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Cairn Gorm
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{{Short description|Mountain in the Cairngorms range in the Scottish Highlands}} {{About|the mountain||Cairngorm (disambiguation){{!}}Cairngorm}} {{Distinguish|Càrn Gorm}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Cairn Gorm | other_name = {{lang|gd|'''An Càrn Gorm'''}} | photo = Stacan Dubha - geograph.org.uk - 886049.jpg | photo_caption = Cairn Gorm from Stacan Dubha to the south | elevation = {{Convert|1245|m}} | elevation_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=M&rf=525 |title=Cairn Gorm |year=2019 |publisher=Hill Bagging - the online version of the Database of British and Irish Hills (DoBIH) |accessdate=19 June 2019}}</ref> | prominence = {{convert|146|m|abbr=on}} | prominence_ref = | isolation_ref = 4.4 km (2.7 miles)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=9198|title=Cairn Gorm isolation}}</ref> | parent_peak = [[Ben Macdui]] | listing = [[Munro]] | translation = the blue cairn or the green cairn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwelly.info/|title=Dwelly-d - Dwelly's Classic Scottish Gaelic Dictionary|first=William Robertson, Michael Bauer, Edward|last=Dwelly}}</ref> | language = [[Scottish Gaelic]] | pronunciation = {{IPA|gd|əŋ ˈkʰaːrˠn̪ˠ ˈkɔɾɔm|lang}} | location = [[Cairngorms]], Scotland | coordinates = | grid_ref_UK = NJ005040 | topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 36 | easiest_route = Hike }} {{GB summits start}} {{GB summits entry |Name=Cairn Lochan |Gridref=NH985025 |Height={{convert|3986|ft|abbr=on}} |Status=Munro Top }} {{GB summits entry |Name=Stob Coire an t-Sneachda |Gridref=NH996029 |Height={{convert|3858|ft|abbr=on}} |Status=Munro Top }} {{GB summits entry |Name=Cnap Coire na Spreidhe |Gridref=NJ013049 |Height={{convert|3773|ft|abbr=on}} |Status=Munro Top }} {{GB summits entry |Name=Creag an Leth-choin |Gridref=NH968033 |Height={{convert|3455|ft|abbr=on}} |Status=Munro Top }} {{GB summits end}} '''Cairn Gorm''' ({{langx|gd|An Càrn Gorm}})<ref name="ainmean">{{cite web|url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/cairn-gorm/ |title=Cairn Gorm |work=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]]: Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland}}</ref> is a [[mountain]] in the [[Scottish Highlands]]. It is part of the [[Cairngorms]] range and wider [[Grampian Mountains]]. With a summit elevation of {{convert|1245|m|abbr=on}} [[Height above sea level|above sea level]], Cairn Gorm is classed as a [[Munro]] and is the sixth-highest mountain in the [[British Isles]]. The high, broad domed summit overlooking [[Strathspey, Scotland|Strathspey]] is one of the most readily identifiable mountains from the nearby town and regional centre of [[Aviemore]]. Although it shares its name with the Cairngorm mountains, [[Ben Macdui]] is the highest mountain in the range. The highest winds in the UK were in 1986 when a 173 mph (278 km/h) gust was recorded at Cairn Gorm. Since the 1960s over {{convert|600|ha|acre}} of the north-western slopes of the mountain in {{lang|gd|Coire Cas}} and {{lang|gd|Coire na Ciste}} have been developed for [[alpine skiing]]. The ski lift infrastructure includes a funicular railway in Coire Cas. The corrie south of Coire Cas, {{lang|gd|[[Coire an t-Sneachda]]}}, is separated from the ski area by a ridge known as {{lang|gd|Fiacaill a' Choire Chais}}. The southern slopes of Cairn Gorm overlook the remote [[Loch A'an|Loch Avon]] (pronounced Loch A'an). ==Etymology== The mountain shares its name with the wider [[Cairngorms]] mountain range and the [[Cairngorms National Park]] of which it is a part. Despite this it is neither the highest nor the most [[prominence|prominent]] mountain in the range. The Cairngorms mountain range was historically known as {{lang|gd|Am Monadh Ruadh}}, a [[Scottish Gaelic]] name meaning '''The Red Hills'''. The Scottish Gaelic {{lang|gd|Gorm}} means "blue" in English; but when describing vegetation can mean "green" or "greening", so Cairn Gorm can mean either '''Blue Cairn''' or '''Green Cairn'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwelly.info/|title=Dwelly-d - Dwelly's Classic Scottish Gaelic Dictionary|first=William Robertson, Michael Bauer, Edward|last=Dwelly}}</ref> ==Climate== [[File:Cairn Gorm weather station 2.jpg|thumb|The automated weather station on Cairn Gorm]] Cairn Gorm has a [[tundra climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''ET''). There is an automated [[weather station]] (AWS) controlled by [[Heriot-Watt University]] on the summit of the mountain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phy.hw.ac.uk/resrev/weather.htm|title=Cairn Gorm Weather Station| publisher=Heriot-Watt University. Dept. of Physics | accessdate=2008-03-17}}</ref> providing temperature and wind speed data. There is also a separate AWS run by the [[Met Office]] (synop code 03065) that publishes temperature and frost data. Cairn Gorm averages 194.4 frost days per annum, making it the coldest weather station in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfjkvjeuz|title=Cairn Gorm Summit climate|publisher=Met Office|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref> Winter low temperatures are not extreme when compared with some other UK stations, but the severity of the climate is illustrated by its cool summers. The highest temperature since 1985 is {{convert|25.5|C|F}}, recorded on 23 May 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/05-1989/ws-30650.html|title=Climate CAIRNGORM|publisher=en.tutiempo.net|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> The coldest temperature is {{convert|-26.9|C|F}} on 6 March 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/03-2007/ws-30650.html|title=Climate CAIRNGORM|publisher=en.tutiempo.net|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> Daytime temperatures staying below {{convert|0|C|F}} all day occur most frequently between October and May but have been observed during every month of the year. Daytime maximum temperatures below {{convert|-10|C|F}} and night-time temperature above {{convert|15|C|F}} are uncommon. The lowest daytime maximum was {{convert|-12.7|C|F}} on 28 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/02-2018/ws-30650.html|title=Climate CAIRNGORM|publisher=en.tutiempo.net|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> The [[Foehn wind]] can affect the mountain, particularly during late autumn and winter. This phenomenon presumably resulted in the November record high.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/11-2005/ws-30650.html|title=Climate CAIRNGORM|publisher=en.tutiempo.net|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> The warmest month on record is July 2006, with a mean temperature of {{convert|9.9|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/07-2006/ws-30650.html|title=Climate CAIRNGORM|publisher=en.tutiempo.net|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> Conversely, the coldest month on record is March 2013, with a mean temperature of {{convert|-6.7|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/03-2013/ws-30650.html|title=Climate CAIRNGORM|publisher=en.tutiempo.net|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref> Cairn Gorm is notable for having the [[United Kingdom weather records|highest ever recorded wind speed in the UK on land]]. A wind gust of {{convert|278|kph|mph|abbr=on}} was recorded on 20 March 1986.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crowder|first1=J G|last2=MacPherson|first2=W N|title=Cairngorm Automatic Weather Station Homepage|url=http://cairngormweather.eps.hw.ac.uk/details.htm|website=cairngormweather.eps.hw.ac.uk|publisher=Heriot-Watt University|access-date=19 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130010453/http://cairngormweather.eps.hw.ac.uk/details.htm|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Where are the windiest parts of the UK? |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk |website=Weather and climate |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007142704/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/windiest-place-in-uk |archive-date=7 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> A wind gust of {{convert|312|kph|mph|abbr=on}} was recorded at Cairn Gorm on 19 December 2008 but was discovered too late to be verified by the Met Office.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/4141762/Highlands-mountain-claims-strongest-UK-wind.html | title = Highlands mountain claims strongest UK wind|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=6 January 2009|first=Nick|last=Britten|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Cairn Gorm Summit, Elevation: {{convert|1245|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1981–2010 |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |width = auto | Jan high C = -1.3 | Feb high C = -1.5 | Mar high C = -0.9 | Apr high C = 1.5 | May high C = 4.3 | Jun high C = 7.1 | Jul high C = 9.5 | Aug high C = 9.2 | Sep high C = 6.9 | Oct high C = 3.9 | Nov high C = 0.8 | Dec high C = -0.5 |year high C = 3.3 | Jan mean C = -3.4 | Feb mean C = -3.8 | Mar mean C = -3.0 | Apr mean C = -1.0 | May mean C = 1.7 | Jun mean C = 4.4 | Jul mean C = 6.9 | Aug mean C = 6.6 | Sep mean C = 4.5 | Oct mean C = 1.6 | Nov mean C = -1.3 | Dec mean C = -2.8 |year mean C = 0.9 | Jan low C = -5.5 | Feb low C = -6.1 | Mar low C = -5.0 | Apr low C = -3.4 | May low C = -0.9 | Jun low C = 1.7 | Jul low C = 4.2 | Aug low C = 3.9 | Sep low C = 2.1 | Oct low C = -0.7 | Nov low C = -3.3 | Dec low C = -5.1 |year low C = -1.5 |Jan snow cm= 57 |Feb snow cm= 62 |Mar snow cm= 49 |Apr snow cm= 43 |May snow cm= 17 |Jun snow cm= 3 |Jul snow cm= trace |Aug snow cm= 0 |Sep snow cm= trace |Oct snow cm= 9 |Nov snow cm= 36 |Dec snow cm= 47 |year snow cm= |unit rain days= |Jan rain days= 1.8 |Feb rain days= 1.3 |Mar rain days= 1.2 |Apr rain days= 3.4 |May rain days= 8.6 |Jun rain days= 14.9 |Jul rain days= 16.6 |Aug rain days= 16.6 |Sep rain days= 12.2 |Oct rain days= 9.8 |Nov rain days= 4.1 |Dec rain days= 2.6 |year rain days= |unit snow days= |Jan snow days= 15.6 |Feb snow days= 15.5 |Mar snow days= 14.7 |Apr snow days= 13.1 |May snow days= 8.2 |Jun snow days= 2.6 |Jul snow days= 0.2 |Aug snow days= 0.0 |Sep snow days= 0.8 |Oct snow days= 4.8 |Nov snow days= 11.2 |Dec snow days= 14.0 |year snow days= 100.7 |source = [[Met Office]],<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gfjkvjeuz | title = Cairn Gorm Summit climate| accessdate =5 August 2015|publisher = [[Met Office]]}}</ref> Tutiempo.net,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/ws-30650.html | title = Cairn Gorm Summit temperature records| accessdate =17 June 2019|publisher = Tutiempo.net}}</ref> and snowforecast.com <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.snow-forecast.com/resorts/Cairngorm/history | title = Cairn Gorm Summit averages| accessdate =9 January 2020}}</ref> }} ==Hiking and climbing== In clear, calm weather, the ascent of Cairn Gorm is a straightforward hike via the alpine ski area on the northern slopes. But when the mountain is stormbound, particularly in winter during [[blizzard]] and high avalanche risk conditions, any ascent or descent can be potentially lethal - particularly during ''white-outs'' when it is easy to lose one's bearings near the barren, featureless summit which is ringed in many directions by precipitous drops. In common with all the highest Cairngorm summits, ascents during winter conditions (which can and usually do extend well into springtime) will often require good navigation skills and winter climbing equipment such as crampons and ice-axes. The ''Windy Ridge'' path on ''Sròn an Aonaich'' lying to the northeast of Coire Cas is a steep and direct route, and is generally recommended by local Rangers, guides and guidebooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/maps/map1_4cg.shtml|title=Cairn Gorm and the northern corries - Route Map}}</ref> Another route to the summit is the access road up the centre of Coire Cas, however this route is a track used by the railway operator's vehicles, and gives an indirect route with several steep sections. It is not recommended as an ascent route, especially during the skiing season, though it gives good views of the [[Cairngorm Mountain Railway]] in its lower sections. Also in Coire Cas, ''Fiacaill a' Choire Chais'' offers a good [[walking]] route to Cairn Gorm and the adjacent plateau. A circuit of the cliff tops overlooking the Northern Corries of Cairn Gorm is highly recommended in many guide books and publications, giving one of the finest views in Scotland.<ref>Adam Watson. The Cairngorms, Scottish Mountaineering Trust</ref> Walkers are advised to consult the local map<ref>Ordnance Survey. 1:50,000 scale. Sheet 36. Grantown and Cairngorm.</ref> and call in at the Ranger Base at the car park. There are many climbing routes at the head of [[Coire an t-Sneachda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crag.php?id=25|title=Coire an t'Sneachda}}</ref> and Coire an Lochain,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukclimbing.com/logbook/crag.php?id=74|title=Coire an Lochain (Cairngorm)}}</ref> and in winter these corries form one of Scotland's major [[ice climbing]] areas. ===1971 disaster=== {{main|Cairngorm Plateau disaster}} On 21–22 November 1971, five pupils from [[Ainslie Park High School]] in Edinburgh and a trainee instructor from Newcastle-under-Lyme died in a blizzard at Feith Buidhe on the Cairn Gorm plateau.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aircrew-saltire.org/lib128.htm|title=Cairngorm Disaster 1971 - Scottish Saltire Branch - Aircrew Association|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190548/http://www.aircrew-saltire.org/lib128.htm|archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref> It stands as the UK's worst mountaineering disaster.<ref>Cairngorm Mountain Rescue Association. 1988. Friends in High Places. ed Cliff, Peter.</ref> ==Wildlife== The mountain is home to a number of bird species, including [[dotterel]] and [[ring ouzel]] (in the spring and summer) and [[snow bunting]] and ptarmigan (also known as [[rock ptarmigan]]) (all year round). Mammals inhabiting the mountain include [[mountain hare]], [[red deer]] and a herd of [[reindeer]]. Wildflowers found on the mountain include [[Cornus suecica|dwarf cornel]], [[cloudberry]] and [[butterwort]]. For many of these species of flora and fauna, Cairn Gorm is one of their key strongholds.<ref>See, for example, Lee Evans, ''Ultimate Site Guide to Scarcer British Birds'' (1996).</ref> == Cairngorm Mountain alpine ski area == {{Infobox ski area |name = Cairngorm Mountain |picture = Cairngorm mountain ski resort base station.JPG |caption = Cairngorm Mountain base station in June 2008 |location = Cairn Gorm, near [[Aviemore]]<br />[[Highland (council area)|Highland]], Scotland<br />United Kingdom |nearest_city = [[Inverness]] – 40 mi. (65 km) |vertical = {{convert|1607|ft|abbr=on}} |top_elevation = {{convert|3757|ft|abbr=on}} |base_elevation = {{convert|2150|ft|abbr=on}} |skiable_area = |number_trails = 35 {{ubl|[[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]] 11 easier |[[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]] 10 intermediate |[[Image:Ski trail rating - red rectangle.PNG|13px]] 11 difficult |[[Image:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]] 3 very difficult}} |longest_run = |liftsystem = 13 *1 [[Cairngorm Mountain Railway|railway]] (120 person) *4 T-bar lifts *6 button lifts *2 chairlifts (mothballed) |lift_capacity = |snowfall = |snowmaking = 4 TechnoAlpin T40, 1 TechnoAlpin TF10, 8 TechnoAlpin TR8, 1 TechnoAlpin double decker Snow Factory |nightskiing = occasional |external_link = [http://www.cairngormmountain.org CairnGorm Mountain] |}} ===History=== The alpine ski area was developed on Cairn Gorm from 1960 onwards. A chairlift and chalet opened in December 1961.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=b909AAAAIBAJ&sjid=LUgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6385%2C8259230 |title=End of the trudge up Cairngorm. Official Opening of Chair-lift |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=25 December 1961 |page=8 |accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref> In the summer of 1968 a new half mile of road was built that improved access for skiing in the Coire-na-Ciste area.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d39AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5024%2C387707 |title=Skiers flocking to Cairngorm slopes |work=The Glasgow Herald |page=16 |date=3 January 1969 |access-date=14 May 2022}}</ref> It is the second largest in Scotland (after [[Glenshee Ski Centre|Glenshee]]). By the 1980s, thousands of skiers were using the slopes on busy weekends, which could often become very crowded.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMBAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2KUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2886%2C1528066 |title=Cairngorm ski expansion starts Battle of Lurcher's Gully |work=The Glasgow Herald |date=7 April 1980 |page=7 |accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref> By the 2000s, the number of skiers at Cairngorm and Scotland's other ski areas had dropped, partly as a consequence of budget airline travel making access to the Alps more attractive.<ref name="Scotsman 12Dec2006">{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/going-downhill-1-733970 |title=Going downhill |work=The Scotsman |date=12 December 2006 |accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref> Snow conditions in the Scottish Highlands are unpredictable and [[Global warming|Global Warming]] has emerged as a potential threat to the viability of the Scottish ski industry. In 2004, [[Adam Watson (scientist)|Adam Watson]] predicted that there would be no more than twenty years left for the industry.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/feb/14/climatechange.scotland |title=Global warming forces sale of Scottish winter sports resorts |first=Gerard |last=Seenan |work=The Guardian |date=14 February 2004 |accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref> However recent winters have had excellent snow cover and ski conditions and winter sports usage has recovered significantly resulting in improved finances.<ref>[http://www.winterhighland.com/general/ Winterhighland] Winterhighland. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</ref> In 2011–12 the resort trialled a TechnoAlpin T40 snow cannon, and in 2012–13 three more were leased.<ref>[http://www.trakkemaskin.no/default.asp?cid=1&nid=1706&lang= "Technoalpin continue business in Scotland "] TechnoAlpin. Retrieved 1 December 2012.</ref> A larger TF10 cannon was added for the 2013–14 season<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/outdoors/key-facts-on-the-cairngorm-ski-resort-1-3215205 |title=Key facts on the Cairngorm ski resort |work= [[The Scotsman]] |date=1 December 2013 |accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref> In April 2014 Natural Retreats was chosen by HIE as the new operator of Cairngorm Mountain Ltd.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-26920865| title=CairnGorm Mountain's new operator confirmed as Natural Retreats UK | publisher=[[BBC News]]| date=7 April 2014| accessdate=2014-04-24}}</ref> ===Funicular controversy=== [[Image:Cairn Gorm funicular dsc06413.jpg|thumb|left|The funicular track]] By 1990, much of the original infrastructure was ageing and proving increasingly difficult to maintain. The chairlifts and tows were susceptible to the high winds to which the mountain is prone, and were frequently forced to shut in winds above 25 mph (40 km/h). The operators, Cairngorm Chairlift Company, proposed removing the chairlift and replacing it with a funicular railway. There was strong opposition to the funicular from environmental groups, who were concerned about damage to the mountain and its fragile soils and plants. The eventual compromise reached, after negotiations with [[Scottish Natural Heritage]], allowed the [[Cairngorm Mountain Railway]] to be built, but with restrictions on its usage. Only those engaging in snow sports, or spectating, are allowed to exit from the top station. Other funicular users can visit the restaurant and visitor centre, but are currently restricted from leaving the building to start a walk. However, there are groups campaigning to remove this restriction. Controversy mired the building project, with budget over-runs, allegations of conflicts of interest by those connected to both Highlands and Islands Enterprise and the construction company and questions raised about the use of public money. The construction was estimated to have cost around £19.6 million, mostly funded by [[Highlands and Islands Enterprise]] (HIE), a government body. £2.7 million was provided by the [[European Union]]. The funicular opened in December 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/cairngorm-funicular-railway-opens-at-last-1-590670 |title= Cairngorm funicular railway opens at last |first=Christine |last=Grant |work=The Scotsman |date=24 December 2001 |accessdate=4 June 2017}}</ref> The railway provides access from the ski centre's day lodge base station at {{convert|2150|ft|abbr=on}} up the Coire Cas to the ski centre's Ptarmigan building at {{convert|3566|ft|abbr=on}} AMSL, a total distance of 6,460 ft (1.97 km). Thie Ptarmigan station is the highest elevation train terminal in the British Isles. [[Image:cairn gorm funicular.jpg|thumb|Funicular railway cars passing halfway up.]] == Cairn Gorm Locomotive == A locomotive operated by [[Caledonian Sleeper]], a train operator that offers sleeper trains from [[Euston railway station|London Euston]] to Scotland. The locomotive is the only [[British Rail Class 67|Class 67 locomotive]] to be operated by [[Caledonian Sleeper]]. The locomotive is the subject of a [[Hornby Railways|Hornby]] model with [[Sound chip|TTS Sound]] in [[OO gauge]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *Computer generated summit panoramas [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/GRE/Cairngorm-N.gif North] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/GRE/Cairngorm-S.gif South] [http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas.html here] *[http://www.phy.hw.ac.uk/resrev/weather.htm Cairn Gorm Weather Station] *[http://www.cairngormmountain.org CairnGorm Mountain Ltd.] {{coord|57.1171|-3.6423|display=title}} {{Scottish Munros section 8}} [[Category:Munros]] [[Category:Mountains and hills of the Cairngorms]] [[Category:Mountains and hills of Moray]] [[Category:Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)]] [[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Scotland]] [[Category:Climbing areas of Scotland]] [[Category:One-thousanders of Scotland]] [[Category:Strath Avon]]
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