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Calcium phosphate
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{{short description|Chemical compound}} {{For|the function of calcium phosphate in organisms|Calcium metabolism}} {{Chembox | ImageFile = Hydroxylapatite-338779.jpg | ImageCaption = Hydroxyapatite crystal | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 7758-87-4 | EC_number = 233-283-6 | PubChem = 24456 | UNII = K4C08XP666 | StdInChIKey = QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H }} | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties | Formula = Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> | MolarMass = 310.18 g/mol | Appearance = White Solid | Odor = Odorless | Density = 3.14 g/cu cm<ref name=crc>{{cite web | url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Calcium-phosphate | title=Calcium Phosphate }}</ref> | MeltingPtC = 1670 | MeltingPt_ref = <ref name=crc/> | Solubility = Practically insoluble with [[water]] | Solvent2 = Ethanol | Solubility2 = Insoluble with [[ethanol]] (also [[acetic acid]]) }} | Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards | GHSPictograms = {{GHS07}} | GHSSignalWord = Warning | HPhrases = {{H-phrases|315|319|335}} | PPhrases = {{P-phrases|101|102|103|261|264|271|280|270|302+352|304+340|305+351+338}} | NFPA-H = 2 | NFPA-F = 0 | NFPA-R = 1 | NFPA-S = | FlashPt = Non-flammable | ExternalSDS = [https://beta-static.fishersci.com/content/dam/fishersci/en_US/documents/programs/education/regulatory-documents/sds/chemicals/chemicals-c/S25229.pdf fishersci.com] }} }} The term '''calcium phosphate''' refers to a family of materials and [[mineral]]s containing [[calcium]] [[ion]]s (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) together with inorganic [[phosphate]] anions. Some so-called calcium phosphates contain [[oxide]] and [[hydroxide]] as well. Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritional value<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book|author1=Klaus Schrödter|author2=Gerhard Bettermann|author3=Thomas Staffel|author4=Friedrich Wahl|author5=Thomas Klein|author6=Thomas Hofmann|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|chapter=Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates|series=Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2008|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3|isbn=978-3527306732|s2cid=94458523 }}</ref> and are found in many living organisms, e.g., [[bone mineral]] and [[tooth enamel]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-15|title=What Substances Make Up Your Teeth? – Affordable Dental Care|url=https://www.towncaredental.com/blog/what-substances-make-up-your-teeth/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=www.towncaredental.com|language=en-us}}</ref> In milk, it exists in a colloidal form in [[micelles]] bound to [[casein]] protein with [[magnesium]], [[zinc]], and [[citrate]]–collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP).<ref>{{cite book|title=Brined cheeses - The Society of Dairy Technology (SDT)|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2006|isbn=978-1-4051-2460-7|editor=A. Y. Tamime}}</ref> Various calcium phosphate minerals, which often are not white owing to impurities, are used in the production of [[phosphoric acid]] and [[fertilizer]]s. Overuse of certain forms of calcium phosphate can lead to [[nutrient]]-containing [[surface runoff]] and subsequent adverse effects upon receiving waters such as [[algal bloom]]s and [[eutrophication]] (over-enrichment with nutrients and minerals).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xiao |first1=Zhengyang |last2=Tan |first2=Albern X. |last3=Xu |first3=Vincent |last4=Jun |first4=Young-Shin |last5=Tang |first5=Yinjie J. |date=2022 |title=Mineral-hydrogel composites for mitigating harmful algal bloom and supplying phosphorous [''sic''] for photo-biorefineries |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=847 |pages=157533 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157533 |pmc=9755271 |pmid=35878849|bibcode=2022ScTEn.84757533X }}</ref> ==Orthophosphates, di- and monohydrogen phosphates== These materials contain Ca<sup>2+</sup> combined with {{chem|PO|4|3−}}, {{chem|HPO|4|2−}}, or {{chem|H|2|PO|4|−}}: * [[Monocalcium phosphate]], E341 (CAS# 7758-23-8 for anhydrous; CAS#10031-30-8 for monohydrate: Ca(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and Ca(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O) * [[Dicalcium phosphate]] (dibasic calcium phosphate), E341(ii) (CAS# 7757-93-9): CaHPO<sub>4</sub> (mineral: [[monetite]]), dihydrate CaHPO<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub> (mineral: [[brushite]]) and monohydrate CaHPO<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O) * [[Tricalcium phosphate]] (tribasic calcium phosphate or tricalcic phosphate, sometimes referred to as calcium phosphate or calcium orthophosphate, [[whitlockite]]), E341(iii) (CAS#7758-87-4): Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> * [[Octacalcium phosphate]] (CAS# 13767-12-9): Ca<sub>8</sub>H<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>·5H<sub>2</sub>O * [[Amorphous calcium phosphate]] is a glassy precipitate of variable composition that may be present in biological systems. ==Di- and polyphosphates== These materials contain Ca<sup>2+</sup> combined with the [[polyphosphate]]s, such as [[pyrophosphate|{{chem|P|2|O|7|4−}}]] and triphosphate {{chem|P|3|O|10|5−}}: * [[Dicalcium diphosphate]] (CAS#7790-76-3]: Ca<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> * [[Calcium triphosphate]] (CAS# 26158-70-3): Ca<sub>5</sub>(P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ==Hydroxy- and oxo-phosphates== These materials contain other anions in addition to phosphate: * [[Hydroxyapatite]] Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH) * [[Apatite]] Ca<sub>10</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>6</sub>(OH,F,Cl,Br)<sub>2</sub> * [[Tetracalcium phosphate]] (CAS#1306-01-0): Ca<sub>4</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>O ==Culinary use== Calcium phosphate was approved by the FDA<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-three-food-colors-natural-sources|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509155205/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-three-food-colors-natural-sources|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 9, 2025|title=FDA Approves Three Food Colors from Natural Sources|publisher=[[FDA]]|lang=en}}</ref> in the USA for use as a white [[food coloring]] because of a 2023 petition from Innophos Inc. of Cranbury, New Jersey. [https://apnews.com/article/fda-food-dyes-natural-color-additives-897923a5969b636e0eee848982906014] ==Clinical significance== Calcium phosphate stones account for approximately 15% of [[kidney stone disease]]. Calcium phosphate stones tend to grow in alkaline urine, especially when [[Proteus (bacterium)|''Proteus'' bacteria]] are present. It is the most common type in pregnant women.<ref name=Frassetto2011>{{cite journal| author=Frassetto L, Kohlstadt I| title=Treatment and prevention of kidney stones: an update. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2011 | volume= 84 | issue= 11 | pages= 1234–42 | pmid=22150656 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22150656 }}</ref> Calcium phosphate is the usual constitution of [[microcalcification]]s of the [[breast]], particularly [[dystrophic calcification]]s. Microcalcifications as can be seen on [[mammography]] can be an early sign of [[breast cancer]]. Based on morphology, it is possible to classify by radiography how likely microcalcifications are to indicate cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nalawade |first1=Yojana V |title=Evaluation of breast calcifications |journal=The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging |date=November 2009 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.4103/0971-3026.57208 |pmid=19881103 |issn=0971-3026|pmc=2797739 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <gallery heights=160 widths=200> File:Urine crystals comparison.png|Urine crystals comparison, with calcium phosphate crystal depicted at top center. File:Histopathology of dystrophic microcalcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ.jpg|Histopathology of dystrophic calcium phosphate microcalcifications in [[ductal carcinoma in situ]] (DCIS) of the breast, H&E stain. </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Calcium compounds}} {{Phosphates}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Calcium Phosphate}} [[Category:Calcium compounds]] [[Category:Phosphates]] [[Category:Excipients]] [[Category:E-number additives]]
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