor|ground anchorages]] are not required

==Designs==
There are four major classes of rigging on cable-stayed bridges: ''mono'', ''harp'', ''fan,'' and ''star''.<ref name=designs>{{cite web |url=http://www.eng-forum.com/articles/articles/cable_stayed.htm |title=Cable Stayed Bridge |website=Middle East Economic Engineering Forum |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525145904/http://www.eng-forum.com/articles/articles/cable_stayed.htm |archive-date=25 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* The ''mono'' design uses a single cable from its towers and is one of the lesser-used examples of the class.
* In the ''harp'' or ''parallel'' design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height of their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their mounting on the deck.
* In the ''fan'' design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the towers. The fan design is structurally superior with a minimum moment applied to the towers, but, for practical reasons, the modified fan (also called the semi-fan) is preferred, especially where many cables are necessary. In the modified fan arrangement, the cables terminate near the top of the tower but are spaced from each other sufficiently to allow better termination, improved environmental protection, and good access to individual cables for maintenance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2246&context=etd|title=''Comparison Between Three Types of Cable Stayed Bridges Using Structural Optimization''|last=Sarhang Zadeh|first=Olfat|date=October 2012|website=Western University Canada|format=PDF}}</ref>
* In the ''star'' design, another relatively rare design, the cables are spaced apart on the tower, like the harp design, but connect to one point or a number of closely spaced points on the deck.<ref name="Dayaratnam2000">{{cite book|author1=T.K. Bandyopadhyay|author2=Alok Baishya|editor1=P. Dayaratnam|editor2=G.P. Garg|editor3=G.V. Ratnam|editor4=R.N. Raghavan|title=International Conference on Suspension, Cable Supported, and Cable Stayed Bridges: November 19–21, 1999, Hyderabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pb67nkDk4FMC&pg=PA282|year=2000|publisher=Universities Press (India)|isbn=978-81-7371-271-5|pages=282, 373}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" caption="Difference between types of bridges" heights="60px">
File:Bridge-mono-cable-stayed.svg|''Mono'' design
File:Bridge-harp-cable-stayed.svg|''Harp'' design
File:Bridge-fan-cable-stayed.svg|''Fan'' design
File:Bridge-star-cable-stayed.svg|''Star'' design
</gallery>

[[File:Cable-stayed bridge tower arrangements.png|thumb|All the seven column arrangements of a cable-stayed bridge]]

There are also seven main arrangements for support columns: ''single'', ''double'', ''portal'', ''A-shaped'', ''H-shaped'', ''inverted Y'' and ''M-shaped''. The last three are hybrid arrangements that combine two arrangements into one.<ref name=designs/>

* The ''single'' arrangement uses a single column for cable support, normally projecting through the center of the deck, but in some cases located on one side or the other. Examples: [[Millau Viaduct]] in [[France]] and [[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]] in [[Florida]].
* The ''double'' arrangement places pairs of columns on both sides of the deck. Examples: [[Øresund Bridge]] between [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]], and [[Zolotoy Bridge]] in [[Russia]].
* The ''portal'' is similar to the double arrangement but has a third member connecting the tops of the two columns to form a door-like shape or portal. This offers additional strength, especially against transverse loads. Examples: [[Hale Boggs Bridge]] in [[Louisiana]] and [[Kirumi Bridge]] in [[Tanzania]].
* The ''A-shaped'' design is similar in concept to the portal but achieves the same goal by angling the two columns towards each other to meet at the top, eliminating the need for the third member. Examples: [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]] in [[South Carolina]], [[Helgeland Bridge]] in [[Norway]] and [[Christopher S. Bond Bridge (Kansas City, Missouri)|Christopher S. Bond Bridge]] in [[Missouri]].
* The ''H-shaped'' design combines the ''portal'' on the bottom with the ''double'' on top. Examples: [[Grenland Bridge]] in [[Norway]], [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] in [[Portugal]], [[Greenville Bridge]] in [[Arkansas]] and [[John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)|John James Audubon Bridge]] in Louisiana.
* The ''inverted Y'' design combines the ''A-shaped'' on the bottom with the ''single'' on top. Examples: [[Pont de Normandie]] in [[France]] and [[Incheon Bridge]] in [[South Korea]].
* The ''M-shaped'' design combines two ''A-shaped'', each tower on the side of the other, to form an M. This type of arrangement is rare, and is mostly used in wide bridges where a lonely ''A-shaped'' arrangement would be too weak. Examples: [[Fred Hartman Bridge]] in [[Texas]] and its planned sister bridge [[Ship Channel Bridge]], also in Texas.

Depending on the design, the columns may be vertical or angled or curved relative to the bridge deck.

==Variations==

===Side-spar cable-stayed bridge===
[[File:Puente atirantado.PNG|thumb|right|[[Puente de la Unidad]], joining [[San Pedro Garza García]] and [[Monterrey]], a Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge]]
A [[side-spar cable-stayed bridge]] uses a central tower supported only on one side. This design allows the construction of a curved bridge.

===Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge===
Far more radical in its structure, the [[Puente del Alamillo]] (1992) uses a single [[Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge|cantilever spar]] on one side of the span, with cables on one side only to support the bridge deck. Unlike other cable-stayed types, this bridge exerts considerable overturning force upon its foundation and the spar must resist the bending caused by the cables, as the cable forces are not balanced by opposing cables. The spar of this particular bridge forms the [[gnomon]] of a large garden [[sundial]]. Related bridges by the architect [[Santiago Calatrava]] include the [[Puente de la Mujer]] (2001), [[Sundial Bridge]] (2004), [[Chords Bridge]] (2008), and [[Assut de l'Or Bridge]] (2008).

===Multiple-span cable-stayed bridge===
[[File:Живописный мост 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Zhivopisny Bridge]] in [[Moscow]] is a multiple-span design.]]

Cable-stayed bridges with more than three spans involve significantly more challenging designs than do 2-span or 3-span structures.

In a 2-span or 3-span cable-stayed bridge, the loads from the main spans are normally anchored back near the end [[abutment]]s by stays in the end spans. For more spans, this is not the case and the bridge structure is less stiff overall. This can create difficulties in both the design of the deck and the pylons.
Examples of multiple-span structures in which this is the case include [[Ting Kau Bridge]], where additional 'cross-bracing' stays are used to stabilise the pylons; [[Millau Viaduct]] and [[Mezcala Bridge]], where twin-legged towers are used; and [[General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge]], where very stiff multi-legged frame towers were adopted. A similar situation with a suspension bridge is found at both the [[Great Seto Bridge]] and [[San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge]] where additional anchorage piers are required after every set of three suspension spans – this solution can also be adapted for cable-stayed bridges.<ref>{{cite journal
 |doi= 10.2749/101686601780324250
 |last= Virlogeux
 |first= Michel
 |title= Bridges with multiple cable-stayed spans
 |journal= Structural Engineering International
 |date= 1 February 2001
 |volume= 11
 |issue= 1
 |pages= 61–82
 |s2cid= 109604691
 }}</ref>

===Extradosed bridge===
[[File:Twinkle_Kisogawa_bridge02.jpg|thumb|right|The Twinkle-Kisogawa is an extradosed design, with long gaps between the cable supported sections.]]

An [[extradosed bridge]] is a cable-stayed bridge with a more substantial bridge deck that, being stiffer and stronger, allows the cables to be omitted close to the tower and for the towers to be lower in proportion to the span. The first extradosed bridges were the [[Ganter Bridge]] and [[Sunniberg Bridge]] in Switzerland. The first extradosed bridge in the United States, the [[Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge (Connecticut)|Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge]] was built to carry I-95 across the Quinnipiac River in New Haven, Connecticut, opening in June 2012.

===Cable-stayed cradle-system bridge===

A cradle system carries the strands within the stays from the bridge deck to bridge deck, as a continuous element, eliminating anchorages in the pylons. Each epoxy-coated steel strand is carried inside the cradle in a one-inch (2.54&nbsp;cm) steel tube. Each strand acts independently, allowing for removal, inspection, and replacement of individual strands. The first two such bridges are the [[Penobscot Narrows Bridge]], completed in 2006, and the [[Veterans' Glass City Skyway]], completed in 2007.<ref>{{cite press release
 |publisher= American Society of Civil Engineers
 |url= http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/515472
 |title= Bridging To The Future Of Engineering
 |date= 12 March 2007
 |access-date= 8 March 2008
 |archive-date= 10 October 2008
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081010044956/http://news.thomasnet.com/companystory/515472
 |url-status= dead
 }}</ref>

==Related bridge types==

===Self-anchored suspension bridge===

A [[self-anchored suspension bridge]] has some similarity in principle to the cable-stayed type in that tension forces that prevent the deck from dropping are converted into compression forces vertically in the tower and horizontally along the deck structure. It is also related to the [[suspension bridge]] in having arcuate main cables with suspender cables, although the self-anchored type lacks the heavy cable anchorages of the ordinary suspension bridge. Unlike either a cable-stayed bridge or a suspension bridge, the self-anchored suspension bridge must be supported by [[falsework]] during construction and so it is more expensive to construct.

==Notable cable-stayed bridges==
{{see also|List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans|Category:Cable-stayed bridges}}
{{list missing criteria|date=November 2021}}
* [[Journalist Phelippe Daou Bridge]] crosses the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Rio Negro]] in [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] state. It was opened on 24 October 2011 and is currently the fourth longest bridge in [[Brazil]], at {{convert|3595|m|ft}}<ref name=Rio_Negro>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jul/29/manaus-bridge-amazon-rainforest|title=First Amazon bridge to open world's greatest rainforest to development|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 August 2010|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> with a cable-stayed span of {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio Negro Bridge, $400-Million Economic Link, Opens in Amazon Basin|url=https://www.enr.com/articles/4905-rio-negro-bridge-400-million-economic-link-opens-in-amazon-basin|access-date=2021-12-07|website=www.enr.com|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge]], crosses the [[Cooper River (South Carolina)|Cooper River]] in [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. It opened in 2005 to replace the [[John P. Grace Memorial Bridge]] and the [[Silas N. Pearman Bridge]] which were nearing the end of their useful lives. At the time of its opening it was the longest cable-stayed bridge span in the Western Hemisphere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafargeholcim.com/united-states-longest-cable-stayed-bridge-west|title=United States: The longest cable-stayed bridge in the West|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Brooklyn Bridge]], famous as a suspension bridge, also has cable stays.
* [[Centennial Bridge, Panama|Centennial Bridge]], a six-lane vehicular bridge that crosses the [[Panama Canal]] with a total length of {{convert|1.05|km|ft}}.
[[File:RotterdamMaasNederland.jpg|thumb|left|Erasmus Bridge, [[Erasmusbrug]], in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]] ]]
* [[Erasmus Bridge]] crosses the [[Nieuwe Maas]] in [[Rotterdam]], [[Netherlands]]. The southern span of the bridge has an {{convert|89|m|ft}} bascule bridge for ships that cannot pass under the bridge. The bascule bridge is the largest and heaviest in West Europe and has the largest panel of its type in the world.
[[File:GoldenHornMetroBridge 09.JPG|thumb|A view of the [[Golden Horn Metro Bridge]], with the [[Galata Tower]] at the left end of the frame, [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] ]]
* [[Golden Horn Metro Bridge]], connects the old peninsula of [[Istanbul]] with the [[Galata]] district and is the first cable-stayed bridge in [[Turkey]].
* The [[Gordie Howe International Bridge]] currently under construction, connecting [[Detroit, Michigan]] with [[Windsor, Ontario]], will have two inverted “Y” shaped towers built on the banks of the [[Detroit River]], six-lanes for automotive traffic, and a cycle and walking path. It will be {{convert|2.5|km|mi|abbr=off}} long. Once completed in 2025, it will have the longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge in North America at {{convert|853|m|ft|abbr=off}}.
* [[Jiaxing-Shaoxing Sea Bridge]], [[Zhejiang]] Province, China. The bridge is an eight-lane structure that spans {{convert|10,100|m|mi}} across [[Hangzhou Bay]], connecting [[Jiaxing]] and [[Shaoxing]], two cities of Zhejiang province. It was opened on 23 July 2013 and is currently the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world.
* [[John James Audubon Bridge (Mississippi River)]]: The longest cable-stayed bridge in the Western Hemisphere, crossing the Mississippi River between [[New Roads, Louisiana]] and [[St. Francisville, Louisiana]].
* [[Kap Shui Mun Bridge]]: Road-rail cable-stayed bridge with longest span when opened
* [[Kosciuszko Bridge]]: This connects the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City, replacing a truss bridge of the same name. The first cable-stayed span (temporarily carrying three lanes in each direction) opened to traffic in April 2017. A second, nearly identical span opened on 29 August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/29/nyregion/kosciuszko-bridge-span-new-york.html|title=The City's Most Hated Bridge Gets a Nearly $1 Billion Makeover|last1=Paybarah|first1=Azi|date=2019-08-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-08-29|last2=Schweber|first2=Nate|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[File:The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|[[Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge]] over the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity River]] in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S. (2012)]]
* [[Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge]] in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], U.S., which opened in 2012 and spans the [[Trinity River (Texas)|Trinity River]]. In 2012, the bridge received an Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award from the Texas section of the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105183708/http://www.texasce.org/?page=MHHBridge|archive-date=5 January 2017|url=http://www.texasce.org/?page=MHHBridge|title=Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge, 2012 OCEA|publisher=Texas Section-American Society of Civil Engineers|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218093336/http://www.texasce.org/?page=OCEA|archive-date=18 February 2016|url=http://www.texasce.org/?page=OCEA|title=Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Awards|publisher=Texas Section-American Society of Civil Engineers|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> The bridge also received a 2012 European Convention for Constructional Steelwork Award For [[Steel bridge|Steel Bridges]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.steelconstruct.com/site/index.php?process=download&id=5947&code=787574cca62869258a38a50941853324296b3e77|title=Margaret Hunt Bridge, Dallas, USA|work=2012 ECCS Award For Steel Bridges|publisher=European Convention for Constructional Steelwork|location=[[Brussels, Belgium]]|pages=4–7|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105205822/https://www.steelconstruct.com/site/index.php?process=download&id=5947&code=787574cca62869258a38a50941853324296b3e77|archive-date=5 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Millau Viaduct]], the bridge with the tallest piers in the world: {{convert|341|m|ft}} tall and roadway {{convert|266|m|ft}} high, spanning the river [[Tarn (river)|Tarn]] in France. With a total length of {{convert|2460|m|ft}} and seven towers, it also has the longest cable-stayed suspended deck in the world.
[[File:Novy Most d.JPG|right|thumb|[[Most SNP]] (Bridge of the Slovak National Uprising) – the world's longest cable-stayed bridge to have one pylon and one cable-stayed plane (Bratislava, Slovakia, 1967–1972)]]
* [[Most SNP]] (Nový most), the world's longest cable-stayed bridge in category with one pylon and with one cable-stayed plane, spanning the [[Danube]] in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]. The main span is {{convert|303|m|ft}}, total length {{convert|430.8|m|ft}}. The only member of [[World Federation of Great Towers]] that is primarily used as a bridge. It houses a flying-saucer restaurant at the top of pylon {{convert|85|m|ft}} tall.
* [[Octavio Frias de Oliveira bridge]] crosses the [[Pinheiros River]] in [[São Paulo]], 2008. It has a {{convert|138|m}}-high pylon under which two stayed roads cross each other turning 90° to the opposite bank of the river.
* [[Oresund Bridge]], a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge with a main span of {{convert|490|m|ft}} and a total length of {{convert|7.85|km|mi}}, crossing the [[Öresund]] between [[Malmö]], Sweden, and the [[Danish Capital Region]].
[[File:Pelješac bridge - Most Pelješac - Croatia - 2022-06-16.jpg|left|thumb|[[Pelješac Bridge]] connects the southeastern Croatian exclave to the rest of the country.]]
* [[Pelješac Bridge]], [[Dubrovnik-Neretva County]], Croatia. It is a {{convert|2404|m|ft}} long and {{convert|98|m|ft}} tall road bridge that connects the southeastern [[semi-exclave]] to the rest of the country, spanning the sea channel between [[Komarna]] and [[Pelješac]].
* [[Penobscot Narrows Bridge and Observatory]], a road bridge with an observatory at the top of one of the towers, and a span of {{convert|2120|ft|m|0}}.
* [[Ponte Morandi]], part of which collapsed during a rainstorm on 14 August 2018
* [[Pont de Normandie]], crosses the [[Seine]] in [[Normandy]], France (1988–1995) – briefly the world's longest cable-stayed bridge.
* [[Queensferry Crossing]] (formerly the Forth Replacement Crossing) is a road bridge in Scotland. It is built alongside the existing, suspension, [[Forth Road Bridge]] across the [[Firth of Forth]] and upon completion in 2017 became the longest triple-tower cable-stayed bridge in the world at 2700m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theforthbridges.org/queensferry-crossing/|title = Queensferry Crossing &#124; the Forth Bridges}}</ref>
* [[Pont de Brotonne]], first modern cable-stayed bridge of that type, opened to traffic in 1977.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020|reason=It is unclear of the "type" of bridge that makes this the first. The Strömsund Bridge is the first modern cable-stayed bridge. The Pasco-Kennewick [[Cable Bridge]] was an earlier prestressed-concrete cable-stayed bridge. So it is unclear which criteria this bridge was 'first' at.)}}
* [[Rande Bridge]] in Spain near Vigo is the highway cable-stayed bridge with the longest and slenderest span in the world at the time of construction (1973–1977). Three long spans of {{convert|148|m|ft}} + {{convert|400|m|ft}} + {{convert|148|m|ft}}. Pylons in concrete, girder in steel.
* [[Rio-Antirio bridge]] crosses the [[Gulf of Corinth]] near [[Patras]], Greece. At a total length of {{convert|2880|m|ft}} and four towers, it has the second longest cable-stayed suspended deck ({{convert|2258|m|ft}} long) in the world, with only the deck of the Millau Viaduct in southern France being longer at {{convert|2460|m|ft}}. However, as the latter is also supported by bearings at the pylons apart from cable stays, the Rio–Antirrio bridge deck might be considered the longest cable-stayed fully suspended deck in the world.
[[File:Rio–Antirrio Bridge seen from the road below Klokova mountain - DSC09548.jpg|left|thumb|[[Rio–Antirrio Bridge|Rio–Antirrio]] bridge that crosses the [[Gulf of Corinth]] near [[Patras]], linking the town of [[Rio, Greece|Rio]] on the [[Peloponnese]] peninsula to [[Antirrio]] on mainland [[Greece]] by road.]]
* [[Russky Bridge]], the cable-stayed bridge with the world's longest span, at {{convert|1104|m|ft}} meters. [[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]].
[[File:Ponte-Rio-Negro-Manaus2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rio Negro Bridge]], at {{convert|3595|m|ft}}, is the longest cable-stayed bridge in [[Brazil]].<ref name=Rio_Negro/>]]
* [[Second Severn Crossing]] between England and [[Wales]] is {{convert|3.186|mi|km}} long, consisting of a single central navigation span over the "Shoots" channel and approach viaducts on either side.<ref>{{Cite web
  |title=Cable Stays: Second Severn Crossing
  |website=Freyssinet
  |url=https://freyssinet.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/CS_03_Second_Severn_Crossing1.pdf
}}</ref>
* [[Sunshine Skyway Bridge]], in the US State of [[Florida]] located near [[Tampa]] opened in 1987. The bridge replaced the original [[cantilever bridges]] which were the site of a maritime incident. 
* [[Surgut Bridge]], the longest single-pylon cable-stayed bridge in the world, crossing the [[Ob River]] in [[Siberia]], [[Russia]].
* [[Sutong Yangtze River Bridge]] in eastern China has the second longest cable-stayed bridge span at {{convert|1088|m|ft}}. Completed in 2008, the Sutong Bridge is [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels#Chang Jiang 2|one of over 40 cable-stayed bridges built over the Yangtze]] since 1995.
* The [[Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)|Tappan Zee Bridge]], the replacement for the [[Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017)|original bridge]], is a [[Twin bridges|twin-deck]] cable-stayed bridge opened in 2017 and 2018, and is both the southernmost [[List of crossings of the Hudson River|Hudson River-crossing bridge]] entirely within New York State, and the first cable-stayed bridge in North America to match Boston's Zakim Bridge (see below) overall road-deck width figure of {{convert|183|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}, spanning eight lanes.  
* [[Tilikum Crossing]] in [[Portland, Oregon]], is the first major bridge in the U.S. that was designed to allow access to transit vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians but not cars. Completed in 2015, the bridge is {{convert|1720|ft|m}} and spans across the [[Willamette River]] to connect the [[South Waterfront]] and [[Central Eastside, Portland, Oregon|Central Eastside]] districts.
* [[Ting Kau Bridge]], the world's first major four-span (three towers) cable-stayed bridge, forming part of the road network connecting [[Hong Kong International Airport]] to other parts of [[Hong Kong]].
* [[Varina-Enon Bridge]], Carries I-295 across the James River between Henrico and Chesterfield Counties in Virginia. Varina-Enon Bridge features the world's first use of precast concrete delta frames for construction of its {{convert|630|ft|m}} cable-stayed main span. It is an instrumental part of the Peregrine Falcon program overseen by the [[Virginia Department of Transportation]].
* [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] in [[Lisbon]], Portugal is the longest bridge in Europe, with a total length of {{convert|17.2|km|mi}}, including {{convert|0.829|km|mi}} for the main bridge, {{convert|11.5|km|mi}} in viaducts and {{convert|4.8|km|mi}} in extension roads.
* The [[Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge]] in downtown [[Boston, Massachusetts]] spanning the [[Charles River]] is the cable-stayed bridge with the world's widest roadbed for such a bridge, at some {{convert|183|ft|m}}, encompassing ten lanes of traffic. It is also the first cable-stayed bridge with an asymmetrical deck design, with [[Leverett Circle Connector Bridge|two of the 10 lanes]] [[cantilever]]ed from the south side of the main bridge deck. 
* The [[Kazungula Bridge]] is a road and rail bridge over the [[Zambezi|Zambezi river]] between the countries of [[Zambia]] and [[Botswana]] (3,028 feet). 
* [[Zárate–Brazo Largo Bridge]]s over the Paraná Guazú and Paraná de las Palmas Rivers in [[Argentina]] (1972–1976) are the first two road and railway long-span cable-stayed [[Steel bridge|steel bridges]] in the world. Spans: {{convert|110|m|ft}} + {{convert|330|m|ft}} + {{convert|110|m|ft}}.
* [[Vidyasagar Setu]], also known as the Second Hooghly Bridge, over the [[Hooghly river]], happens to be the first and longest such bridge in India and one of the longest in Asia. It connects the twin cities of [[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]].

==See also==
* [[Floating cable-stayed bridge]]
* [[Cable-stayed suspension bridge]]
* [[Pont du Bonhomme]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* De Miranda F., et al., (1979), "Basic problems in long span cable stayed bridges", Rep. n. 25, Dipartimento di Strutture – Università di Calabria – Arcavacata (CS) Italy, (242 pagg.) September 1979.
*{{cite book |title= The Bangkok Cable Stayed Bridge|last= Gregory|first= Frank Hutson|author2=Freeman, Ralph Anthony|year= 1987|publisher= 3 F Engineering Consultants, Bangkok|isbn= 974-410-097-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Podolny|first=Walter|title=Construction and design of cable-stayed bridges|year=1986|publisher=Wiley|location=New York|isbn=0471826553|edition=2nd|author2=Scalzi, John B.}}* 
*{{cite book
 |last= Walther
 |first= Rene
 |title= Cable Stayed Bridges
 |publisher= Thomas Telford
 |year= 1999
 |edition= 2nd
 |isbn= 0-7277-2773-7
|display-authors=etal}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.johnweeks.com/cablestay/index.html North American Cable Stayed Bridge Registry]
*[http://en.structurae.de/structures/stype/?id=1002 Structurae: Cable-stayed Bridges]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/meetcable.html Cable-Stayed Bridge]

{{Bridge footer}}

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[[Category:Cable-stayed bridges| ]]
[[Category:Bridges by structural type]]