Editing Caldera International

{{Short description|Defunct American software company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Caldera International, Inc.
| logo = Caldera International logo.svg
| image = Caldera Systems offices in Orem Utah January 2001.jpg
| image_caption = Caldera International headquarters office in [[Orem, Utah]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ was|CALD}}
| fate = Changed management, name, direction (2002)
| foundation = [[Orem, Utah]] (1998)
| former_name = Caldera Systems, Inc. (1998–2001)
| location_city = [[Orem, Utah]]
| location_country = United States
| locations = [[Santa Cruz, California]]; [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]]; [[Watford, England]]; others
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Ransom H. Love, President and CEO
* Drew Spencer, CTO
}}
| num_employees = 120 (2000)<br/>664 (ca. May 2001<!-- or 2001-08-01? -->)<ref name="SEC_2002_CII"/><br/>
618 (2001)<br/>400 (2002)<br/>388 (2002-07-31)<ref name="SEC_2002_CII"/>
| industry = [[Operating system]] [[software]]
| products = [[Caldera OpenLinux]], [[UnixWare]], [[OpenServer]], Volution Manager, Volution Online, Volution Messaging Server
| revenue = 
| net_income = 
| homepage = {{URL|www.caldera.com}}
}}
'''Caldera International, Inc.''', earlier '''Caldera Systems''', was an American software company that existed from 1998 to 2002 and developed and sold [[Linux]]- and [[Unix]]-based [[operating system]] products.

Caldera Systems was created in August 1998 as a spinoff of [[Caldera, Inc.]], with Ransom Love as its CEO. It focused on selling [[Caldera OpenLinux]], a high-end [[Linux distribution]] aimed at business customers that included features it developed, such as an easy-to-use, graphical installer and graphical and web-based system administration tools, as well as features from bundled [[proprietary software]].  Caldera Systems was also active in the [[Java (software platform)|Java language and software platform]] on Linux community.

In March 2000, Caldera Systems staged a successful [[initial public offering|IPO]] of its stock, although the stock price did not reach the stratospheric heights of its chief competitor [[Red Hat]] and some other companies during the "Linux mania" of 1999.

In August 2000, Caldera Systems announced the purchase of Unix technology and services from the [[Santa Cruz Operation]] (SCO).  The much larger, merged company changed its name to Caldera International when the deal closed in May 2001.  Caldera International sought to shape SCO's [[UnixWare]] product (renamed Open UNIX) to present a unified view of Unix and Linux that could satisfy high-end business needs and take advantage of SCO's large reseller channel.  The Volution suite of higher-layer solutions for system management, mail and messaging, and authentication also had the same goal.  Caldera International was part of the [[United Linux]] effort of Linux companies seeking to form a common distribution that could compete with Red Hat.

In the end none of these efforts succeeded in the marketplace, and Caldera Systems/International lost large amounts of money in all four years of its existence. Under severe financial pressure, in June 2002 Love was replaced as CEO by [[Darl McBride]], who soon adopted the corporate name [[The SCO Group]] and took that entity in a completely different business direction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SCO UnixWare Operating System|url=https://www.bus.umich.edu/kresgepublic/journals/gartner/research/90000/90038/90038.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.bus.umich.edu|archive-date=2017-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501153120/http://www.bus.umich.edu/KresgePublic/Journals/Gartner/research/90000/90038/90038.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Caldera Systems ==
=== Background and formation ===
{{main|Caldera, Inc.}}
[[Caldera, Inc.]], based in [[Utah]], was founded in 1994 by [[Bryan Wayne Sparks]] and Ransom H. Love, receiving start-up funding from [[Ray Noorda]]'s [[Canopy Group]].<ref name="eweek-ransom-2003"/> Its main product was [[Caldera Network Desktop]] (CND), a [[Linux distribution]] mainly targeted at business customers and containing some proprietary additions. Caldera, Inc. later purchased the German [[LST Software GmbH]] and its LST Power Linux distribution, which was made the basis of their following product [[Caldera OpenLinux]] (COL).

Caldera, Inc. inherited a lawsuit against [[Microsoft]] when it purchased [[DR-DOS]] from [[Novell]] in 1996. This ''[[Caldera v. Microsoft]]'' action related to Caldera's claims of [[monopolization]], [[tying (commerce)|illegal tying]], [[exclusive dealing]], and [[tortious interference]] by Microsoft.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices: Alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market |publisher=Caldera |date=July 24, 1996 |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232924/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera"/>

On September 2, 1998,<!-- NB. Press release was on 2 September 1998, but "Asset purchase and sale agreement of Caldera, Systems, Inc. and Caldera, Inc." and "Amendment to asset purchase and sale agreement" date 1 September 1998. Caldera Systems, Inc. was incorporated on 21 August 1998. --> Caldera, Inc. announced the creation of two Utah-based wholly owned subsidiaries, Caldera Systems, Inc. and [[Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.]], in order to split up tasks and directions.<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries">{{cite press release |title=Caldera Creates Two {{sic|hide=y|Wholly|-}}Owned Subsidiaries |date=September 2, 1998 |publisher=[[PRNewswire]] |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=15948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234105/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/caldera-creates-two-wholly-owned-subsidiaries-156626585.html |archive-date=June 24, 2017}}</ref>
Caldera Systems, whose actual incorporation date had been August 21, 1998,<ref name="sec-10-k">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1102542/000104746903003091/a2101798z10-k.htm |title=Form 10-K: For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2002: Caldera International, Inc. |publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |date=January 27, 2003}}</ref> took over the Linux business, including development, training, services, and support, while Caldera Thin Clients (which changed its name to [[Lineo]] the following year) took over the DOS and embedded business.<ref name="lj-splits">{{cite news |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/327523.327546 |title=Caldera Splits |author-first=Phil |author-last=Hughes |work=[[Linux Journal]] |date=November 1999 }}</ref>  The shell company Caldera, Inc., remained responsible for the lawsuit only.<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/>

=== "Linux for Business" ===
Caldera Systems was headquartered in [[Orem, Utah]], and was headed by co-founder Ransom Love as President and CEO.<ref name="lj-splits"/>  Caldera Deutschland GmbH, based in [[Erlangen, Germany]], served as their Linux development center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historie |language=de |date=2018 |orig-year=2001 |publisher=LST – Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. |url=http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |access-date=August 4, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804152549/http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |archive-date=August 4, 2018}}</ref>  Drew Spencer joined in 1999 and became the company's Chief Technology Officer.<ref name="tdh-layoff"/>

The company targeted the Linux-based software business with its [[Linux distribution]] named Caldera OpenLinux, and the Caldera Systems business plan stressed the importance of corporate training, support, and services.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/122905153/?terms=%22caldera%2Bsystems%22 |title=Free radical Linux sees Window of opportunity |author-first=Amy |author-last=Harmon |agency=[[The New York Times]], Bloomberg News |newspaper=The Age |location=Melbourne |date=October 6, 1998 |page=IT-2 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
Towards this end they created a [[professional certification]] program for Linux as well as for the [[K Desktop Environment 1|KDE]] desktop that the Caldera Systems distribution used.<ref name="LWN_2000">{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/2000/features/Comdex/RansomLove.php3 |title=Ransom Love Interview and Caldera Systems, Inc at Comdex Fall 2000 |publisher=LWN.net |date=November 20, 2000 |author-first1=Forrest |author-last1=Cook |author-first2=Rebecca |author-last2=Sobol}}</ref>  In doing so they worked with the [[Linux Professional Institute]] in developing class materials and created a series of Authorized Linux Education Centers around the globe that would train successful students towards doing well in Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs.<ref name="lj-training">{{cite news |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/348429.348448|title=Jim Higgins, Caldera Training |author-first=Majorie |author-last=Richardson |work=[[Linux Journal]] |date=March 2000}}</ref>  Beginning courses trained on several difficult Linux distributions as well as Caldera OpenLinux, while more advanced courses focused on OpenLinux only<ref name="lj-training"/> (the name OpenLinux tended to annoy other Linux distributions, suggesting as it did that the others were not open).<ref name="moody"/>

The early leader in the Linux as a business race was [[Red Hat Software]], which attracted equity investments from several major technology companies in early 1999.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/09/business/linux-supplier-to-get-equity-investment.html |title=Linux Supplier to Get Equity Investment |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 9, 1999 |page=C4}}</ref>  Red Hat also tended to get the most media attention.<ref name="itpro"/>  Besides Red Hat and Caldera, other well-known companies selling Linux distributions included [[SUSE S.A.|SuSE]], [[Turbolinux]], and [[Mandrake Soft]].<ref name="nyt-101899"/>  But no company at the time had been successful in building a profitable business around open source software.<ref name="zd-ring-ii">{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/red-hat-and-caldera-get-in-the-ring-pt-ii/ |title=Red Hat and Caldera get in the ring Pt II |author-first=Joseph C. |author-last=Panettieri |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=August 14, 2000}}</ref>

Caldera Systems focused on a high-end Linux product and its Linux distribution became rich with features with bundled [[proprietary software]].  For instance, the company offered [[NetWare for Linux]], which included a full-blown [[NetWare]] implementation from Novell.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79 |title=NetWare for Linux: neat party trick |author-first=Tom |author-last=Yager |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=August 17, 1998 |page=79}}</ref>
They licensed [[Sun Microsystems]]'s [[Wabi (software)|Wabi]] to allow people to run Windows applications under Linux.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2076 |title=Wabi: Caldera's Solution for Windows Applications |work=[[Linux Journal]] |access-date=January 9, 2012}}</ref> Additionally, they shipped with Linux versions of [[WordPerfect]] from [[Corel]] as well as productivity applications from [[Applixware]].<ref name="lc-list"/> Since many of their customers used a [[dual boot]] setup, Caldera shipped with [[PowerQuest]]'s [[PartitionMagic]] to allow their customers to non-destructively [[Partition (computing)|repartition]] their [[hard disk]]s.<ref name="lc-list">{{cite news |url=https://www.linux.com/news/caldera-openlinux/ |title=Caldera OpenLinux |author-first=Benjamin D. |author-last=Thomas |publisher=Linux.com |date=August 23, 1999}}</ref><ref name="itpro"/>

This approach led to a debate about the purity of Linux-based products.  Red Hat CEO [[Bob Young (businessman)|Bob Young]] said in 1999, "One where you might see a problem is Caldera, because they see part of their value added in proprietary tools they have licensed from third parties."  In response, a Caldera Systems executive expressed the company's philosophy: "We have produced a product that combines the best of open-source and commercial packages; we are doing Linux for business. We do add to it commercial packages that allow business users to easily integrate it."<ref name="nyt-101899">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/18/business/technology-supporters-of-linux-worry-that-commercialization-could-bring-chaos.html |title=Technology: Supporters of Linux Worry That Commercialization Could Bring Chaos |author-first=Lawrence M. |author-last=Fisher |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 18, 1999 |page=C5}}</ref>

Caldera OpenLinux was also available on a retail basis, in the form of a [[CD-ROM]] for installing Linux on an [[IBM PC compatible]] machine that sold for {{currency|amount=49|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/08/technology/mac-windows-and-now-linux.html |title=Mac, Windows And Now, Linux |author-first=Katie |author-last=Hafner |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 8, 1998 |page=G1}}</ref>

[[OpenLinux 2.2]], released in April 1999, was seen as significantly improved from the previous year's [[OpenLinux 1.3|1.3]] release, especially in terms of it having a fully graphical and easy-to-use installation feature.<ref name="itpro">{{cite news |url=https://www.itprotoday.com/windows-8/red-hat-caldera-release-new-versions-linux |title=Red Hat, Caldera release new versions of Linux |author-first=Paul |author-last=Thurrott |publisher=ITPro Today |date=April 25, 1999}} (See also: [https://www.linux.co.cr/distributions/review/1999/0514.html])</ref>  
Ease of installation was an important criteria in selecting a Linux distribution,<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/> and Caldera Deutschland had created this first fully graphical installer for Linux, called Lizard, starting in November 1998.<ref name="Lizard">{{cite web |url=http://rant.gulbrandsen.priv.no/linux/openlinux-lizard |title=The Openlinux Lizard |website=rant.gulbrandsen.priv.no |access-date=September 21, 2017}}</ref>  Several years later it was still receiving praise from reviewers.<ref name="lw-vms"/>  The installer could even be started from a [[Microsoft Windows]] partition.<ref name="itpro"/>

Industry writer [[Hal Plotkin]] praised Caldera as a product development company and noted that OpenLinux won several industry awards, including 1999 product of the year from ''[[Linux Journal]]''.<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/>

=== Other products and projects ===
In addition to other people's applications, Caldera Systems created many Linux extensions to fill voids where no other commercial company was.

Caldera Systems created a full-featured GUI system administration tool called Caldera Open Administration System (COAS) that was deployed during 1999. The tool was a unified, easy to use administration tool with a [[modular design]] and goals of [[scalability]] and broad scope applicability, and was expressly designed to be usable on other Linux distributions in addition to Caldera Systems'.<ref name="COAS_lj_1999">{{cite journal |url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=327675 |title=COAS: A Flexible Approach to System Administration Tools |date=February 1999 |journal=Linux Journal |author-first=Olaf |author-last=Kirch|volume=1999 |issue=58es |pages=1–es }}</ref>
Following that, Caldera Systems sponsored the development of browser-based Unix system administration via the [[webmin]] project between 1999 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmin.com/about.html |title=About the author |date=2 October 2017 |publisher=Webmin.com |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> It became the first Linux distribution to include Webmin as the standard tool for system administration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webmin.com/partners.html |title=Webmin Supporters |publisher=Webmin.com |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>

Caldera Systems was a leader in the adoption of the [[Java (software platform)|Java language and software platform]] on Linux.<ref name="jcp-ec-briers"/>  The [[Blackdown Java]] project, which first produced working Java ports for Linux systems, was featured on Caldera OpenLinux.<ref name="bd-jcp-ec">{{cite web |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/java-linux@java.blackdown.org/msg12909.html |title=[Announce] Blackdown Java2 SE 1.3; Debian packages for Java2, Java3D, JAI |author-first=Juergen |author-last=Kreileder |publisher=Blackdown Java |date=October 4, 2000}}</ref>  
In 2000, Caldera Systems was one of the companies elected to the inaugural [[JCP Executive Committee]] for Java SE/EE, which guided the evolution of Java language and software platform through the [[Java Community Process]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/jcpec-elections.html |title=Java Community ProcessSM Election Results Are In! |publisher=Java Community Process |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>  Caldera Systems' role on the Executive Committee included representing the Linux and open source communities.<ref name="bd-jcp-ec"/>

The company was re-elected to its seat on the Executive Committee after it became Caldera International, and represented Java usage on SCO Unix platforms as well.<ref name="jcp-ec-briers">{{cite web |url=https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/news/2002/01/SEEEratified.html |title=Round Table: Standard/Enterprise Edition EC Ratified |author-first=John |author-last=Bacon |publisher=Java Community Process |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref>
Work to improve [[just-in-time compilation]] under the Sun "Classic JVM" for SCO Unix platforms that begun under SCO was completed with Caldera International.<ref name="jit-paper">{{cite journal |title=The simplest heuristics may be the best in Java JIT compilers |author-last=Schilling |author-first=Jonathan L. |journal=SIGPLAN Notices |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=February 2003 |pages=36–46 |doi=10.1145/772970.772975 |s2cid=15117148 }}</ref><ref name="jdk-113-rn"/> 
Caldera Systems was also involved in several [[Java Specification Request]]s,<ref name="jcp-ec-briers"/> including being the specification lead for JSR 140, [[Service Location Protocol]] API for Java,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=140 |title=JSR 140: Service Location Protocol (SLP) API for Java |publisher=Java Community Process |access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> and participating in the [[WBEM Services Specification|JSR 48 WBEM Services Specification]].<ref name="jcp-ec-briers"/>

=== Investments and IPO ===
[[Image:Caldera Systems office interior in Orem Utah January 2001.jpg|thumb|left|Workplaces and offices within the Caldera Systems headquarters]]

Caldera Systems had not been profitable; for the company's 1998 fiscal year, ending on October 31, it had a loss of $7.9 million on revenue of $1.05 million, and for its 1999 fiscal year, it had a loss of $9.3 million on revenue of $3.05 million.<ref name="cnbc-ipo">{{cite news |url=http://plotkin.com/cnbcs113/ |title=Caldera Systems IPO Soars in Debut |author-first=Hal |author-last=Plotkin |publisher=CNBC |date=March 21, 2000}}</ref>
However, the industry saw promise in Linux as a solution for businesses, and in the latter half of 1999 a "Linux hysteria" had erupted in the stock market, with first Red Hat in August 1999 and then [[Cobalt Networks]] and [[VA Linux]] in November and December 1999 having experienced huge jumps in value during their first day each of trading.<ref name="ecomm-ipo"/>

On January 10, 2000, three things happened, all of which were coincidental.<ref name="deseret-schechter">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/11/19485152/calderas-have-a-big-day-same-day-coincidentally |title=Calderas have a big day same day -- coincidentally |author-first=Jenifer K. |author-last=Nii |newspaper=Deseret News |date=January 11, 2000}}</ref>  
A settlement to the ''[[Caldera v. Microsoft]]'' suit over [[DR-DOS]] was announced, with Microsoft paying former parent company Caldera, Inc. an amount estimated at $275&nbsp;million<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/> (which turned out to be $280&nbsp;million).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-microsoft-novell/novell-wins-appeal-in-microsoft-antitrust-lawsuit-idUSTRE74301O20110504 | title=Novell wins appeal in Microsoft antitrust lawsuit | work=Reuters | date=May 3, 2011}}</ref>
Caldera Systems received a $30&nbsp;million private equity investment from a group of companies that included [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Novell]], [[Citrix]], [[Santa Cruz Operation]], [[Chicago Venture Partners]], and [[Egan-Managed Capital]],<ref name="reg-30m">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/01/11/sun_sco_novell_citrix_put/ |title=Sun, SCO, Novell, Citrix put bucks into Caldera |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |work=[[The Register]] |date=January 11, 2000}}</ref> with the goal to "fund operations and accelerate the growth and acceptance of Linux."<ref name="deseret-schechter"/>  Also, Caldera Systems announced that it would be filing to have an [[initial public offering]].<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/>  Ransom Love said that the Microsoft settlement would not benefit Caldera Systems other than that Caldera, Inc. would relinquish the name "Caldera",<ref name="deseret-schechter"/> which would address existing industry confusion between the two.<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement"/>  Reports at the time also indicated that the settlement would not directly benefit Caldera Systems,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/02/29/microsoft_and_caldera_dispelling/ | title=Microsoft and Caldera – dispelling the myths | author-first=Graham | author-last=Lea | work=The Register | date=February 29, 2000}}</ref> but that Caldera Systems could get an intangible benefit from a name association with a company that had bested an industry giant.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/16/19486018/settlement-fuels-caldera-family-br-orem-company-is-settling-up-with-spinoffs-thriving | title=Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving | author-first=Lois M. | author-last=Collins | newspaper=Deseret News | date=January 16, 2000}}</ref>  Love also said that the timing between the funding round, work for which had begun six months earlier, and the IPO announcement was "unfortunate, and completely coincidental".<ref name="deseret-schechter"/>

Caldera Systems reincorporated in Delaware on March 6, 2000.<ref name="sec-10-k"/><!-- NB. A contract states 2 March 2000, see http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/formation/incorporation/5411.html -->
By this point it was well positioned in some respects, such as having a strong relationship with Sun and receiving good product reviews within the industry.<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/>  But it suffered from a lack of public awareness; as [[International Data Corporation|IDC]] analyst Dan Kusnetzky said, "They have a wonderful demo, and the product looks very good. But if you asked people on the street about Caldera they would probably think you are talking about a volcano in Hawaii."<ref name="cnbc-ipo"/>

The company then staged an IPO of its common stock, with the symbol CALD.<ref name="ecomm-ipo">{{cite news |url=https://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/2797.html | title=Caldera IPO Marks First Linux Disappointment |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Beale |work=E-Commerce Times |date=March 22, 2000}}</ref>  On the first day of trading, March 21, 2000, Caldera Systems' shares doubled in value, going from an initial price of $14 to close at $29 7/16,<ref name="bnbg-ipo">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/428622118/?terms=%22caldera%2Bsystems%22 |title=Caldera shares double on 1st day |agency=Bloomberg News |newspaper=The Boston Globe |date=March 22, 2000 |page=D2}}</ref> with heavy trading been seen and an intra-day high of $33.<ref name="ecomm-ipo"/>
The IPO raised $70 million for the company and gave it a market capitalization of $1.1 billion.<ref name="bnbg-ipo"/>

While the launch was successful on its own terms, analysts saw signs that the Linux mania was finally cooling, abetted by Red Hat and VA Linux having seen their values steadily decrease since their spectacular starts.<ref name="bnbg-ipo"/><ref name="moody"/>  So, while some observers viewed the IPO as a success, others viewed it as a disappointment.<ref name="ecomm-ipo"/>  Red Hat continued to dominate in North America, with an over 50 percent share of the Linux market.<ref name="forbes-deal"/>

== Caldera International ==
=== Acquisition of SCO UNIX ===
[[Image:Forum 2000 quarry keynote Ransom Love speaking.jpg|thumb|right|Caldera Systems CEO Ransom Love speaking to the assembled SCO user and reseller community during the opening keynote addresses of the Forum 2000 conference in the quarry amphitheater of UC Santa Cruz]]
[[File:Caldera Systems and SCO merger card.jpg|thumb|Placard describing the merged operations of Caldera Systems and [[Santa Cruz Operation]], 2000]]
On August 2, 2000, following several months of negotiations, [[Santa Cruz Operation]] announced that it would sell its Server Software and Services Divisions, including [[UnixWare]] – its most technically advanced proprietary Unix operating systems for [[IBM PC compatible|Intel commodity hardware]] – to Caldera Systems.<ref name="reg-deal">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/08/02/caldera_goes_unix_with_sco/ |title=Caldera goes Unix with SCO acquisition |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |work=[[The Register]] |date=August 2, 2000}}</ref><ref name="scs-deal">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/95621724/?terms=sco%2Bcaldera |title=SCO spins off two divisions for cash, stock |author-first=Marina |author-last=Malinkoff |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=August 3, 2000 |pages=A1, A12 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
(The agreement was phrased in terms of Caldera Holding, Inc., a typical [[Newco]] in such transactions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://contracts.onecle.com/sco/caldera.mer.2000.08.01.shtml |title=Agreement and Plan of Reorganization, By and Among ... August 1, 2000 |publisher=Onecle |access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>)  The annual [[SCO Forum]] conference of developers and resellers at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], held later that month, had its name shortened to just "Forum".<ref name="dqi-2000"/>

The deal was complex, involving cash, stock, and loans, and difficult to evaluate monetarily, but based on the price of Caldera Systems stock at the time it was worth around $110–114 million.<ref name="zd-ring-ii"/><ref name="scs-deal"/><ref name="dqi-2000"/>  SCO was much the bigger company, with 900 employees to Caldera Systems' 120.<ref name="zd-ring-ii"/>  But SCO had been in distress; in part due to the advent of Linux, a series of previously good financial results had gone sour for the company as 1999 turned into 2000.<ref name="dqi-2000">{{cite news | url=https://www.dqindia.com/tarantella-inc-sco-s-second-coming/ | title=Tarantella Inc SCO's Second Coming | publisher=[[Dataquest India]] | date=September 22, 2000}}</ref>  As ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine stated, "Questions remain about execution, but the deal is at least a temporary life preserver for SCO, whose flagship UnixWare server software was in danger of eventually becoming irrelevant in the face of Linux."<ref name="forbes-deal"/>

As Caldera Systems saw it, Unix and Linux were complementary rather than competitive technologies, especially in the sense that SCO Unix represented a good back-office and database solution while Linux specialized in networking.<ref name="LWN_2000"/>  
The deal gave Caldera Systems access to partnerships with [[Compaq Computer]] and [[IBM]], both of which resold UnixWare, and also meant Caldera Systems would become the world's largest vendor of Unix licenses.<ref name="zd-ring-ii"/>  SCO also had thousands of business applications running on it targeted to [[vertical market]]s.<ref name="LWN_2000"/>  In addition, Caldera Systems saw SCO's role as one of the OS companies involved in [[Project Monterey]] as a means to develop a [[64-bit computing]] strategy.<ref name="eweek-ransom-2003"/>

But a primary reason for the acquisition was to get SCO's {{val|15000}}-strong reseller channel.<ref name="reg-deal"/>  Caldera Systems had been emphasizing trying to get into much the same VAR channel business that SCO was in,<ref name="lj-hitched">{{cite news |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/364412.364443 |title=From the Publisher: UnixWare and Linux Get Hitched |author-first=Phil |author-last=Hughes |work=[[Linux Journal]] |date=October 2000}}</ref> using the argument that resellers could find larger margins with free software than by selling Microsoft's [[Windows NT]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/349749.349758|title=VARs: Increasing Margins through Free Software |author-first=Dean |author-last=Taylor |work=[[Linux Journal]] |date=August 2000 }}</ref>  But it had been a difficult sell against SCO; even when Linux outperformed SCO Unix, the idea of switching vendors and support organizations made resellers reluctant to make the move.<ref name="lj-hitched"/>

So combining these channels was seen as a solution to this problem.<ref name="lj-hitched"/>  As the president of iXorg, a reseller organization focused on SCO, stated, "The real value that Caldera will get from the deal is not the Unix name, not the [SCO] customer base, not even the technologies. It is the reseller channel."<ref name="zd-ring-ii"/>  Skeptics noted, however, that many of those listed resellers were probably not that active anymore, especially in light of SCO's recent struggles<ref name="reg-deal"/> (it had reported a $19 million quarterly loss a week before the acquisition announcement).<ref name="scs-deal"/>
Traditional SCO users were leery of the move, but Love tried to reassure them that the SCO Unix operating systems would continue on: "Why would we buy it to destroy what we buy? That wouldn't make any sense."<ref name="cw-faith">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efPxExcvBvMC&pg=PA85 |title=SCO's UnixWare Users Keep the Faith |author-first=Tood R. |author-last=Weiss |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |date=August 28, 2000 |page=85}}</ref>

There were hurdles to be overcome, including a fair amount of enmity for SCO within the Linux community.<ref name="forbes-deal"/>
A major question became whether Caldera Systems would make the SCO-acquired Unix source code open source.  Ransom Love initially said, "While we're having to look carefully at the licensing, we're going to open up the [UnixWare] source as much as possible, and at least some of it will be under" the [[GNU Public Licence]].<ref name="zd-ring-ii"/>  But there was pushback on the idea from the UnixWare staff in New Jersey, and in addition the license issues involved proved formidable.  Love later said, "at first we wanted to open-source all of Unix's code, but we quickly found that even though we owned it, it was, and still is, full of other companies' copyrights. The challenge was that there were a lot of business entities that didn't want this to happen. Intel was the biggest opposition."<ref name="eweek-ransom-2003"/>

Instead, there was a focus on SCO's Linux Kernel Personality (LKP), a layer that conformed to the [[Linux Standard Base]] specification which would allow applications built for Linux to run on SCO's UnixWare.<ref name="cnet-delay"/>  This was seen as both a way to capture more applications for Unix, and as a way to increase the performance of high-end applications.<ref name="eweek-ransom-2003"/>  The latter factor was because SCO UnixWare had an advantage over Linux at the time in terms of support for 16- and 32-way [[symmetric multiprocessing]], [[UnixWare NonStop Clusters]], and some other high-end operating system capabilities.<!-- saw cite for other such items a while back --><ref name="arX-cnet"/>  Indeed, one SCO product manager said that some Linux applications could run several times faster under UnixWare with LKP than they could under native Linux.<ref name="machj">{{cite news |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2000/08/22/scaldera_vows_a_better_linux/ |title=Scaldera vows a better Linux than Linux |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Orlowski |work=[[The Register]] |date=August 22, 2000}}</ref>

The SCO acquisition was originally scheduled to close in October 2000,<ref name="scs-deal"/> but got delayed due to concerns from the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) regarding the details of the merger.<ref name="cnet-delay">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/caldera-deal-provides-ammunition-against-red-hat/ |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]] |title=Caldera deal provides ammunition against Red Hat}} c. February 1, 2001 (date on article now on website is wrong).</ref>  However, the two companies' support organizations did get combined during this time.<ref name="cnet-delay"/>  In addition, there was confusion among the SCO customer base about the fate of its other operating system, [[SCO OpenServer]].<ref name="arX-cnet"/>  So in February 2001, the deal was renegotiated to include OpenServer in what was sold to Caldera Systems, although a percentage of OpenServer revenue would still go back to SCO.  The monetary terms of the deal were adjusted as well, with Caldera Systems paying SCO more cash than in the original agreement.<ref name="arX-cnet">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/0-1003-200-4771593.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010612095107/https://www.cnet.com/news/0-1003-200-4771593.html |archive-date=June 12, 2001 |title=Caldera Systems expands Unix acquisition plans |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNet]] |date=February 9, 2001}}</ref>  Analysts were skeptical that these multiple operating systems could be managed without considerable difficulties being encountered.<ref name="arX-cnet"/>

Financial pressure on the company continued; for fiscal 2000, ending on October 31, Caldera Systems lost $39.2 million on revenue of $4.3 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pressreleases.responsesource.com/news/9948/caldera-systems-reports-fourth-quarter-and-fiscal-2000-results/ |title=Caldera Systems Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2000 Results |publisher=ResponseSource |date=December 6, 2000}}</ref>

=== "Unifying Unix with Linux for Business" ===
[[Image:Interior of a Caldera International office Murray Hill NJ June 2002.jpg|thumb|left|A desk at Caldera International's Murray Hill, New Jersey showed the renamed Open UNIX 8 being installed]]
 
The merger was originally being done under the name of the holding company Caldera, Inc.,<ref name="forbes-deal">{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/2000/08/03/feat2.html#5e4b04e53291 |title=Caldera Is SCO's Savior |author-first=Lisa |author-last=DiCarlo |magazine=[[Forbes]] |date=August 3, 2000}}</ref>
Then on March 26, 2001, during the [[CeBIT]] conference in Germany, Caldera Systems announced that it would be changing its name to Caldera International once the SCO acquisition was complete.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://pressreleases.responsesource.com/news/11336/caldera-systems-previews-new-company-caldera-international-at/ |title=Caldera Systems Previews New Company – Caldera International – At CeBIT with Industry Support |publisher=Caldera Systems, Inc. 
|date=March 26, 2001}}</ref>
By this point, the length and difficulty of the acquisition process had alienated some longtime SCO customers and partners.<ref name="sent-2001">{{cite news | url= https://www.newspapers.com/image/90220757/?terms=%22caldera%2Bforum%22  | title=Linux standardization is key, executive says | first=Jennifer | last=Pittman | newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel | date=August 22, 2001 | page=D-5 | via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

The acquisition closed on May 7, 2001, and the new Caldera International name became effective.<ref name="pr-finally">{{cite press release |url=https://pressreleases.responsesource.com/news/11796/caldera-completes-acquisition-of-two-sco-divisions-becomes-largest-linux/ |title=Caldera Completes Acquisition of Two SCO Divisions; Becomes Largest Linux Company in the World with Global Services/Support |publisher=Caldera Systems, Inc. |date=May 8, 2001}}</ref>
The merged company had major offices in not just Utah, but also [[Santa Cruz, California]], [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]], and [[Watford, England]], as well as smaller facilities in 16 additional countries.<ref name="scs-layoff-2001"/><ref name="jit-paper"/><ref name="sec-10-k"/>
Thus included in late May 2001, Caldera International, with investments of [[Fujitsu]] and [[Hitachi]], opening the Caldera K.K. ({{lang|ja|カルデラ株式会社}}) subsidiary, directed by Makoto Asoh, who had previously run Nihon SCO, in Tokyo, Japan,<ref>{{cite press release |title=Caldera Establishes Japanese Subsidiary – Caldera K.K. – With support from Fujitsu and Hitachi |publisher=Business Wire |date=May 31, 2001 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Japanese+Subsidiary+--+Caldera+K.K.+--+With...-a075155990 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203191342/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Japanese+Subsidiary+--+Caldera+K.K.+--+With...-a075155990 |archive-date=February 3, 2013}}</ref> which had been one of two SCO subsidiaries in that country.<!-- the other was SCO K.K., which did the SCO Vision line ... see [[Kabushiki gaisha]] for K.K. meaning --><ref name="cj-1999">{{cite news | url=https://www.japaninc.com/cpj/magazine/issues/1999/nov99/docs/nov99_sco.html | title=SCO Forum 1999: CJ Online speaks with Jiro Monden, director of Nihon SCO | author-first=George | author-last=Pajari | magazine=Computing Japan | date=November 1999}}</ref>
Overall, SCO had an infrastructure presence of some kind in 80 countries, whereas Caldera Systems had always been largely domestic, thus in part the rationale for the name change.<ref name="LWN_2000"/>

[[Image:Caldera International mouse pad.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.625|Mouse pad with the "Unifying Unix with Linux for Business" slogan]]
"Unifying Unix with Linux for Business" became the company's new marketing slogan.<ref name="pr-finally"/><ref name="lc-cdn">{{cite news |url=https://www.linux.com/news/caldera-launches-caldera-developer-network/ |title=Caldera launches Caldera Developer Network |author-first=J. T. |author-last=Smith |publisher=Linux.com |date=May 14, 2001}}</ref>  In light of that, the company began the Caldera Developer Network, which was intended to give developers of all kinds "early access to UNIX and Linux technologies, allowing them to develop on UNIX, on Linux or on a combined UNIX and Linux platform."<ref name="lc-cdn"/>

Caldera International's initial release of UnixWare was renamed [[Open UNIX 8]]. This release was what would have been [[UnixWare 7.1.2]].<ref name="jdk-113-rn">{{cite web |url=http://ftp.sco.com/pub/unixware7/714/other/java_131_13/ReleaseNotes.html |title=Release Notes: Java 2, Standard Edition, v. 1.3.1_13 for SCO UNIX Operating Systems |publisher=Xinuos |date=June 15, 2004 |access-date=2021-10-11  |archive-date=2022-03-21  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321210148/http://ftp.sco.com/pub/unixware7/714/other/java_131_13/ReleaseNotes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>  While it may have been done to make the branding more consistent with OpenLinux and Open Server, it confused people as well as build and installation scripts that tested for system name.<ref name="osn-ou8"/>  Later, the newly renamed SCO Group reverted to the previous UnixWare brand and version release numbering, releasing [[UnixWare 7.1.3]].<ref name="osn-ou8">{{Cite news |url=http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=5416 |title=UnixWare 7.1.3 Review |publisher=OSNews |date=December 16, 2003}}</ref>

In terms of the question of making some of UnixWare open source, in August 2001 Caldera International did announce that it was placing the code for the [[Regular expression#History|regular expression parser]] and the [[grep|<code>grep</code>]] and [[AWK|<code>awk</code>]] commands, as well for the [[AIM Multiuser Benchmark]], under the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref name="ou8-openaccess"/><!-- need a usable source for the point made in https://slashdot.org/story/01/08/21/1324205/caldera-to-open-part-of-unix-source, that by this time the GNU versions of these were considered superior anyway -->  It also said it would begin an "Open Access to Open UNIX 8" program to allow developer partners to read-only viewing of unencumbered parts of the source base.<ref name="ou8-openaccess">{{cite press release |url=https://www.linux.co.cr/unix-source-code/review/2001/0820.html |title=Caldera to Open Source AIM Performance Benchmarks, UNIX Regular Expression Parser and Give 'Open Access' to Open UNIX 8 Source Code |publisher=Caldera International |date=August 20, 2001}}</ref>

But overall, Caldera International found itself in a classic business problem where the interests of the existing business conflicted with their growth model. SCO Unix was mature and sold itself (mainly to repeat customers and replicated sites).<ref name="lj-2002"/> The [[Value-added reseller|VAR]] relationship was even more problematic.  Even though the reseller organizations had been combined, in reality the prior SCO resellers made much more from each SCO Unix sale than from sales of Caldera OpenLinux, so they were not anxious to move existing customers from Unix to Linux.<ref name="lj-2002">{{cite news | url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6292 | title=A Rose by Any Other Name – Is It Still the Same? | author-first=Jeff | author-last=Gerhardt | work=[[Linux Journal]] | date=August 27, 2002}}</ref>  And even those that were supportive of Linux, did not necessarily see a strong value add for Caldera International products and could often sell [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] instead.<ref name="forbes-deal"/>

=== Volution ===
[[Image:Caldera Systems polo shirt and T shirt.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.67|Caldera polo shirt and T-shirt, c. 2001]]

The Volution program was created out of the desire to create a layer of functionality on top of Linux, and Open UNIX 8 Linux Kernel Personality, that would add value to the operating systems offerings.  It would end up having four main components: Volution Manager, Volution Messaging Server, Volution Online, and Volution Authentication Server, with an effort to build a common console for a unified user experience. As Ransom Love said, "Volution is a complex and extensive platform".<ref name="LWN_2000"/>

In January 2001, Caldera Systems first shipped Volution Manager, a browser-based systems administration solution.<ref name="nw-vm">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yRsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA51 |title=Watching over Linux |author-first=Tom |author-last=Henderson |magazine=[[Network World]] |date=February 19, 2001 |page=51}}</ref>  Intended for service providers and corporate accounts, it was based around [[OpenLDAP]] and [[Novell eDirectory]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24 |title=Caldera shows off distributed Linux systems management |author-first=Ed |author-last=Scannell |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |date=January 22, 2001 |page=24}}</ref>  It featured some sophisticated functionality, but its initial user interface was limited in some ways and the product was costly.<ref name="nw-vm"/>

Caldera Systems made a deal in February 2001 with Acrylis, Inc., a company based in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts]], to offer Acrylis's subscription-based service that allowed system administrators to test and then update Linux systems over a network.<ref name="zd-vo">{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/caldera-prepares-to-take-piece-of-linux-pie/ |title=Caldera prepares to take piece of Linux pie |author-first=Sonya |author-last=Rabbitte |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=February 2, 2001}}</ref>  The service also delivered alerts to customers regarding the necessity for upgrades.<ref name="dn-whatif"/>  The effort was an attempt to compete with the [[Red Hat Network]] service and gain a source of recurring revenue.<ref name="zd-vo"/>  Then in May 2001, Caldera International bought the WhatifLinux technology and assets outright from Acrylis, and changed the name of the service to Volution Online.<ref name="dn-whatif">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2001/5/14/19586118/orem-s-caldera-purchases-whatiflinux-technology |title=Orem's Caldera purchases WhatifLinux technology |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=May 2001}}</ref>

Caldera Systems had earlier begun work on a Linux equivalent to the [[Microsoft Exchange Server]] that was aimed at the [[small to medium business]] market.<ref name="smh-vms"/> This would eventually become the Volution Messaging Server, which was released in late 2001 <!-- have seen both Oct and Dec, first may have been an eval version? -->for use on Caldera OpenLinux and Open UNIX 8 with LKP.<ref name="lw-vms">{{cite news |url=http://linux.sys-con.com/node/32708 |title=Volution shows promise |author-first=Joshua |author-last=Drake |work=LinuxWorld |date=January 14, 2002 |access-date=2019-11-17  |archive-date=2016-04-05  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405195658/http://linux.sys-con.com/node/32708 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  It offered [[Calendaring software|shared calendaring and scheduling]] options, [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] support for e-mail, simple configuration, and integration with [[Microsoft Outlook]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5663 |title=Caldera Volution Messaging Server: A Product Review |author-last=Speel |author-first=Hans-Cees |date=May 4, 2002 |journal=[[Linux Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018230151/http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/5663 |archive-date=October 18, 2006}}</ref>  However, there were already a number of mail servers available for Linux and none of them had taken off in the business market.<ref name="smh-vms">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/120596550/?terms=caldera%2Bvolution |title=Linux heading for the corporate desktop |author-first=Eric |author-last=Wilson |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=December 4, 2001 |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Caldera Systems, and then Caldera International, had substantial experience with [[Web-Based Enterprise Management]] (WBEM), and its OpenWBEM implementation won the Best Open Source Project Award at [[LinuxWorld Conference and Expo]] in February 2002.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.linux.com/news/caldera-wins-best-open-source-project-award/ |title=Caldera wins Best Open Source Project Award |author-first=J. T. |author-last=Smith |publisher=Linux.com |date=February 4, 2002}}</ref>  That, combined with experience in the [[Kerberos (protocol)|Kerberos authentication protocol]] and the difficulties of Windows–Unix integration,<ref name="osn-davewilson"/> led Caldera International into research and development of an overall authentication solution that would find its place among [[Microsoft Active Directory]], [[LDAP]], Kerberos, and WBEM.<ref name="redmond">{{cite news |url=https://redmondmag.com/articles/2005/06/01/vintelas-winding-road-to-windows.aspx |title=Vintela's Winding Road to Windows |author-first=Doug |author-last=Barney |magazine=Redmond magazine |date=June 2005}}</ref>  The product of this work was the Volution Authentication Server, which allowed the  management of Unix and Linux authentication via Active Directory.<ref name="vol-tech">{{cite web |url=https://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/answer/Authenticating-Linux-with-LDAP |title=Authenticating Linux with LDAP |publisher=[[TechTarget]] |date=March 3, 2003 |access-date=2019-11-17  |archive-date=2017-08-24  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181422/http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/answer/Authenticating-Linux-with-LDAP |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== United Linux and continued decline ===
When Caldera OpenLinux 3.1 Workstation was released in June 2001, it was with the requirement for [[per-seat license|per-seat licensing]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2001062500620PS |title=Change for Caldera OpenLinux Workstation 3.1 Will Require 'Per System' Licenses |work=Linux Today |date=June 25, 2001}}</ref>
This was part of what continued to bring criticism of Caldera in the some quarters of the open source and free software communities; [[Free Software Foundation]] founder [[Richard Stallman]] subsequently said of Ransom Love, "He's only a parasite", to which Love took umbrage, responding, "Did Richard Stallman ever invest £50m in Linux? We did. I have been involved in the Linux community since my time at Novell in 1994. … I am not a greedy capitalist. I am only a businessman. … You can't call our business model parasitic. We add value to Linux, so it can become successful. … I know that the open source movement has no clue about marketing, they underestimate it."<ref name="Mueller_2001">{{cite news |url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-530155.html?legacy=zdnn |title=Open source leaders duke it out |author-last=Mueller |author-first=Dietmar |date=June 24, 2001 |publisher=ZDNet |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327095250/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-530155.html?legacy=zdnn |archive-date=March 27, 2007}}</ref>

[[United Linux]] was an attempt by a consortium of Linux companies to create a common base distribution for enterprise use and minimize duplication of engineering effort.<ref name="cw-darl"/> and form an effective competitor to Red Hat. The founding members of United Linux were [[SUSE Linux|SuSE<!-- how it was spelled in 2002 -->]], [[Turbolinux]], [[Conectiva]], and Caldera International.<ref name="cw-darl"/> The consortium was announced on May 30, 2002.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Caldera, Conectiva, SuSE, Turbolinux Partner To Create UnitedLinux, And Produce A Uniform Version Of Linux For Business |publisher=UnitedLinux |date=May 30, 2002 |url=http://unitedlinux.com/en/press/pr053002.html}}</ref>  The UnitedLinux distribution would be based mostly [[SuSE Enterprise Linux]] rather than Caldera OpenLinux.<ref name="nw-ul">{{cite news |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT1 |title=Linux times 4 |author-first=Phil |author-last=Hochmuth |magazine=[[Network World]] |date=June 3, 2002 |pages=1, 16}}</ref>  The Caldera product name was changed to "Caldera OpenLinux powered by United Linux", which as one ''[[Network World]]'' writer observed, was "certainly never going to become a catchphrase."<ref name="nw-2002">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23 | title=The name game, Caldera style | author-first=Dave | author-last=Kearns | magazine=[[Network World]] | date=September 9, 2002 | page=22}}</ref>  UnitedLinux did attract some major hardware vendors in support, such as [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Intel]], and [[AMD]], with the goal of creating a uniform Linux distribution by the end of 2002.<ref name="cw-darl"/>

However, as [[CNET]] technology reporter Stephen Shankland wrote at the time, "UnitedLinux is widely viewed as an effort by second-tier Linux companies to gain the critical mass held by Linux leader Red Hat, but industry watchers are skeptical it will triumph."<ref name="cnet-darl"/>  Other users saw the venture as more of a marketing move by a group of companies that were in difficulty.<ref name="nw-ul"/>  Intimations that UnitedLinux would also feature per-seat licensing were unpopular in the broader Linux community, and SuSE for their part said they had no such plans.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.linuxtoday.com/infrastructure/2002060301526NWBZSS |title=SuSE Denies UnitedLinux Per-Seat License Model; Announces Developer's Version |author-first=Brian |author-last=Proffitt |work=Linux Today |date=June 3, 2002}}</ref>

Overall, the fortunes of Caldera International had been steadily declining, the SCO–Caldera combined total revenue having decreased from $170&nbsp;million in 1999 to $70&nbsp;million in 2001.<ref name="cw-darl"/>  The company was consistently reporting losses;<ref name="cnet-darl"/> for the third quarter of its fiscal year in 2001, for instance, it reported a net loss of $18.8&nbsp;million against revenue of only $18.9&nbsp;million.<ref name="dn-sep01">{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2001/9/7/19605436/more-layoffs-losses-at-caldera |title=More layoffs, losses at Caldera |author-first=Brian |author-last=Wallace |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=September 7, 2001}}</ref>  In the following quarter they took a large [[write-down]] of the assets acquired from SCO, as they could no longer be accounted for as having the value they were originally thought to possess.<ref name="cnet-3q">{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/red-hat-edges-ahead-of-estimates/ |title=Red Hat edges ahead of estimates |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNet]] |date=December 19, 2001}}</ref>
For the fiscal year ending on October 31, 2001, Caldera International reported a loss of $131.4 million based on revenues of $40.4 million (the loss included a total amount of write-down and other non-cash and restructuring charges of $98.6 million).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2001/12/11/19621268/caldera-reports-a-net-loss-of-91-million-for-quarter |title=Caldera reports a net loss of $91 million for quarter |newspaper=Deseret News |date=December 11, 2001}}</ref>

The Linux side of Caldera International was bleeding funds; it was spending $4 for each $1 it received in revenue.<ref name="Wired"/>
The only Linux distributor company that was doing even passably well at the time was Red Hat.<ref name="cnet-darl"/> 
Caldera International's UnixWare and OpenServer business continued to be focused on [[small and medium-sized businesses]] and replicated sites, the latter largely being represented by retail or franchise-based companies such as [[CVS Pharmacy]], [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]], [[Pizza Hut]], [[Pep Boys]], [[Nasdaq]], and others.<ref name="scs-layoff-2001"/><ref name="cw-faith"/><ref name="cnet-3q"/>  A typical deployment scenario was that of [[McDonald's]], which had a server running SCO OpenServer in each store that collected data from point-of-sale devices and relayed it to corporate headquarters while also providing access to corporate applications.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/mcdonalds-take-away-caldera-openserver/ |title=McDonald's take away Caldera OpenServer |author-first=Justin |author-last=Madubuko |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=July 30, 2001}}</ref>  An example of Linux Kernel Personality being used was [[Shoppers Drug Mart]], which used it to run a [[SilverStream Software]] application server on UnixWare.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/caldera-spreads-unix-software/ |title=Caldera spreads Unix software |author-first=David |author-last=Becker |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=January 16, 2002}}</ref>

In part Caldera International's problems were due to the economic environment surrounding the collapse of the [[dot-com bubble]]; investors were very reluctant to put additional monies into unprofitable start-up companies.<ref name="cnet-losses">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/caldera-faces-losses-delisting-layoffs/ |title=Caldera faces losses, delisting, layoffs |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]]}} c. September 7, 2001 (date on article now on website is wrong).</ref> 
The additional effects of the [[early 2000s recession]] were especially difficult for high-tech companies, with information technology spending slowing to a near halt.<ref name="scs-layoff-2002"/>  Overall the SCO side of the business often saw customers making do with what they had rather than buying anything new.<ref name="scs-layoff-2002"/>

The Caldera stock price was well under a dollar and [[NASDAQ]] was threatening to [[Delisting (stock)|delist]] it.<ref name="cnet-darl"/>  [[Financial analyst]]s stopped their coverage of the company.<ref name="cnet-losses"/>  On March 14, 2002, Caldera engaged in a 1-for-4 [[reverse stock split]] in order to get the stock price back over a dollar and avoid delisting.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/caldera-reverse-stock-split-march-14/ |title=Caldera reverse stock split March 14 |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=March 11, 2002}}</ref>
Also in March 2002, Caldera International moved its headquarters from Orem to [[Lindon, Utah]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://contracts.onecle.com/sco/south520.lease.2002.01.10.shtml |title=SCO Group Inc. Contracts: Office Sublease … January 10, 2002 |publisher=Onecle |access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref><ref name="tdh-layoff"/>

Several rounds of layoffs took place during this time.<ref name="cnet-losses"/>
There was one in April 2001 that resulted in 32 employees losing their jobs.<ref name="dn-sep01"/>  
In September 2001 there was a layoff of 8&nbsp;percent of the company's workforce, reducing it from 618 to 567 employees.<ref name="scs-layoff-2001">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/90218534/?terms=%22caldera%2Binternational%22%2B%22new%2Bjersey%22 |title=Caldera says layoffs coming to Santa Cruz |author-first=Jennifer |author-last=Pittman |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=September 19, 2001 |page=D-10 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
A localized layoff hit the Santa Cruz office in April 2002.<ref name="scs-layoff-2002">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/90223840/?terms=%22caldera%2Binternational%22%2Blindon |title=Caldera announces 15 percent cut in work force |author-first=Jennifer |author-last=Pittman |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |date=May 10, 2002 |page=D-6 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
An especially broad, 15&nbsp;percent layoff in May 2002 affected all areas of the company, with 73&nbsp;people being let go and around 400&nbsp;employees remaining.<ref name="tdh-layoff">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/472383338/?terms=%22caldera%2Binternational%22%2Blindon |title=Caldera to lay off 16 local employees |author-first=Tara |author-last=Duggan |newspaper=[[Daily Herald (Utah)|The Daily Herald]] |location=Central Utah |date=May 10, 2002 |page=B10 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>  Offices in [[Chelmsford, Massachusetts]] and [[Erlangen, Germany]] were closed,<ref name="tdh-layoff"/> representing what had been the development sites for Volution Online and the original Caldera OpenLinux.  At the same time, the company's CTO, Drew Spencer, also departed.<ref name="scs-layoff-2002"/>  Plans to continue the company's annual Forum conference for the international SCO Unix community in Santa Cruz were scrapped,<ref name="scs-layoff-2002"/> with instead a GeoForum event announced that would be held in multiple locations around the world and in [[Las Vegas Strip|Las Vegas, Nevada]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.linux.com/news/caldera-announces-geoforum-2002-las-vegas/ |title=Caldera announces GeoFORUM 2002 in Las Vegas |date=July 17, 2002 |publisher=Linux.com}}</ref>

Despite having earlier done the reverse stock split, as well as a [[stock buyback]], in late June 2002 Caldera International received another delisting notice from NASDAQ.<ref name="Wired"/>  The company had less than four months' cash for operations.<ref name="Wired"/>  As ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' magazine later wrote, the company "faced a nearly hopeless situation."<ref name="Wired">{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.07/linux.html |title=The Linux Killer |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=July 2004 |author-first=Brad |author-last=Stone}}</ref>

== Change of management, name, and direction ==
{{main|SCO Group}}
On June 27, 2002, Caldera International had a change in management, with [[Darl McBride]], formerly an executive with [[Novell]], [[FranklinCovey]], and several start-ups, taking over as CEO from Ransom Love.<ref name="cw-darl">{{cite news |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2575775/caldera-ceo-steps-aside-to-focus-on-unitedlinux.html |title=Caldera CEO steps aside to focus on UnitedLinux |author-first=Todd R. |author-last=Weiss |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |date=June 27, 2002}}</ref><ref name="cnet-darl">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/struggling-linux-company-swaps-ceos/ |title=Struggling Linux company swaps CEOs |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]] | date=June 27, 2002}}</ref>  
At the same time, Caldera International said it would buy back its stock owned by [[Tarantella, Inc.]] and [[MTI Technology]], thereby relieving itself of the obligation to pay a percentage of OpenServer revenue past a certain point to Tarantella.<ref name="cnet-darl"/>
Love became head of Caldera International's role in the United Linux effort.<ref name="cw-darl"/>  [[International Data Corporation|IDC]] analyst Dan Kusnetzky said that while the United Linux role was important, the removal of Love from the CEO post could be seen as "moving him away from the controls at Caldera to let someone else take over."<ref name="cw-darl"/>

Changes under McBride happened quickly.  On August 26, 2002, it was announced that Caldera International was changing its name back to SCO, in the form of the new name [[The SCO Group]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/2578171/sco-name-returns-as-caldera-rebrands-itself.html |title=SCO name returns as Caldera rebrands itself |author-first=Todd R. |author-last=Weiss |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |date=August 26, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deseret.com/2002/8/27/19674115/caldera-international-plans-name-change-to-sco-group |title=Caldera International plans name change to SCO Group |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |date=August 27, 2002}}</ref>  (The final legal aspects of the name change did not become complete until May 2003.<ref name="jdk-113-rn"/>)  This reflected recognition of the reality that almost all of the company's revenue was coming from Unix, not Linux, products.<ref name="starts"/>

The product name Caldera OpenLinux became "SCO Linux powered by UnitedLinux" and all other Caldera branded names were changed as well.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/1615/caldera-changes-name-to-the-sco-group-plans-sco-linux-40/ |title=Caldera Changes Name to the SCO Group, Plans SCO Linux 4.0 |author-first=Eugenia |author-last=Loli |publisher=OSNews |date=August 26, 2002}}</ref>
The Volution Messaging Server product was retained and renamed SCOoffice Server,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/newsproduct/scos-linux-grabs-for-microsoft-e-mail/ |title=SCO's Linux grabs for Microsoft e-mail |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=January 22, 2003}}</ref> but the other Volution products were split off under the names Volution Technologies, Center 7, and finally Vintela.<ref name="vol-tech"/><ref name="osn-davewilson"/>

From the start of his time as CEO, McBride had considered the possibility of claiming ownership of some of the code within Linux.<ref name="bw-hated"/>  Love had told him, "Don't do it. You don't want to take on the entire Linux community."<ref name="bw-hated"/>
But by October 2002, McBride had created an internal organization "to formalize the licensing of our intellectual property".<ref name="starts">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sco-fees-may-hit-some-linux-users/ |title=SCO fees may hit some Linux users |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankand |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=January 14, 2003}}</ref>  Within a few months after that, SCO had begun issuing proclamations and lawsuits based upon its belief that its Unix intellectual property had been incorporated into Linux in an unlawful and uncompensated manner, and had stopped selling its own Linux product.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/sco-targets-linux-customers/ |title=SCO targets Linux customers |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=May 15, 2003}}</ref>  The [[SCO–Linux disputes]] were fully underway, and SCO would soon become, as ''[[Businessweek]]'' headlined, "The Most Hated Company In Tech".<ref name="bw-hated">{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2004-02-01/the-most-hated-company-in-tech |title=The Most Hated Company In Tech |author-first=Jim |author-last=Kerstetter |magazine=[[Businessweek]] |date=February 2, 2004}}<!-- copyvio site https://sco-vs-ibm.org/review/2004/0202.html --></ref>

Interviewed later in 2003, Ransom Love – by then no longer in the Linux business either – said that SCO might have a legitimate argument regarding some specific contractual issues, but that lawsuits were rarely helpful and that "Fundamentally, I would not have pursued SCO's path."<ref name="eweek-ransom-2003">{{cite news |url=https://www.eweek.com/servers/ransom-love-co-founder-of-caldera-and-sco-speaks-of-unix-gpl-and-the-lawsuit |title=Ransom Love, Co-founder of Caldera and SCO, Speaks of Unix, GPL and the Lawsuit |author-first=Steven J. |author-last=Vaughan-Nichols |magazine=[[eWeek]] |date=September 25, 2003}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Caldera played an important role in Linux history by establishing what would be necessary to create a mainstream, business-oriented system, with stability and support, out of the Linux kernel.<ref name="bangia">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89KDPNxy1BYC&pg=PA123 |title=IT Tools and Applications |author-first=Ramesh |author-last=Bangia |publisher=Firewall Media |location=New Delhi |date=2005 |edition=Revised |page=123|isbn=9788170084471 }}</ref>
Along with Red Hat and SuSE, it was the most important of the commercial Linux distributions.<ref>{{cite book |title=SUSE Linux 10 Bible |author-first1=Justin |author-last1=Davies |author-first2=Roger |author-last2=Whittaker |author-first3=William |author-last3=von Hagen |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |date=2006 |page=xxxv}}</ref>
And as [[Glyn Moody]] wrote in ''[[Rebel Code|Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution]]'', Caldera Systems' announcement in 2000 that it was buying SCO Unix – and with it code that dated back through [[Unix System Laboratories]] and [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] before that – was the final marker for the ascendency of Linux over the Unix old guard: "The hackers had triumphed over the establishment."<ref name="moody">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rebelcodeinsides00mood|url-access=registration|title=Rebel Code: The Inside Story of Linux and the Open Source Revolution |author-first=Guy |author-last=Moody |publisher=[[Perseus Publishing]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/rebelcodeinsides00mood/page/99 99]–100, 230, 295–296}}</ref>

But from a business perspective, the Caldera Systems acquisition of SCO Unix has been treated less kindly in retrospect.  In 2016, [[ZDNet]] ranked it ninth on its list of the worst technology mergers and acquisitions of all time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/worst-tech-mergers-and-acquisitions-caldera-and-sco-microsoft-and-danger/ |title=Worst tech mergers and acquisitions: Caldera and SCO, Microsoft and Danger |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=February 10, 2016}}</ref>  In any case, the one true success story to come out of business-oriented Linux distributions was Red Hat, who at the time maintained they were competing against Microsoft, not Caldera Systems or the other distributions, and which set several marks for revenue for an open-source oriented business before being acquired by IBM in 2018 for $34 billion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/from-linux-to-cloud-why-red-hat-matters-for-every-enterprise/ |title=From Linux to cloud, why Red Hat matters for every enterprise |author-first=Steven J. |author-last=Vaughan-Nichols |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=July 17, 2019}}</ref>

Perhaps the most successful technology venture to come out of Caldera International was the Volution Authentication Server, which under the Vintela name achieved considerable success.<ref name="osn-davewilson"/>  Vintela itself was bought by [[Quest Software]] for $56.5 million in 2005,<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050531005957/en/Quest-Software-Acquire-Vintela-Quest-Extends-Windows |title=Quest Software to Acquire Vintela Inc. |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=May 31, 2005}}</ref> and the Vintela software became a core part of that company's [[One Identity]] product.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/safer-strategy/ADbridge |title=ADbridge notes repository |date=16 January 2018 |publisher=GitHub |access-date=November 12, 2019}}</ref>

As Dave Wilson, CEO of Vintela, later said, "Caldera Systems … played a major role in establishing Linux as a serious technology in our industry, and the people who worked for Caldera Systems are very proud of their achievements. Many of those people continue to drive innovation [at a variety of other companies]."<ref name="osn-davewilson">{{cite news |url=https://www.osnews.com/story/9030/interview-with-vintelas-president/ |title=Interview with Vintela's President |author-first=David |author-last=Adams |publisher=[[OSNews]] |date=November 30, 2004}}</ref>

== Products ==
* [[Caldera OpenLinux]], a Linux distribution with added non-free components
* [[UnixWare]], a UNIX operating system. UnixWare 2.x and below were direct descendants of [[Unix System V]] Release 4.2 and was originally developed by AT&T, [[Univel]], Novell and later on The Santa Cruz Operation. UnixWare 7 was sold as a UNIX OS combining UnixWare 2 and OpenServer 5 and was based on [[Unix System V#SVR5|System V Release 5]]. [[UnixWare 7.1.2]] was branded OpenUNIX 8, but later releases returned to the UnixWare 7.1.x name and version numbering.
* [[SCO OpenServer]], another UNIX operating system, which was originally developed by The Santa Cruz Operation. SCO OpenServer 5 was a descendant of SCO UNIX, which is in turn a descendant of [[XENIX]]. OpenServer 6 is, in fact, an OpenServer compatibility environment running on a modern [[System V Release 4#SVR5|SVR5]] based UNIX kernel.
* [[Caldera Smallfoot|Smallfoot]], technology consisting of an operating system and a toolkit to create [[point of sale]] applications
* Volution Manager, a browser-based systems administration solution
* Volution Online, a subscription-based service for testing and then updating Linux systems over a network
* Volution Messaging Server, a bundled mail and messaging solution for Linux and Unix servers
* Volution Authentication Server, technology to allow the management of Linux and Unix authentication via Microsoft servers

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement">{{cite news |title=Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera |author-first=Lee |author-last=Gomes |date=2000-01-11 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052 |access-date=2019-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231130504/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052 |archive-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>
<ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera">{{cite news |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |series=News |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=18 |issue=31 |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |access-date=2020-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123222/https://books.google.de/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PP1&focus=viewport&hl=de |archive-date=2020-02-08}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jj0EAAAAMBAJ/page/n6/mode/1up]; {{cite news |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad' |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[Computerworld New Zealand]] |issn=0113-1494 |id=CMPWNZ |volume=<!-- different from US issue --> |number=<!-- different from US issue --> |publisher=[[IDG Communications]] |url=https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043437/https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |archive-date=2018-08-23}}<!-- This article cannot be found in the US issue of Computerworld |issn=0010-4841 |volume=30 |number=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrz6PIR7f0oC --></ref>
<ref name="SEC_2002_CII">{{citation |title=Quarterly Report Pursuant To Section 13 Or 15(d) Of The Securities Exchange Act Of 1934; For the quarterly period ended July 31, 2002; Or Transition Report Pursuant To Section 13 Or 15(d) Of The Securitues Exchange Act Of 1934: Caldera International, Inc., Delaware |author=United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington |type=Form 10-Q |id=Commission file number 0-29911; I.R.S. Employer Identification Number 87-0662823 |location=Lindon, Utah, USA |date=2002-09-17 |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1102542/000091205702036221/a2089329z10-q.htm |access-date=2020-02-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216215849/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1102542/000091205702036221/a2089329z10-q.htm |archive-date=2020-02-16}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* Caldera Systems, Inc. (archived web site <code>calderasystems.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117001108/http://www.calderasystems.com:80/index.html 1999-01-17]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20010405065000/http://www.calderasystems.com:80/index.html 2001-04-05]{{cbignore}} and <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000229082302/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2000-02-29]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20001217121000/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2000-12-17]{{cbignore}}), Caldera Holdings (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010118205000/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2001-01-18]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20010302094922/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2001-03-02]{{cbignore}}), Caldera International, Inc. (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010330202130/http://caldera.com:80/ 2001-03-30]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20020825033351/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2002-08-25]{{cbignore}}) and [[The SCO Group]] (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044855/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2002-09-14]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20040901104357/http://caldera.com:80/ 2004-09-01]{{cbignore}} and <code>sco.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010508190729/http://www.sco.com:80/ 2001-05-08]{{cbignore}})
* LST Software GmbH (archived web site <code>lst.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19970111070419/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1997-01-11]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/19971211154307/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1997-12-11]{{cbignore}}), Caldera Deutschland GmbH (archived web site <code>lst.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19981201211743/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1998-12-01]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20001024194003/http://www.lst.de:80/ 2000-01-02]{{cbignore}} and <code>caldera.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000413062942/http://www.caldera.de/ 2000-04-13]{{cbignore}} to 2001<!-- end not exactly known -->) and LST&nbsp;- Verein zur Förderung freier Software (archived web site <code>lst.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010331143328/http://www.lst.de:80/ 2001-03-31]{{cbignore}})

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caldera International}}
[[Category:Caldera (company)]]
[[Category:Defunct software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Utah]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Software companies disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Utah]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in Utah]]
[[Category:2000 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:2001 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Linux companies]]
[[Category:Free software companies]]
[[Category:Unix history]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2002]]