Editing Caesarean text-type

{{Short description|New Testament text type}}
[[File:Codex Coridethianus Mk 6 19-21.jpg|thumb|Codex Coridethianus]]
In [[textual criticism of the New Testament]], '''Caesarean text-type''' is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain [[Koine Greek]] [[biblical manuscript|manuscripts]] of the four [[Gospel|Gospels]], but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament [[text types]] ([[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]], [[Western text-type|Western]] and [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]]). 

In particular a common text type has been proposed to be found: in the ninth/tenth century [[Codex Koridethi]]; in [[Codex Basilensis A. N. IV. 2]] (a Greek manuscript of the Gospels used sparingly by [[Erasmus]] in his 1516 printed Koine New Testament); and in those Gospel quotations found in the third century works of [[Origen]], which were written after he had settled in [[Early centers of Christianity#Caesarea|Caesarea]].<ref name="codex1">{{Cite book | first=Kirsopp | last=Lake | author-link=Kirsopp Lake | title=Codex 1 of the Gospels and its Allies | year=1902 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=1-59244-836-4}}</ref><ref name="origins">{{Cite book | first=Burnett Hillman | last=Streeter | title=The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins Treating of the Manuscript Tradition, Sources, Authorship, & Dates | edition=2 | year=1926 | publisher=Macmillan | location=London | url=https://archive.org/details/fourgospelsstudy0000burn_i0w1/page/n7/mode/2up | url-access=limited}}</ref> The early translations of the Gospels in [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]] also appear to witness to many of the proposed characteristic Caesarean readings, as do the small group of [[Lists of New Testament minuscules|minuscule manuscripts]] classed as [[Family 1]] and [[Family 13]]. However, some text critics such as [[Kurt Aland|Kurt]] and [[Barbara Aland]] have disputed the existence of a Caesarean text-type.{{r|TENT}}

== Description ==

A particularly distinctive common reading of the proposed text-type is in [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 27:16-17, where the bandit released by [[Pontius Pilate]] instead of Jesus is named as "Jesus [[Barabbas]]" rather than—with all other surviving witnesses—just "Barabbas". [[Origen]] notes particularly that the form "Jesus Barabbas" was common in manuscripts in [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]], whereas he had not found this reading in his previous residence in [[Alexandria]]. Otherwise the Caesarean readings have a mildly paraphrastic tendency that seems to place them between the more concise [[Alexandrian text-type|Alexandrian]], and the more expansive [[Western text-type|Western]] text-types. None of the surviving Caesarean manuscripts is claimed to witness a pure type of text, as all appear to have been to some degree assimilated with readings from the [[Byzantine text-type]].

Some writers have questioned the validity of this grouping, claiming that the classification is the result of poor research. Insofar as the Caesarean text-type does exist, then it does so only in the Gospels, with most studies focusing on readings in Mark; the text-type is not so well defined in Matthew, Luke and John. The proposed Caesarean witnesses do not appear to have any common distinctive readings in the rest of the [[New Testament]]. Some of the Caesarean manuscripts have the so-called [[Jerusalem Colophon]].

The Caesarean text-type was discovered and named by [[Burnett Hillman Streeter]] in 1924.{{r|origins}} According to some scholars such as [[Kurt Aland|Kurt]] and [[Barbara Aland]], it is only a hypothetical text-type.<ref name="TENT">{{Cite book | first1=Kurt | last1=Aland | author-link=Kurt Aland | first2=Barbara | last2=Aland | author-link2=Barbara Aland | others=Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.) | title=The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism | pages=66–67 | year=1995 | publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] | location=Grand Rapids | isbn=978-0-8028-4098-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/textnewtestament00kurt | url-access=limited}}</ref> There are no pure Caesarean manuscripts. In many cases, it is difficult to decide the original reading of the group, for instance in Mark 1:16:{{r|codex1|p=LIII}}
: {{lang|grc|αμφιβαλλοντας τα δικτυα}} — ƒ{{sup|13}} [[Minuscule 565|565.]]
: {{lang|grc|αμφιβληστρα βαλλοντας}} — ƒ{{sup|1}}
: {{lang|grc|αμφιβληστρον βαλλοντας}} — [[Minuscule 700|700.]]
: {{lang|grc|βαλλοντας αμφιβληστρον}} — [[Minuscule 28|28.]]

; Classification siglia

* [[Hermann, Freiherr von Soden|H. von Soden]] — Iota (Jerusalem) (I), in part (most strong "Caesarean" witnesses are found in Soden's I{{sup|α}} group, with family 1 being his I{{sup|η}} and family 13 being I{{sup|ι}}).

* [[Kirsopp Lake]], an outstanding British textual critic, developed the hypothesis of the relationship between ƒ{{sup|1}}, ƒ{{sup|13}}, [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]], 565, 700, and 28.<ref>{{Cite journal | first1=Kirsopp | last1=Lake | first2=Robert | last2=Blake | title=The Text of the Gospels and the Koridethi Codex | journal=Harvard Theological Review | pages=267–286 | volume=16 | issue=3 | year=1923 | doi=10.1017/S0017816000013742 | jstor=1507787| s2cid=163050334 }}</ref> Streeter carried Lake's work further by pointing to Caesarea as the original location of the family.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Frederik | last=Wisse | title=The Profile Method for Classifying and Evaluating Manuscript Evidence | page=22 | year=1982 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Michigan | isbn=978-0-8028-1918-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/profilemethodfor0000wiss/page/n5/mode/2up | url-access=registration}}</ref>

* [[Frederic G. Kenyon|F. G. Kenyon]] — Gamma (γ)<ref>{{Cite book | first=Frederic G. | last=Kenyon | author-link=Frederic G. Kenyon | title=Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament | pages=334–338 | year=1912 | publisher=Macmillan & Co. | location=London | url=https://archive.org/stream/handbooktotextua00kenyuoft#page/334/mode/2up}}</ref>

* [[Marie-Joseph Lagrange|M. J. Lagrange]] — C

== Supposed witnesses ==
The earliest potential witnesses to something alike the Caesarean manuscripts are [[Papyrus 45]] ({{Papyrus link|45}}) and some of the (now non-existent) manuscripts used by Origen. According to biblical scholar Teofilio Ayuso, {{papyrus|45}} and the quotations of Origen count as "proto-Caesarean", however the full Caesarean text only appears later in manuscripts such as Koridethi (Θ) and the early Armenian and Georgian manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Ernest Cadman | last=Colwell | author-link=Ernest Cadman Colwell | title=Studies in Methodology in Textual Criticism of the New Testament | year=1969 | publisher=Brill | location=Leiden | isbn=978-90-04-37927-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cy2hDwAAQBAJ&dq=Caesarean+text-type+Armenian&pg=PA16}}</ref> Notwithstanding this association of {{papyrus|45}} and a "proto" or "pre-Caesarean" text-type, biblical scholar [[Larry Hurtado]] quashed any sort of affiliation between {{papyrus|45}} and the Caesarean text-type. He argued only that {{papyrus|45}} and [[Codex Washingtonianus]] (W) had a close relationship in the [[Gospel of Mark]], but not with any other witness considered to represent the Caesarean text-type. Therefore, Hurtado states "the 'pre-Caesarean' witnesses are not Caesarean at all," and accordingly {{papyrus|45}} and W "[do] not belong to any major text-type."<ref>{{Cite book | first=Larry W. | last=Hurtado | author-link=Larry Hurtado | title=Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark | page=88 | year=1981 | publisher=Eerdmans | location=Michigan | isbn=0-8028-1872-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/textcriticalmeth0000hurt | url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first1=Bruce Manning | last1=Metzger | author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger | first2=Bart D. | last2=Ehrman | author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman | title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration | edition=4th | pages=310–311 | year=2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=Oxford | isbn=0-19-516667-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/textofnewtestame0000metz_k4t1 | url-access=registration}}</ref>
{| Wikitable
| style="background:#DAE" align="center" |'''Sign'''
| style="background:#DAE" align="center" |'''Name'''
| style="background:#DAE" align="center" |'''Date'''
| style="background:#DAE" align="center" |'''Content'''
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | Θ (038)
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Codex Koridethi]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]]
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 565.
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Minuscule 565]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 9th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Gospel]]s
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 28.
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Minuscule 28]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 11th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Gospel of Mark]]
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 700.
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Minuscule 700]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 11th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Gospel]]s
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 1.
and rest of [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Minuscule 1]],
[[Minuscule 118|118]], [[Minuscule 131|131]], [[Minuscule 209|209]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 12th
11th-15th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | only [[Gospel]]s
|-
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 13.
and rest of [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Minuscule 13]],
[[Minuscule 69|69]], [[Minuscule 124|124]], [[Minuscule 346|346]]
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | 13th
11th-15th
| style="background:#EBE" align="center" | [[Gospel]]s
only Gospels
|}

; Other manuscripts
{{Papyrus link|29}}, {{Papyrus link|38}}, {{Papyrus link|41}}, {{Papyrus link|48}},
[[Uncial 0188]],
[[Minuscule 174|174]], [[Minuscule 230|230]], [[Minuscule 406|406]] (?), [[Minuscule 788 (Gregory-Aland)|788]], [[Minuscule 826 (Gregory-Aland)|826]], [[Minuscule 828 (Gregory-Aland)|828]], [[Minuscule 872 (Gregory-Aland)|872]] (only in Mark), [[Minuscule 1071|1071]], 1275, [[Minuscule 1424|1424]] (only in Mark), 1604, [[Minuscule 2437|2437]], [[Lectionary 32|'''ℓ''' ''32'']].<ref>[[David Alan Black]], ''New Testament Textual Criticism'', Baker Books, 2006, p. 65.</ref>

== Textual features ==
(Apparent Caesarean witnesses in '''Bold''')

{{bibleref|Matthew|8:13}}
: {{lang|grc|και υποστρεψας ο εκατονταρχος εις τον οικον αυτου εν αυτη τη ωρα ευρεν τον παιδα υγιαινοντα}} (''and when the centurion returned to his house in that hour, he found the slave well'') - {{Script/Hebrew|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}} [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] ([[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|N]]) '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]]''' ([[Uncial 0250|0250]]) '''[[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]]''' ([[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 1241|1241.]]) [[Codex Sangermanensis I|g{{sup|1}}]] [[Harklean version|syr{{sup|h}}]]
: omit. - Majority of MSS<ref name="na26">{{Cite book | title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce M. | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | edition=26 | year=1981 | publisher=Deutsche Bibelstiftung | location=Stuttgart | isbn=3-438-051001 }} (NA26)</ref>{{rp|18}}

{{bibleref|Matthew|13:35}}
: {{lang|grc|δια Ησαιου του προφητου}} (''through Isaiah the prophet'') – '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]]''' [[Minuscule 33|33.]]
: {{lang|grc|δια του προφητου}} (''through the prophet'') — Majority of MSS<ref name="ubs3">{{Cite book | title=The Greek New Testament | editor-first1=Kurt | editor-last1=Aland | editor1-link=Kurt Aland | editor-first2=Matthew | editor-last2=Black | editor2-link=Matthew Black | editor-first3=Carlo Maria | editor-last3=Martini | editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini | editor-first4=Bruce Manning | editor-last4=Metzger | editor4-link=Bruce Metzger | editor-first5=Allen | editor-last5=Wikgren | editor5-link=Allen Wikgren | edition=3rd | year=1983 | publisher=United Bible Societies | location=Stuttgart | isbn=9783438051103 }} (UBS3)</ref>{{rp|50}}

{{bibleref|Matthew|20:23}}
: {{lang|grc|και το βαπτισμα ο εγω βαπτιζομαι βαπτισθησεσθε}} (''and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with'') - Majority of MSS
: omit. — {{Script/Hebrew|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] [[Codex Dublinensis|Z]] '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]]''' [[Uncial 085|085]] '''[[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]]''' it syr{{sup|[[Syriac versions of the Bible#Old Syriac version|s, c]]}} [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]]{{r|na26|p=56}}

{{bibleref|Matthew|27:16-17}}
: {{lang|grc|Ιησουν τον Βαραββαν}} (''Jesus Barabbas'') — '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 700|700.*]]''' [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr{{sup|s, pal}}]] arm geo
: {{lang|grc|τον Βαραββαν}} (''Barabbas'') — Majority of MSS

{{bibleref|Mark|8:14}}
: {{lang|grc|ενα μονον αρτον εχοντες}} (''only having one loaf'') — '''{{Papyrus link|45}} [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[Minuscule 700|700]]''' [[Codex Bobiensis|k]] [[Bible translations into Coptic#Sahidic|sa]]
: omit — Majority of MSS

{{bibleref|Mark|8:15}}
: {{lang|grc|των Ηρωδιανων}} (''of the Herodians'') — '''{{Papyrus link|45}} [[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]]''' 1365. [[Codex Vindobonensis Lat. 1235|i]] [[Codex Bobiensis|k]] [[Coptic versions of the Bible#Sahidic|cop{{sup|sa}}]] arm geo
: {{lang|grc|Ηρωδου}} (''of Herod'') — majority of mss

{{bibleref|Mark|8:17}}
: {{lang|grc|εν ταις καρδιαις υμων, ολιγοπιστοι}} (''in your hearts, Oh little-faithed ones'') — '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]]''' ''pc'' [[Harklean version|syr{{sup|h}}]]
: omit. - Majority of MSS

{{bibleref|Mark|9:29}}
: {{lang|grc|προσευχη και νηστεια}} (''prayer and fasting'') — '''{{Papyrus link|45}}''' [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] '''[[Codex Washingtonianus|W]]''' '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]]''' [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] '''[[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]]''' Majority of MSS
: {{lang|grc|προσευχη}} (''prayer'') — {{Script/Hebrew|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]] 0274 [[Codex Bobiensis|k]]

{{bibleref|Mark|10:19}}
: {{lang|grc|μη αποστερησης}} (''do not defraud'') — {{Script/Hebrew|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}} [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B{{sup|2}}]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Bezae|D]] [[Codex Monacensis (X 033)|X]] '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]]''' [[Minuscule 892|892.]] 1009. 1071. 1195. 1216. 1230. [[Minuscule 1241|1241]] 1253. 1344. 1365. 1646. 2174. Byz Lect
: omit. — [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|B]]* [[Codex Cyprius|K]] '''[[Codex Washingtonianus|W]]''' [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] '''[[Family 1|ƒ{{sup|1}}]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28]] [[Minuscule 700|700]]''' 1010. 1079. 1242. 1546. 2148. [[Lectionary 10|'''ℓ''' ''10'']] '''ℓ''' ''950'' '''ℓ''' ''1642'' '''ℓ''' ''1761'' [[Syriac versions of the Bible|syr{{sup|s}}]] arm geo{{r|ubs3|p=165}}

{{bibleref|Mark|12:1}}
: {{lang|grc|ανθρωπος τις εφυτευσεν αμπελωνα}} (''a certain man planted a vineyard'') — '''[[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 565|565]]''' [[Stockholm Codex Aureus|aur]] [[Codex Colbertinus|c]]
: {{lang|grc|αμπελωνα ανθρωπος εφυτευσεν}} (''a man planted a vineyard'') — {{Script/Hebrew|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Β]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Sangallensis 48|Δ]] [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 1424|1424.]]

{{bibleref|Mark|12:7}}
: {{lang|grc|θεασαμενοι αυτον ερχομενον ειπαν προς εαυτους}} (''seeing him coming, he said towards them'') — '''[[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]]''' c
: {{lang|grc|θεασαμενοι αυτον ερχομενον ειπον}} (''seeing him coming, he said'') — [[Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus|N]] '''[[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28.]]'''
: {{lang|grc|προς εαυτους ειπαν οτι}} (''he said towards them, "Because...'') — {{Script/Hebrew|[[Codex Sinaiticus|א]]}} [[Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209|Β]] [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|C]] [[Codex Regius (New Testament)|L]] '''[[Codex Washingtonianus|W]]''' [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|Ψ]] [[Minuscule 33|33.]] [[Minuscule 892|892.]]
: {{lang|grc|ειπαν προς εαυτους}} (''he said towards them'') — [[Codex Bezae|D]]
: {{lang|grc|ειπον προς εαυτους οτι}} (''he said towards them, "Because...'') — [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]] Majority of MSS

{{bibleref|Mark|13:6}}
: {{lang|grc|λέγοντες ὅτι Ἐγώ ο Xρηστός}} (''saying that, "I am the Messiah"'') — '''[[Codex Washingtonianus|W]] [[Codex Koridethi|Θ]] [[Family 13|ƒ{{sup|13}}]] [[Minuscule 28|28]]''' 61. 115. 255. 299. '''[[Minuscule 565|565.]] [[Minuscule 700|700.]]''' 1071. b c g{{sup|2}} [[Codex Rehdigeranus|l]] vg{{sup|mss}} [[Coptic versions of the Bible|sa bo]] geo{{sup|b}} arm arab{{sup|ms}} [[Cyprian|Cyp]]
: {{lang|grc|λέγοντες ὅτι Ἐγώ εἰμι}} (''saying that, "I am he"'') — Majority of MSS

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{Cite journal | first=Bruce Manning | last=Metzger | author-link=Bruce M. Metzger | title=The Caesarean Text of the Gospels | pages=457–489 | journal=Journal of Biblical Literature | volume=64 | issue=4 | year=1945| doi=10.2307/3262276 | jstor=3262276 }}

== External links ==

* [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/TextTypes.html Text Types And Textual Kinship] – from the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
* [http://www.bible-researcher.com/kenyon/sotb14.html Concerning the "Caesarean Text"]
* [https://archive.today/20121209174118/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:UlzO1n5r-4MJ:www.hypotyposeis.org/papers/Origins-SBL2004.doc=firefox-a Origins of the Caesarean text]

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[[Category:New Testament text-types]]
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