Editing Callao

{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Ports of Lima|the album by Sore|Ports of Lima (album)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Constitutional province of Callao
| native_name              = Provincia Constitucional del Callao ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])
| official_name            = 
| other_name               = 
| nicknames                = ''La Perla del Pacífico'' (Pearl of the Pacific)<ref name="nickname">{{cite web |date=2000 |url=http://www.e-camara.net/revista/2286/ultima-pag.htm |title=La Perla del Pacífico |editor=Camara de Comercio de Lima |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-date=3 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203221218/http://www.e-camara.net/revista/2286/ultima-pag.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /> ''El Primer Puerto'' (The First Harbor)
| settlement_type          = City
| total_type               = 
| motto                    = ''La fiel y generosa ciudad del Callao, asilo de las leyes y de la libertad.'' (The faithful and generous city of Callao, asylum of the laws and freedom.)
| image_flag               = Bandera del Callao.svg
| flag_size                = 
| flag_link                = 
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| image_shield             = Escudo del Callao.svg
| shield_size              = 
| shield_link              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| blank_emblem_size        = 
| image_skyline            = Mozaico Callao.jpg
| imagesize                = 300px
| image_caption            = '''Clockwise from top left''': Navy Ship; [[Leoncio Prado Military Academy|Leoncio Prado Military College]]; Miguel Grau Square; La Punta Viewpoint; [[Real Felipe Fortress]]; Sea lions; Port Terminal; San José Church; [[San Lorenzo Island (Peru)|San Lorenzo Island]]; and [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]
| image_map                = 
| mapsize                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| image_dot_map            = 
| dot_mapsize              = 
| dot_map_caption          = 
| dot_x                    = 
| dot_y                    = 
| pushpin_map              = Peru
| pushpin_mapsize          = 
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|Peru}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of Peru|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Callao Region|Callao]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Provinces of Peru|Provinces]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Constitutional province of Callao]]
| subdivision_type3        = 
| subdivision_name3        = 
| subdivision_type4        = 
| subdivision_name4        = 
| seat_type                = 
| seat                     = 
| parts_type               = Districts
| parts_style              = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->
| parts                    = 7 Districts
| p1                       = [[Bellavista District|Bellavista]]
| p2                       = [[Callao District|Callao]] (downtown)
| p3                       = [[Carmen de la Legua Reynoso]]
| p4                       = [[La Perla District|La Perla]]
| p5                       = [[La Punta District|La Punta]]
| p6                       = [[Ventanilla District|Ventanilla]]
| p7                       = [[Mi Perú District|Mi Perú]]
| government_footnotes     = 
| government_type          = 
| leader_title1            = 
| leader_name1             = 
| leader_title             = Mayor
| leader_name              = [[Pedro Spadaro]]
| leader_title2            = 
| leader_name2             = 
| leader_title3            = 
| leader_name3             = 
| leader_title4            = 
| leader_name4             = 
| established_title        = Founded
| established_date         = 6 March 1537
| established_title1       = 
| established_date1        = 
| established_title2       = 
| established_date2        = 
| established_title3       = 
| established_date3        = 
| founder                  = Diego Ruiz<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.regioncallao.gob.pe/historia-del-callao/ |title=Página en www.regioncallao.gob.pe |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822110659/http://www.regioncallao.gob.pe/historia-del-callao/ |archive-date=22 August 2014}}</ref>
| named_for                = 
| area_magnitude           = 
| unit_pref                = 
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 147.85
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_total_dunam         = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| area_blank1_title        = 
| area_blank1_km2          = 
| area_blank1_sq_mi        = 
| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 5
| elevation_ft             = 
| elevation_max_m          = 
| elevation_max_ft         = 
| elevation_min_m          = 
| elevation_min_ft         = 
| population_as_of         = 2017
| population_footnotes     = <ref name="population">{{Cite web |url=https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/poblacion/ |title=Population of Callao |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815052031/http://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/poblacion/ |archive-date=15 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_note          = 
| population_total         = 1,300,000
| population_density_km2   = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_metro         = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban         = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_demonym       = Chalaco/a
| population_blank1_title  = 
| population_blank1        = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 
| timezone                 = [[Time in Peru|PET]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = 
| utc_offset_DST           = 
| coordinates              = {{Coord|12|03|08|S|77|08|21|W|type:city_region:PE-CAL|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type         = Postal code
| postal_code              = 07001
| area_code                = 14
| blank_name               = 
| blank_info               = 
| blank1_name              = 
| blank1_info              = 
| blank2_name              = 
| blank2_info              = 
| website                  = [http://www.municallao.gob.pe Official Website]
}}

'''Callao''' ({{IPA|es|kaˈʎao}}) is a Peruvian seaside city and [[Regions of Peru|region]] on the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the [[Lima metropolitan area]]. Callao is Peru's chief [[seaport]] and home to its main airport, [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]]. Callao municipality consists of the whole '''Callao region''', which is also coterminous with the '''province of Callao'''. Founded in 1537 by the [[Spaniards]], the city has a long [[naval]] history as one of the main ports in [[Latin America]] and the Pacific, as it was one of vital Spanish towns during the [[Spanish America|colonial era]]. [[Historic Centre of Callao|Central Callao]] is about {{cvt|15|km|mi}} west of the [[Historic Center of Lima]].

==History==
[[File: Plano del El Callao en 1744 - AHG.jpg|thumb|left|Callao Harbor (1744)]]
[[File:Situationsplan von Lima.jpg|thumb|left|Historic map (1888)]]

El Callao was founded by Spanish colonists in 1537, just two years after [[Lima]] (1535). The origin of its name is unknown; both Amerindian (particularly [[Yunga language (Peru)|Yunga]], or Coastal Peruvian) and Spanish sources are credited, but it is certain that it was known by that name since 1550.  Other sources point to the similarity with the Portuguese word ''calhau'' [pebble], having a similar sound.

It soon became the main port for Spanish commerce in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. At the height of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Viceroyalty]], virtually all goods produced in Peru, [[Bolivia]], and Argentina were carried over the [[Andes]] by [[mule]] to Callao, to be shipped to [[Panama]], carried overland, and then transported on to Spain via [[Cuba]]. The port of Callao was also a node in the [[Manila galleon]] route connecting Latin-America and Asia through Acapulco, Mexico and Manila, [[Philippines]].<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World Connecting China with the Pacific World By Angela Schottenhammer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527045556/https://www.academia.edu/44625493/Connecting_China_with_the_Pacific_World |date=27 May 2021 }}(2019)(Page 144-145)</ref> As a result, Callao also became a permanent target for pirate and corsair attacks, such as the one carried out by [[Francis Drake]] in 1579 and the blockade established by [[Jacques l'Hermite]] in 1624.

After the [[Battle of Ayacucho]], 9 December 1824, that sealed the independence of Peru and South America, Spain made futile attempts to retain its former colonies, such as at the [[second siege of Callao]]. On 20 August 1836, during the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], President [[Andrés de Santa Cruz]] mandated the creation of the '''Callao Littoral Province''' (''Provincia Litoral del Callao''), which had political autonomy in its internal affairs. During the government of President [[Ramón Castilla]], Callao was designated constitutional province (''Provincia Constitucional''), on 22 April 1857; before that, Callao was called Littoral province. All of the other Peruvian provinces had been given their names by law, while Callao was given it by constitutional mandate.

Callao was never part of the [[Lima Department]] nor of any other departments.

The province's first mayor was Col. Manuel Cipriano Dulanto.

In 1921, the Bureau of Public Works granted a concession to [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|M.I.T.]] engineer John Tinker Glidden for paving, administering, and inaugurating a public cart road between Callao and Lima, further coalescing a [[Lima metropolitan area]].

By 1949, Callao was known as one of the biggest centers of [[coca]]-based products and [[cocaine]] [[Drug traffic|traffic]] in the world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070717031940/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800079,00.html "The White Goddess"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 11 April 1949</ref>

===Notable events===
* On 28 October 1746, a [[tsunami]] caused by the [[1746 Lima–Callao earthquake]] destroyed the entire [[port of Callao]].
* On 22 January 1826, [[Second siege of Callao|besieged]] by nationalist forces backed by [[Simón Bolívar]], [[José Ramón Rodil|General José Ramón Rodil]] surrendered Callao to General [[Bartolomé Salom]].
* On 2 May 1866, during the [[Battle of Callao]], the Spanish fleet tried to reconquer independent Peru.
* ''[[Kon-Tiki]]'' left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of 28 April 1947.
* On 19 June 1986, the [[Peruvian prison massacres]] took place.

==City highlights==
Callao is built on and around a [[Peninsula of La Punta|peninsula]], the district of [[La Punta District|La Punta]], a wealthy residential neighborhood. A historical fortress, the ''[[Real Felipe Fortress|Castillo de Real Felipe]]'' (site of "[[José Ramón Rodil y Campillo|Rodil]]'s Last Stand"), stands on the promontory overlooking the harbor.

A large naval base is sited in Callao. Its prison held [[Abimael Guzmán]], the leader of the [[Shining Path]] Communist Party of Peru, and holds [[Vladimiro Montesinos]], the ex-director of internal security during the [[Alberto Fujimori|Fujimori]] regime.

[[Jorge Chávez International Airport]] is located in Callao.

On a bluff overlooking the harbor sits Colegio Militar Leoncio Prado, the military high school. The city also has a university, the [[National University of Callao]].

The main Naval Hospital, Centro Medico Naval is located on [[Avenida Venezuela]] in Bellavista. It contains the U.S. Navy command [[Naval Medical Research Unit Six]]; professional soccer clubs are [[Sport Boys]] and [[Atlético Chalaco]].

Residents of Callao are known as ''chalacos'' after the [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] word [[Chala]] meaning coast.


===Islands===
[[File:Islaspalomino.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sea lion]]s in the [[Palomino Islands (Peru)|Palomino Islands]]]]

Callao has several islands: [[San Lorenzo Island, Peru|San Lorenzo]] (currently a military base), [[El Frontón]] (a former high security prison), the [[Cavinzas Islands]], and the [[Palomino Islands (Peru)|Palomino Islands]], where numerous [[sea lion]]s and [[sea bird]]s live in a virtually untouched [[ecosystem]]. There are proposed plans to build a huge naval, terrestrial, and air port on [[San Lorenzo Island, Peru|San Lorenzo Island]]. This project is called the [[San Lorenzo Megaport Project]].

==Law and government==
Local government affairs are divided into two levels. Regional matters are handled by the '''Regional Government of Callao''' (''Gobierno Regional del Callao''), which is located in front of the [[Jorge Chávez International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorio Regional |url=http://www.regioncallao.gob.pe/directorio-regional/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Gobierno Regional del Callao |language=es}}</ref> Affairs such as city cleaning, promoting of sports and basic services are handled by the Provincial Municipality of Callao, which is headquartered in the [[Callao District]]. Also, each of the six districts has its own Municipality which handles matters in their respective jurisdictional areas.

===Administrative divisions===
Callao is divided into seven [[Districts of Peru|districts]], ({{langx|es|distritos}}; singular: ''distrito''), each of which is headed by a mayor (''alcalde'').

{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan= "9" style="background: #6688AA; color: white;" |Districts of &nbsp;Callao<ref name="municallao2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.municallao.gob.pe/muniCallao/distritos.jsp |title=El Callao – Distritos del Callao |author=Municipalidad provincial del Callao |date=2012 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501230629/http://www.municallao.gob.pe/muniCallao/distritos.jsp |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
! style="background: #F0F0F0;" |Map<br />N°!! style="background: #F0F0F0;" |District!!style="background: #F0F0F0;" |Population!! style="background: #F0F0F0;" |Area<br />[[Square kilometer|km<sup>2</sup>]]!! style="background: #F0F0F0;" |Density<br />(pers/km<sup>2</sup>)!! style="background: #F0F0F0;" |Map of the districts<br /> of Callao !! Map
|-
|1||[[Callao District|Callao]] (downtown)||align=right|415,888||align=right|45.65 ||align=right|9,147.60
|rowspan=11|[[File:Location of the province Callao in Peru.png|180px|Callao big div num]] || rowspan=11|[[File:Mapa del Callao y distritos.gif|180px]]
|-
|2||[[Bellavista District|Bellavista]]||align=right|75,163||align=right|4.56 ||align=right|16 483.11
|-
|3||[[Carmen de la Legua Reynoso]]||align=right|41,863||align=right|2.12 ||align=right| 	19,746.7
|-
|4||[[La Perla District|La Perla]]||align=right|61,698||align=right|2.75 ||align=right|22,435.64 
|-
|5||[[La Punta District|La Punta]]||align=right|4,370||align=right|0.75 ||align=right|5,826.67 
|-
|6||[[Ventanilla District|Ventanilla]]||align=right|277,895||align=right|73.52 ||align=right|3,779.86 
|-
|7||[[Mi Peru District|Mi Perú]] (part of Ventanilla until May 2014)||align=right|51,522||align=right|2.47 ||align=right|20,859.11 
|-
|}

The rest of Callao Region is composed of the islands of [[San Lorenzo Island, Peru|San Lorenzo]], [[El Frontón]], Cavinzas and [[Palomino Islands (Peru)|Palomino]], which all together have an area of {{convert|17.63|km2|sqmi|sp=us|abbr=on}}.

=== Crime ===
Callao is one of the most dangerous areas in Peru and experiences the most crime.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Yagoub |first=Mimi |date=2017-03-27 |title=Peru's New Homicide Index Shows Spiking Violence in Drug Port |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-first-official-murder-stats-show-spiking-violence-in-drug-port/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115035202/https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/peru-first-official-murder-stats-show-spiking-violence-in-drug-port/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The main port city in Peru is known as one of the largest exit points of [[cocaine]] and is rife with organized crime that results in violence.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mistler-Ferguson |first=Scott |date=2023-01-12 |title=How Important Is Peru's Port of Callao for Cocaine Trade? |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/how-important-port-callao-peru-cocaine-trade/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=[[InSight Crime]] |language=en-US |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115035157/https://insightcrime.org/news/how-important-port-callao-peru-cocaine-trade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2015, the government declared Callao in a [[state of emergency]] that extended until April 2016, with more than 30 people being killed at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GrupoRPP |date=2016-04-14 |title=Amplían por 45 días el estado de emergencia en el Callao |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/callao/amplian-por-45-dias-el-estado-de-emergencia-en-el-callao-noticia-953688 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=RPP |language=es |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041410/https://rpp.pe/peru/callao/amplian-por-45-dias-el-estado-de-emergencia-en-el-callao-noticia-953688 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archivo de Edicion Impresa |url=https://impreso.larepublica.pe/larepublica |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=impreso.larepublica.pe |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041412/https://impreso.larepublica.pe/larepublica |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the [[murder rate]] in Callao was double the national average; from 10.2 per 100,000 in 2011 to 15.2 in 2015, compared to Lima which saw 4.8 per 100,000 in 2011 and 5.0 per 100,000 in 2015.<ref name=":0" /> Despite government and cultural initiatives, crime has continued to increase in Callao, with some public events in the area ending in gunfire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupraz-Dobias |first=Paula |date=1 July 2017 |title=Painting Peru's hitmen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/7/1/painting-perus-hitmen |access-date=2023-01-15 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115041340/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/7/1/painting-perus-hitmen |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[File:AeropuertoJorgeChavez2006-1.jpg|thumb|[[Aero Cóndor]] and [[LAN Airlines]] planes]]
=== Airport ===
[[Jorge Chávez International Airport]] (IATA: LIM, ICAO: SPJC), known as Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez in Spanish, is Peru's main international and domestic airport. It is located in [[Callao District|Callao district]], {{cvt|12|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest from the [[Historic Center of Lima]]. Callao is the port city now [[Lima metropolitan area|fully integrated]] with [[Lima]], the nation's capital. In 2008, the airport handled 8,288,506 passengers and 98,733 aircraft movements.

For many years it was the hub for now defunct [[Aeroperú]] and [[Faucett Perú|Compañía de Aviación Faucett]], one of the oldest airlines in Latin America. Now it serves as a hub for many aviation companies such as [[Avianca Perú]], [[Viva Air Perú]], and [[LATAM Perú]].
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Limaairport.jpg|thumb|300px|[[LAN Airlines]] plane at Jorge Chávez International Airport {{deletable image-caption|Wednesday, 7 October 2009}}]] -->

=== Rail ===
The port is served by the {{RailGauge|ussg|allk=on}} [[Ferrocarril Central Andino]].

==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> 
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> 
* [[Alexander Callens]] (born 1992), Peruvian footballer
* [[Luciana Fuster]] (born 1999), Peruvian model, television personality, and [[Miss Grand International 2023]]
* [[Mario Montalbetti]] (born 1953), Peruvian syntactician and linguistics professor
* [[Claudio Pizarro]] (born 1978), highest-scoring [[Latin American]] in the history of the [[Bundesliga]]
* [[Nolberto Solano]] (born 1974), Peruvian footballer and manager
* [[Yma Sumac]] (1922-2008), Peruvian musician
* [[Jhoao Ward]] (born 1989), Peruvian footballer

==See also==
* [[Callao affair]], 1820
* [[Battle of Callao (1838)]]
* [[Battle of Callao]], 1866 
* [[Blockades of Callao]], several events
* [[Siege of Callao (disambiguation)]], several events

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.municallao.gob.pe Municipality of Callao] {{In lang|es}}
* [http://www.regioncallao.gob.pe/ Regional government of Callao]
* [http://www.lap.com.pe Jorge Chavez International Airport]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703112102/http://www.lap.com.pe/ |date=3 July 2017 }}
* [http://www.unac.edu.pe/ National University of Callao] {{In lang|es}}

{{Geographic location
| Northwest   = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| North       = [[Santa Rosa District, Lima|Santa Rosa]]
| Northeast   = [[San Martín de Porres District|San Martín de Porres]]
| West        = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| Center      = Callao
| East        = [[Cercado de Lima]]
| Southwest   = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| South       = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| Southeast   = [[San Miguel District, Lima|San Miguel]]
}}
{{Lima}}
{{Large cities of Peru}}
{{Regional capitals of Peru}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Callao| ]]
[[Category:1537 establishments in South America]]
[[Category:1537 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Departments of Peru|Callao]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1537]]
[[Category:Port cities in Peru]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Callao]]
[[Category:Regional capital cities in Peru]]
[[Category:Regions of Peru|Callao]]