Editing Cabul

{{for|the capital of Afghanistan|Kabul}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Cabul
| native_name            = {{Hlist
 | {{Lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|כָּבּוּל, כאבול}}|rtl=yes}}
 | {{Lang|ar|كابول|rtl=yes}}
 }}
| settlement_type        = [[Local council (Israel)|Local council]] (from 1974)
| translit_lang1         = Hebrew
| translit_lang1_type1   = [[ISO 259]]
| translit_lang1_info1   = Kabbul
| translit_lang1_type3   = Also spelled
| translit_lang1_info3   = al-Kabul (official)
| pushpin_map_alt        = 
| pushpin_map            = Israel northwest
| pushpin_mapsize        = 250
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption    = 
| coordinates            = {{coord|32|52|11|N|35|12|8|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name              = Grid&nbsp;position
| grid_position          = 170/252 [[Palestine grid|PAL]]
| subdivision_type1      = 
| subdivision_name1      = 
| subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Israel|District]]
| subdivision_name2      = 
[[Northern District (Israel)|Northern]]
| established_title      = Founded
| established_date       = 1200 BCE <small>(Biblical Cabul)</small>
| unit_pref              = dunam
| area_total_dunam       = {{formatnum:7149|R}}
| population_footnotes   = {{Israel populations|reference}}
| population_total       = {{Israel populations|Kabul}}
| population_as_of       = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1        = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1        = (Phoenician) = "what does not please"<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D8%3Asection%3D141 8.5.3.] (8.141)</ref>
}}

'''Cabul''' ({{Langx|he|'''כבול'''}}), classical spelling: '''Chabolo'''; '''Chabulon''', is a location in the [[Lower Galilee]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible]], now the [[Kabul (Israel)|Kabul]] [[Local council (Israel)|local council]] in [[Israel]], 9 or {{convert|10|mi|km}} east of [[Acre, Israel|Acco]].

==History==
===Bronze and Iron ages===
Cabul is first mentioned as one of the landmarks on the boundary of [[Asher]], in {{bibleverse||Joshua|19:27|NKJV}}. [[Josephus]] refers to it as "the village of Chabolo situated in the confines of Ptolemais",<ref>''[[Life of Flavius Josephus|Vita]]'', § 43</ref> and was the western border of [[Lower Galilee]] before joining the Phoenician coast.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[The Jewish War]]'' 3.3.1.</ref> It was assigned to the [[Tribe of Asher]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Joshua|19:27|NKJV}}</ref> The name "Kabul" may have been derived from the [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] word ''mekubbal'', which means "clad", as in the inhabitants were "clad" in gold and silver.<ref name="Vilnay">Vilnay, Zev. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=VkA6-0-aDdIC&pg=PA406&dq=Kabul+Palestine&lr=&ei=_NwoSaXDIITkygTrr8igDQ#PPA407,M1 Legends of Palestine]''. Kessinger Publishing, p.406.</ref>

King [[Solomon]] handed over a district in the north-west of [[Galilee]] near [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], containing twenty cities, to [[Hiram I]], the king of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], in repayment for his help in building [[Solomon's Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref name =1K9:13>{{bibleverse|1|Kings|9:13|NIV}}</ref> Hiram was not pleased with the gift, however, and called them "the land of Cabul", the name signifying "good for nothing". The writer of [[1 Kings 9]] says they were called by this name "to this day".<ref name =1K9:13 /> Josephus interprets "Cabul" as meaning "what does not please" (in [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]])<ref>''Antiquities'', viii. 5, § 3</ref> but doubt has been cast on this interpretation of the term.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} The [[Pulpit Commentary]] suggests they were unacceptable because "really they were mere villages".<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/1_kings/9.htm Pulpit Commentary on 1 King 9], accessed 8 October 2017</ref>

Archaeological excavations at Khirbet Rosh Zayit, located 2km northeast of modern [[Kabul, Israel]], have revealed an Israelite settlement from the 12th century BCE, and built upon it a Phoenician fortification from the 10th century BCE. The excavator suggests that this is evidence of Solomon's transfer of the area to Tyrian control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3385415,00.html|title = שני מסלולים ביום: חורבת ראש זית וחורבת מדור|newspaper = Ynet|date = 8 April 2007|last1 = שקולניק|first1 = יעקב}}</ref>

===Classical era===
[[Josephus]] describes Cabul as being "the place that divides the country of [[Ptolemais in Phoenicia|Ptolemais]] from our nation" (''[[The Jewish War|War]]'' II 18:503).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Frankel|first1=Rafael|last2=Getzov|first2=Nimrod|last3=Aviam|first3=Mordechai|last4=Degani|first4=Avi|title=Settlement Dynamics and Regional Diversity in Ancient Upper Galilee (Archaeological Survey of Upper Galilee)|journal=[[Israel Antiquities Authority]]|volume=14 |pages=111 |year=2001}}</ref> The architecture of Cabul, unlike other cities of the Galilee, was similar to that of Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut. In the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], Cabul was attacked by [[Cestius Gallus]] in 66 CE.<ref name="jvl"/> Upon the approach of the Roman army, the inhabitants of Cabul ({{langx|el|Χαβουλών}}, translated in some English texts as ''Zabulon'')<ref>As in ''[[The Jewish War]]'' 2.18.9 and 3.3.1. In both cases, the Greek word used for the city is ''Cabul'' or ''Chabulon'' (Gr. Χαβουλών). See: {{cite book|title=The Jewish War |last=Josephus |author-link=Josephus |publisher=William Heinemann Ltd.|volume=2 |location=London |translator=Henry St. John Thackeray |translator-link=Henry St. John Thackeray |editor-last1=Capps |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Page |editor-first2=T.E. |editor-last3=Rouse |editor-first3=W.H.D. |date=1927 |oclc=59817481 }}, s.v. ''War'' 2.18.9 (2.503) and ''War'' 3.3.1 (3.38) ([[Loeb Classical Library]]), where Thackeray preserves the correct transliteration. In [[William Whiston|Whiston]]'s edition of Josephus there is a gross error in his transliteration in both places, where he writes ''Zabulon'' instead of ''Chabulon''. Cf. {{cite book |last=Josephus | author-link=Josephus|title=The History of the War of the Jews with the Romans |publisher=Masada |editor=Jacob N. Simchoni  |edition=2 |date=1968 |location=Ramat-Gan |page=565 | language=he }}</ref> had fled the city, while the soldiery were given leave to plunder and burn the city.<ref>Josephus, ''[[The Jewish War]]'' ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D2%3Awhiston+chapter%3D18%3Awhiston+section%3D9 2.18.9])</ref> For a time it served as Josephus' headquarters in Galilee in 67 CE.<ref>Life, 213, 227, 234</ref>

[[Judah II|Judah]] and [[Hillel, son of Gamaliel III|Hillel]], sons of R. [[Gamaliel III]], were received as guests in Cabul with great honor and paid a visit to a local bath.<ref>[[Tosefta]], Shabbat 7:17; Tosefta, Moed Katan 2:15</ref> It was the home of a Rabbi Zakkai,<ref>[[Jerusalem Talmud]] Megillah 4, 78b, etc.; Rabbi Zakkai has no relation to and lived later than Rabbi [[Yohanan ben Zakkai]].</ref> and was famous for its abundance of wine and oil; it also had a synagogue and public baths. After the fall of Jerusalem, priests of the [[Shecaniah]] (Shekhanyah) family settled there.

===Middle Ages===
In the Crusader [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], it was the seat of a seigniory known as Cabor.<ref name="jvl">Jewish Virtual Library, [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/cabul Cabul], accessed 8 October 2017</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{main|Kabul, Israel}}

In 2010, an archaeological survey of Cabul was conducted by Omar Zidan on behalf of the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] (IAA).<ref>[[Israel Antiquities Authority]], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010], Survey Permit # A-5956</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{JewishEncyclopedia|article=Cabul}}
{{Crusader sites}}
{{Towns depopulated during the First Jewish–Roman War}}
[[Category:Hebrew Bible places]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee]]
[[Category:Medieval sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Hiram I]]
[[Category:Solomon]]