Editing Caeneus

{{Short description|Lapith hero of Thessaly}}
[[File:Centaurs and Kaineus (Caeneus), small bronze relief, AM Olympia, Olym14.jpg|thumb|250px|Two Centaurs pound Caeneus into the ground with tree trunks; bronze relief from Olympia, [[Archaeological Museum of Olympia]] BE 11a (mid–late seventh century BC)<ref>{{harvnb|Padgett|2003|p=15}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|pp=280–281}}; {{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n480/mode/1up p. 888, n. 61]}}; {{harvnb|Hard|2004|loc= [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA556 p. 556, fig. 16.2]}}; {{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=159|loc=n. 27}}; [[Digital LIMC]] [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74e959152ed82-f 22983]; {{harvnb|''LIMC'' V-2|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-2%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n287/mode/1up p. 573, Kaineus 61]}}.</ref>]]

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Caeneus''' or '''Kaineus''' ({{langx|grc|Καινεύς|Kaineús}}) was a [[Lapith]] [[Greek hero|hero]], ruler of [[Thessaly]], and the father of the [[Argonaut]] [[Coronus (mythology)|Coronus]]. Caeneus was born a girl, '''Caenis''' ({{langx|grc|Καινίς|Kainís}}), the daughter of [[Elatus]], but after Poseidon had sex with Caenis, she was transformed by Poseidon into an invulnerable man. Caeneus participated in the [[Centauromachy]], where he met his demise at the hands of the Centaurs by being pounded into the ground while still alive.{{sfnm|Rose|2012|Visser|2003|Grimal|1996|Tripp|1970|4loc=Caeneus}}

== Family ==
Caeneus' father was the [[Lapith]] king [[Elatus]], from [[Gyrton (Thessaly)|Gyrton]] in Thessaly.<ref>{{harvnb|Rose|2012}}; {{harvnb|Grimal|1996}}; {{harvnb|Tripp|1970|loc=Caeneus}}; {{harvnb|Parada|1993|loc=Caeneus 1}}; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.275.xml?result=1&rskey=N2LO7y fr. 165] [[#CITEREFMost2018b|Most]] [= fr. 87 {{harvnb|MW}}]; [[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}]; {{harvnb|Hyginus, ''Fabulae''|loc=[https://topostext.org/work/206#14 14], [https://topostext.org/work/206#173 173], [https://topostext.org/work/206#242 242]}}; {{harvnb|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.189]}}.</ref> Caeneus' son was the [[Argonaut]] [[Coronus (mythology)|Coronus]], who was killed by [[Heracles]] while leading a war against the [[Dorians]] and their king [[Aegimius]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hard|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA557 p. 557]}}; {{harvnb|Grimal|1996}}; {{harvnb|Parada|1993|loc=Coronus 1}}; {{harvnb|Homer, ''Iliad''|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D2%3Acard%3D734 2.746]}}; [[#CITEREFApollonius2009|Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'']], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.7.xml 1.57–64]; {{harvnb|Hyginus, ''Fabulae''|loc=[https://topostext.org/work/206#14 14]}}. For Coronus' war against the Dorians, see {{harvnb|Diodorus Siculus|loc=[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#37 4.37.3]}}; {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.7.7 2.7.7]}}.</ref> According to the mythographer Hyginus, Caeneus' mother was [[Hippeia|Hippea]]—the daughter of a Thessalian from [[Larissa]] named Antippus—and his brothers were [[Ischys]] and the [[Argonaut]] [[Polyphemus (Argonaut)|Polyphemus]]. Hyginus also states that, in addition to Coronus, Caeneus had two other sons: [[Phocus]] and [[Priasus]], who were also Argonauts.<ref>{{harvnb|Parada|1993|loc=Caeneus 1, Hippea}}; {{harvnb|Hyginus, ''Fabulae''|loc=[https://topostext.org/work/206#14 14]}}. For Ischys as brother, see also {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.10.3 3.10.3]}}.</ref>{{efn|{{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.9.16 1.9.16]}} lists "Caeneus, son of Coronus", as one of the Argonauts, which—under the assumption that this is the same Coronus, that this is not a mixup of the two names, and does not represents a separate tradition in which Caeneus was an Argonaut—would make this Argonaut Caeneus a grandson of Caeneus.{{sfnm|Levin|1971|p=33|1loc=n. 2|Tripp|1970|2loc=Coronus (1)|Parada|1993|3loc=Coronus 1}}}} According to [[Antoninus Liberalis]], his father was [[Atrax (mythology)|Atrax]], rather than Elatus.{{sfnm|Parada|1993|1loc=Caeneus 1|Antoninus Liberalis, ''Metamorphoses''|2loc=[https://topostext.org/work/216#17 17]}}

== Mythology ==
===Transformation===
Caeneus was originally a woman named Caenis who was transformed into a man by the sea-god [[Poseidon]].<ref>[[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.275.xml?result=1&rskey=N2LO7y fr. 165] [[#CITEREFMost2018b|Most]] [= fr. 87 {{harvnb|MW}}]; {{harvnb|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.168–209]}}; {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.22 E.1.22]}}; {{harvnb|Plutarch, ''How a Man May Become Aware of His Progress in Virtue''|loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_how_man_may_become_aware_his_progress_virtue/1927/pb_LCL197.405.xml?result=1&rskey=rQ62zU 75 E]}}; {{harvnb|Lucian, ''De Saltatione''|loc=[https://archive.org/details/lucianhar05luciuoft/page/262/mode/2up 56]}}; {{harvnb|Lucian, ''Gallus''|loc=[https://archive.org/details/lucianhar02luciuoft/page/210/mode/2up 19]}}; {{harvnb|Antoninus Liberalis, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[https://topostext.org/work/216#17 17]}}.</ref> Although possibly as old as the [[Hesiodic]] ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'' (c. first half of the sixth century BC),{{sfn|Most|2018a|loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/pb_LCL057.liii.xml p. liii]}} the oldest secure mention of this transformation comes from the mythographer [[Acusilaus]] (sixth to fifth century BC).<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=160}}. As for the possibly older [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.275.xml?result=1&rskey=N2LO7y fr. 165] [[#CITEREFMost2018b|Most]] [= fr. 87 {{harvnb|MW}} = [[Phlegon of Tralles|Phlegon]], ''On Marvelous Things'' 5], according to Fowler, "some doubt must attach to the list of authorities at the outset of Phlegon's account."</ref> According to Acusilaus, after having sex with Poseidon, Elatus' daughter—here instead called Caene—did not want to have a child by Poseidon or anyone else, due to an unspecified vow or prohibition against it;{{efn|According to [[Robert Fowler (academic)|Robert Fowler]], the implication in Acusilaus' telling is that, because intercourse with a god would always produce a child, his transformation would prevent this. He also suggests that the prohibition was perhaps one involving intercourse in a sanctuary or with a virgin priestess.{{sfn|Fowler|2013|p=161}}}} to prevent this, Poseidon transformed Caene into an invulnerable man, stronger than any other.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|pp=160–161}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|p=281}}; [[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}].</ref> However, according to the usual version of events, after having sex with Caenis, Poseidon promised he would do whatever Caenis wanted, so Caenis asked to be transformed into an invulnerable man, which Poseidon did.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=160}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|p=281}}; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-catalogue_women/2018/pb_LCL503.275.xml?result=1&rskey=N2LO7y fr. 165] [[#CITEREFMost2018b|Most]] [= fr. 87 {{harvnb|MW}}]; {{harvnb|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.168–209]}}; {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.22 E.1.22]}}; {{harvnb|Scholia D on Homer, ''Iliad''|loc=[https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/5586/1/vanthiel.pdf#page=55 1.264]}}.</ref>

===Kingship===
Besides the [[Centauromachy]], little is said about Caeneus' activities after his transformation. According to Acusilaus, Caeneus was the strongest warrior of his day, and became king of the [[Lapiths]].<ref>[[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}]. The ''[[#CITEREFMost2018b|Shield of Heracles]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 178–190], also has Caeneus as king of the Lapiths.</ref> While king, Caeneus angered the gods by an act of impiety, although accounts differ; according to an ''[[Iliad]]'' [[scholia]]st, Caeneus set up his spear in the [[agora]] and ordered his subjects to worship it, while according to a scholiast on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]]' ''[[Argonautica]]'', Caeneus himself worshipped his spear rather than the gods. In either case, Caeneus' actions so offended the gods that, as Acusilaus goes on to say, Zeus sent the Centaurs against him.<ref>{{harvnb|Hard|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA557 p. 557]}}; {{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=160}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|p=281}}; {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.22 E.1.22, n. 1]}}; [[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}]; {{harvnb|Scholia D on Homer, ''Iliad''|loc=[https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/5586/1/vanthiel.pdf#page=55 1.264]}}; {{harvnb|Scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica''|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oBI-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA347#v=onepage&q&f=false 1.57]}}.</ref> The [[Oxyrhynchus Papyrus]] that supplies Acusilaus' account says that Caeneus was used by [[Theophrastos]] as an example of ruling by the "spear" rather than the "scepter"—that is, by force rather than authority.{{sfn|Fowler|2013|p=160}}

Caeneus was also listed as among those who took part in the [[Calydonian boar hunt]] by the sixth-century BC Greek [[Greek lyric|lyric poet]] [[Stesichorus]],{{sfnm|Fowler|2013|1p=159|1loc=n. 27|Stesichorus, ''Boar-hunters''|2loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.135.xml fr. 222]}} as well as by the Roman poet [[Ovid]] and the Roman mythographer Hyginus, although no details of his participation are given.{{sfnm|1a1=Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|1loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:8.260-8.364 8.305]|2a1=Hyginus, ''Fabulae''|2loc=[https://topostext.org/work/206#173 173]}}

===Centauromachy===
[[File:Kleitias - ABV 77 1 - compendium of Greek mythology - Firenze MAN 4209 - 56.jpg|thumb|Caeneus (inscription: {{lang|grc|ΚΑΙΝΕΥΣ}}) already halfway into the ground, being hammered by three Centaurs, one using a tree trunk (on the left) and two using boulders (on the right); [[volute krater]], [[François Vase]], by [[Kleitias]], [[Florence]], [[National Archaeological Museum, Florence|National Archaeological Museum]] 4209 ({{circa|570–560 BC}}).<ref>{{harvnb|Gantz|1996|p=281}}; {{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n480/mode/1up p. 888 n. 67]}}; [[Digital LIMC]] [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73ba21e3def85-9 1602]; {{harvnb|''LIMC'' V-2|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-2%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n288/mode/1up p. 574, Kaineus 67]}}</ref>]]

Caeneus' participation in the Centauromachy—the battle between the Lapiths and the Centaurs at the wedding feast of [[Pirithous]]—seems to be the earliest story told about Caeneus. His transformation and other stories are likely later elaborations.{{sfn|Visser|2003}}

Caeneus fought in the Centauromachy, where most accounts say he met his demise. Because of his invulnerability, none of the Centaurs' weapons could hurt him, so in order to defeat the Lapith king, they hammered him into the ground with tree trunks and boulders, which succeeded in restraining him alive.<ref>{{harvnb|Hard|2004|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA557 p. 557]}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|p=280}}; ''[[#CITEREFMost2018b|Shield of Heracles]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 178–190]; [[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}]; [[Pindar]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.379.xml fr. 128f] {{harvnb|Race}} [= fr. 128f {{harvnb|SM}}]; [[#CITEREFApollonius1912|Apollonius of Rhodes, ''Argonautica'']], [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/6/mode/2up 1.57–64]; {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.22 E.1.22]}}; ''[[Orphic Argonautica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/549#168 170–174] {{harvnb|Colovito}} [= [https://archive.org/details/argonauticahymn00unkngoog/page/34/mode/2up 168–172] {{harvnb|Gesner}}].</ref>

Caeneus' earliest mention occurs in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', where [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] names Caeneus among those "mightiest" of warriors who fought and defeated the Centaurs:{{sfnm|Fowler|2013|1p=159|Hard|2004|2loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA555#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 555–556]|Gantz|1996|3p=278}}
{{Blockquote|Such warriors have I never since seen, or shall see, as Peirithous was, and Dryas, shepherd of men, and Caeneus, and Exadius, and godlike Polyphemus, and Theseus, son of Aegeus, peer of the immortals. Mightiest were these of all men reared on the earth; mightiest were they, and with the mightiest did they fight, with the centaurs that had their lairs among the mountains, and terribly did they destroy them.{{sfn|Homer, ''Iliad''|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D245 1.262–268]}}}}

The [[Hesiodic]] ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' (c. first half of the sixth century BC){{sfn|Most|2018a|loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL057/2018/pb_LCL057.lvii.xml p. lvii]}} describes "the spear-bearing Lapiths around Caeneus their king" battling the Centaurs who fought with fir trees.<ref>''[[#CITEREFMost2018b|Shield of Heracles]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/hesiod-shield/2018/pb_LCL503.15.xml 178–190].</ref> 

There is no mention in Homer, or the ''Shield'', of the story of Caeneus' invulnerability, nor the unique manner of his death at the hands of the Centaurs which invulnerability entailed.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=159}}. However, in the case of the ''Iliad'', as Fowler notes (citing Griffin), this is the kind of detail Homer would suppress. According to {{harvnb|Griffin|1977|p=40}}, "the fantastic" is used sparingly by Homer, and in particular "invulnerability ... is un-Homeric".</ref> However, the Centauromachy was a popular theme in Greek art, and depictions of Caeneus show that this story was well known by at least as early as the seventh century BC. Depictions of Centaurs pounding Caeneus into the ground are shown on a mid-seventh-century BC bronze relief from Olympia, and on the [[François Vase]] (c. 570–560 BC); the former shows Caeneus being pounded by two Centaurs, both using tree trunks, and the latter shows Caeneus, halfway in the ground, being pounded by three Centaurs, two using boulders and one a tree trunk.{{sfnm|Fowler|2013|1pp=159–160|Gantz|1996|2pp=280–281}}

The first preserved literary mention of Caeneus' death is found in Acusilaus, which says that Caeneus died after the Centaurs beat him "upright" ({{lang|grc|ὄρθιον}}) into the ground and sealed him in with a rock. The fifth-century BC Greek poet [[Pindar]] apparently also referred to Caeneus being driven vertically ({{lang|grc|ὀρθῷ ποδὶ}}) into the ground.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|pp=159–160}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|pp=280–281}}; [[Acusilaus]], [https://scholarlyeditions-brill-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 fr. 22] {{harvnb|Toye}} [= [https://archive.org/details/early-greek-mythography-volume-1/page/n30/mode/1up fr. 22] {{harvnb|Fowler}} = [https://archive.org/details/ancillatopresocr0000diel/page/18/mode/2up fr. 40a] {{harvnb|Freeman}}]; [[Pindar]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.379.xml fr. 128f] {{harvnb|Race}} [= fr. 128f {{harvnb|SM}}]; cf. {{harvnb|Plutarch, ''The Stoics Talk More Paradoxically Than The Poets''|loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_stoics_talk_more_paradoxically_than_poets/1976/pb_LCL470.611.xml 1057 D]}}. For the meaning of Pindar's {{lang|grc|ὀρθῷ ποδὶ}} see {{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=160}}; {{harvnb|Slater|1969}}.</ref>

The third-century BC ''[[Argonautica]]'' of [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], gives a fuller account, saying that Caeneus:
{{blockquote|although still living, perished at the hands of the Centaurs, when, all alone and separated from the other heroes, he routed them. They rallied against him, but were not strong enough to push him back nor to kill him, so instead, unbroken and unbending, he sank beneath the earth, hammered by the downward force of mighty pine trees.<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.7.xml 1.57–64] [[#CITEREFApollonius2009|Race]]. Compare with {{harvnb|Apollodorus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.1.22 E.1.22]}}.</ref>}}

Concerning Caeneus' fate, Ovid has Nestor say that some thought Caeneus was pushed down directly into [[Tartarus]], but that the seer [[Mopsus]] said that Caeneus had been transformed into a bird.{{sfnm|Hard|2004|1loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA557 p. 557]|Gantz|1996|2p=281|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|3loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.429-12.535 12.522–531]}} According to the ''[[Orphic Argonautica]]'', Caeneus endured his beating by the Centaurs without bending a knee, and "went down among the dead under the earth while still alive."<ref>''[[Orphic Argonautica]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/549#168 170–174] {{harvnb|Colovito}} [= [https://archive.org/details/argonauticahymn00unkngoog/page/34/mode/2up 168–172] {{harvnb|Gesner}}].</ref>

Hyginus listed Caeneus among those who killed themselves.{{sfn|Hyginus, ''Fabulae''|loc=[https://topostext.org/work/206#242 242]}} According to [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Aeneid]]'', [[Aeneas]] sees the [[Shade (mythology)|shade]] of Caeneus while visiting a place in the Underworld called the {{lang|la|Lugentes campi}} ([[Fields of sorrow|Mourning Fields]]), where those who died for love reside. Virgil locates these fields as part of, or near to, the region containing suicides.{{sfnm|Knox|2023|1loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_1y7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 74–75]|Virgil, ''Aeneid''|2loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/virgil-aeneid/1916/pb_LCL063.563.xml 6.434–447]}} There Aeneas sees Caeneus, of whom Virgil says, although once a man, is now a woman again, "turned back by Fate into her form of old".{{sfn|Virgil, ''Aeneid''|loc=[https://www.loebclassics.com/view/virgil-aeneid/1916/pb_LCL063.563.xml 6.448–449]}}

==Iconography==
[[File:Athens Agora Temple of Hephaestus 13.jpg|thumb|250px|Centaurs pound Caeneus to the ground, from the frieze of the [[Temple of Hephaestus]], second half of 5th-century BC.]]

Caeneus is one of the earliest mythological figures in ancient Greek art that can be securely identified.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=159}}; For an overview of Caeneus iconography, see {{harvnb|Padgett|2003|pp=15–16}}; for a comprehensive discussion, see {{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n478/mode/1up pp. 884–891]}} (images: {{harvnb|''LIMC'' V-2|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-2%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n282/mode/1up pp. 563–576]}}).</ref> The only event concerning Caeneus found in ancient Greek iconography is his participation in the Centauromachy—no surviving example of Caeneus' original femininity and transformation is found.{{sfn|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n478/mode/1up p. 885]}} However, the Centauromachy was a popular theme in the visual arts,{{sfn|Fowler|2013|p=159}} and many examples show depictions of Caeneus battling Centaurs.<ref>{{harvnb|Rose|2012}}. The ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' catalogues 83 examples, organized as follows: Caeneus battling with one Centaur (1–8), two Centaurs (9–66), three or more Centaurs (67–76), uncertain (77–78) or lost (80–83), see {{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n478/mode/1up p. 885]}}.</ref>

The earliest depiction, from the mid–late seventh century BC, is the bronze relief from Olympia, where two Centaurs hammer Caeneus into the ground with tree trunks. He is represented as an armored [[hoplite]], already beaten into the ground to mid-calf. In any depiction of the Centauromachy, this partially-sunken motif makes Caeneus immediately identifiable.<ref>{{harvnb|Padgett|2003|p=15}}; {{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n481/mode/1up p. 890]}}; {{harvnb|Gantz|1996|p=281}}, describes the relief as an "unmistakable" depiction of Caeneus.</ref> That Caeneus is here depicted without a shield (having instead a sword in each hand) implies invulnerability.<ref>{{harvnb|Fowler|2013|p=159}}; {{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n481/mode/1up p. 890]}}, calls this double armament with swords (also seen in {{harvnb|''LIMC'' V-2|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-2%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n287/mode/1up pp. 573–575, Kaineus 63, 70]}}) "{{lang|de|auffällig}}" ('striking').</ref> The heraldic three-figured grouping on this relief, with Caeneus flanked by two Centaurs, becomes canonical.<ref>{{harvnb|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n481/mode/1up p. 890]}}. Of the 76 catalogued entries in the ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'', categorized by the number of Centaurs attacking Caeneus, 57 depict this configuration.</ref>

Caeneus battling Centaurs is the centerpiece of the Centauromacy depicted on the neck of the mid-sixth-century BC François Vase. Here Caeneus, already buried up to his waist, is shown being pounded by three Centaurs using boulders and a tree trunk.{{sfnm|Fowler|2013|1pp=159–160|Padgett|2003|2pp=15–16|Gantz|1996|3pp=280–281}} This depiction of Caeneus is the first to identify Caeneus by inscription, and the first to introduce a third Centaur opponent.{{sfn|Laufer|1990|loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n481/mode/1up p. 890]}} Other depictions appeared on temple [[frieze]]s from the second half of the fifth century BC, including those on the [[Temple of Hephaestus]] at Athens, the [[Temple of Apollo Epicurius]] at [[Bassae]], and the [[Temple of Poseidon, Sounion|Temple of Poseidon]] at [[Sounion]].{{sfnm|Gantz|1996|1p=281|Laufer|1990|2loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-1%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n480/mode/1up p. 888, n. 54–56, fig. Kaineus 57]|''LIMC'' V-2|3loc=[https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20V-2%20Herakles-Kenchrias/page/n287/mode/1up p. 572, Kaineus 56]}}

==In the ''Metamorphoses''==
[[Image:Virgil Solis - Neptune Caenis.jpg|thumb|Poseidon and Caenis, woodcut illustration for [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' book 12 by [[Virgil Solis]], 1563.]]

The most detailed account of Caeneus' story is found in the Roman poet [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', which takes up most of book 12, and has Nestor tell [[Achilles]] the story of Caeneus' transformation, the brawl between the Centaurs and the Thessalians at Pirithous' wedding feast, and Caeneus' demise.{{sfnm|Gantz|1996|1p=281|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|2loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.168–535]}} No earlier version of the story explains why Caeneus chose to be transformed into a man; however, the ''Metamorphoses'' does.{{sfn|Gantz|1996|p=281}} According to Ovid, Caenis was the most beautiful of maidens, but refused all of her many suitors. One day, as "report declares", while walking on the beach, she was raped by the sea-god Neptune (the Roman equivalent of Poseidon). Afterwards, when the god promised to grant her any request, Caenis chose to be made a man, so that she would never suffer being raped again:{{sfnm|Tripp|1970|1loc=Caeneus|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|2loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.189–203]}}
{{poemquote|The great wrong,
which I have suffered from you justifies
the wonderful request that I must make;
I ask that I may never suffer such
an injury again. Grant I may be
no longer woman, and I'll ask no more.{{sfn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.201–203]}}}}

This Neptune did, transforming the girl into a man, and in addition making Caeneus "proof against all wounds of spear or sword". After this, Caeneus went away happy, spending "years in every manful exercise", while roaming the plains of northern Thessaly.{{sfn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.146-12.209 12.205–209]}}

Nestor next describes the wedding feast of Pirithous and [[Hippodamia (wife of Pirithous)|Hippodamia]], to which the Centaurs and the "Thessalian chiefs" (including Caeneus) were invited.{{sfn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.210-12.315 12.210–213]}} After a drunken Centaur tries to abduct Hippodamia, a brawl breaks out, during which Caeneus killed five Centaurs (Styphelus, Bromus, Antimachus, Elymus, and Pyracmos).{{sfn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.429-12.535 12.459–461]}} Caeneus is then mocked by the Centaur Latreus who says:
{{poemquote|Shall I put up with one like you, O Caeneus?
For you are still a woman in my sight.
Have you forgot your birth or that disgrace
by which you won reward—at what a price
you got the false resemblance to a man?!
Consider both your birth, and what you have
submitted to! Take up a distaff, and
wool basket! Twist your threads with practiced thumb!
Leave warfare to your men!{{sfn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.429-12.535 12.470–476]}}}}

When none of their weapons could harm him, the Centaurs buried Caeneus under mountains of trees and rocks, crushing the life out of him.{{sfn|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.429-12.535 12.477–521]}} Nestor tells Achilles that no one knew for certain what had happened to Caeneus, and that some thought he was pushed down into [[Tartarus]]. However, when a yellow bird emerged from his burial pile, the seer [[Mopsus]] said that Caeneus had been transformed (as must happen in any ''Metamorphoses'' episode) into a bird. The story of Caeneus' metamorphosis into a bird only occurs here, and, if not an Ovidian invention, is probably a [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] one.{{sfnm|Hard|2004|1loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA557 p. 557]|Gantz|1996|2p=281|Ovid, ''Metamorphoses''|3loc=[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:12.429-12.535 12.522–531]}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
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* {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|SM}} |title=Pindari Carmina cum Fragmentis |editor-last1=Snell |editor-first1=Bruno |editor-link1=Bruno Snell |editor-last2=Maehler |editor-first2=Herwig |editor-link2=Herwig Maehler |location=[[Leipzig]] |publisher=[[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]] |volume=II |year=1989}}
* {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Scholia D on Homer, ''Iliad''}} |title=Scholia D in Iliadem |editor-last=Thiel |editor-first=Helmut van |year=2014 |location=Cologne |publisher=[[University of Cologne]] |url=https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/5586/1/vanthiel.pdf#page=55 |isbn=978-3-931596-83-5}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Toye}} |last=Toye |first=David |editor-last=Worthington |editor-first=Ian |encyclopedia=Brill's New Jacoby |title=Akousilaos of Argos (2) |year=2020 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden |edition=2nd |url=https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:greekLit:fgrh.0002.bnjo-3-tr1-eng:f22 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tripp |first=Edward |title=Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology |url=https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/142/mode/2up?q=caeneus |edition=1st |year=1970 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Co |isbn=069022608X}}
* {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Virgil, ''Aeneid''}} |author=[[Virgil]] |chapter=[[Aeneid]] |title=Eclogues, Georgics, Aeneid: Books 1-6 |translator-first1=H. Rushton |translator-last1=Fairclough |translator-first2=G. P. |translator-last2=Goold |series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=1999 |orig-year=19 BC |isbn=978-0-674-99583-3 |url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL063/1916/volume.xml |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Visser |first=Edzard |editor-last1=Cancik |editor-first1=Hubert |editor-last2=Schneider |editor-first2=Helmuth |editor-last3=Salazar |editor-first3=Christine |encyclopedia=Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World — Antiquity |title=Caeneus |url=https://archive.org/details/brillsnewpaulyen0002unse/page/n463/mode/2up |year=2003 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |volume=2 |isbn=90-04-12265-6 |page=895}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Caeneus}}
* "[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9018516/Caeneus Caeneus]", ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.

{{Metamorphoses in Greco-Roman mythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into the opposite sex in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Women of Poseidon]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Mythological rape victims]]
[[Category:Lapiths]]
[[Category:Deeds of Zeus]]
[[Category:Suicides in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Men of Poseidon]]